IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-7 ~ Issue-2 ~ Nov–Dec 2013

Abstract: Effect of cassava starch seeding on the functional characteristics of cissum gum root and stem (cissu populnea) wars researched. The result revealed that hot water extraction and seeding of the gum with processed cassava starch flour reduced water absorption capacity (10-1.40) for gum stem (10-1.90) for root gum, oil absorption capacity (0.58-0.6v/g) for stem gum (0.55-0.60v/g) for root gum. Emulsifying properties showed reduced trend for both stem and root at increased percentage seeding. Bulk density was (0.84-0.64g/g) on seeding, pH was (5.6-6.1) for gum stem on flour starch seeding and (5.94-6.01) for gum root seeding. Similar trend were observed for hygroscopicity. It was observed at these decrease functionality at flour starch seedings,that the observed properties such as water absorption capacity bulk density pH and hyproscopicity could be used as binder, for certain food processing, pharmaceutical pocket for drug preparation and as well as microbial subtract culture stocks.

Key words: CISSU root, CISSU stems, Food functionality, cassava starch flour, seeding.

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Abstract: Natural disaster have a number of root causes, but today with global warming, natural disasters have as their root cause, the change in the environment triggered by increasing differences in heat and cold. Greenhouse gases increase overall temperatures and this is masked by particles that contribute to global dimming. At the local level, global dimming causes drops in temperature and in areas where this is not the major factor, temperatures increase. As the atmosphere seeks to balance extremes, violent weather phenomena that contribute to natural disasters become more frequent. The results are more floods, drying leading to fire-storms, high winds, unseasonal freezes, ice-pack break up and meltdown, super hurricanes and rising sea levels that are a significant proportion of natural disasters today. Other natural disasters like tsunamis, solar dimming, volcanoes and impacts from space are not man made at this point in history and these will be not considered here. It comes as no surprise to many people today that there are records. In this article I have pointed out the main reason why the world weather is behaving rough.

Key words: Environment, disaster, electrolyte, balances etc.

Assumptions & web sites.

Abstract: Pesticide Endosulfan in acetonitrile solution conc in the range1000ppb-1600ppb were subjected to gamma radiation dose for 5kGy to 50kGy and decay profile was found to be exponential , however there was never complete diminution of conc of Endosulfan. But copper nanoparticle solution added in aliquots have found to complete annihilates the endosulfan . The conc. of Endosulfan has been monnitored using SHIMADZU GCMS QP2010PLUS. Similarly advanced oxidation by passing Ozone gas to Endosulfan solution in acetonitrile leads to conversion of endosulfan to endosulfan diol a 1000times less toxic product. But complete annihilation of Endosulfan does not takes place. Thus copper Nano particle interaction seems to be easy and technically suitable as one has to just add nano particle solution. in endosulfan solution whereas in case of gamma radiation and Advanced oxidation process to bring the contaminated solution under the appliance there can be technical difficulty for the treatment and also complete annihilation will take more time.

Key word: Pesticide ,Endosulfan ,Copper nano particle, Remediation, Gamma Radiation.

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Abstract: The paper describes the design and fabrication of twisted potato crisps maker. A twisted potato crisps maker is described herein comprising a base support having a first end and a second end for providing guided linear longitudinal motion along the base, longitudinal stud connecting to handle to manually rotate the stud, having a thread pitch of 13 triangular threads per inch, cutting blade which was made perpendicular to potato rotational axis and had a hole through which guide pin extended to provide support for potato, clipper, guide pin, nuts, support legs and framework. The combination of rotary and longitudinal motion produced by handle resulted in slicing of potato. This manually operated machine was designed to cut whole raw potatoes into consistent twisted crisps of thickness 2.0 mm approximately, suitable for frying as potato chips. The capacity of machine was 9.6 kg of potato per hour, and product loss was around 4.1%. Locally and easily available materials like cast iron, mild steel and stainless steel were used for the fabrication. This machine allows in its simplicity of design and modest cost with the ability to generate thin uniform slices utilizing approximately 95% of the potatoes.

Keywords: Crisps, Design, Fabrication, Potato.

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Abstract: The degradation kinetics of ascorbic acid was determined in baobab drink during pasteurization and storage temperatures at 60-90°C for 3 hours and 0 – 40 oC for 5 weeks respectively. The loss of ascorbic acid at all temperatures followed the first order kinetic model as the coefficient of determination (i.e. R2-value) ≥ 0.953. Rate constants of ascorbic acid degradation ranged from 9.72 – 26.31 x10-3 /minute and 5.266 – 29.95x10-3 /day during pasteurization and storage respectively. Decimal reduction time (D-value) and half-life ranged between 87.52 – 236.87 and 26.35 – 71.30 minutes and 76.89 – 437.78 and 23.15 – 131.78 days for pasteurization and storage temperatures respectively The temperature dependence of degradation reaction was well described by the Arrhenius relationship. The activation energy, Q10 factor, and Z-value obtained ranged from 24.24 – 58.66 kJ/mol, 1.06 - 1.58 and 4.74 – 7.96 oC for the temperature range within which experiments were carried out. The values were similar to many others reported for food systems in literatures.

Keywords: Baobab drink, ascorbic acid, , rate constants, Arrhenius plot, activation energy.

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Abstract: The rate of biodegradation of crude oil under natural environment was examined. Crude oil contaminated soil was simulated. A quantity of 24kg of the soil was divided into 3 groups of 8kg each, consisting of soil samples contaminated with Petrol Hydrocarbon (PHC) in the concentrations of 5%, 10% and 20 % w/w. After a week of soil preparation, 6 viable Zea mays seeds were planted on each pot. Nurseries of the Zea mays seeds were also raised and used for transplanting were necessary. After 8 weeks of growth, bioaccumulation of crude oil in leaves of the Zea mays L as well as the quantity of crude oil remaining in the contaminated soil were determined. The concentration of crude oil was extracted using 10ml of 1:1 Ethanol/Chloroform mixture to extract the crude oil from 1g of each contaminated soil as well as Zea mays biomass cultivated on each contaminated soil was extracted at 8 weeks of studies. The result from the finding indicated that 5%, 10% and 20% (PHC) contaminated soils had 0.0023  0.00005 mg/g, 0.0016  0.0005 mg/g and 0.0022  0.0003 mg/g respectively of crude oil bioaccumulation in Zea mays cultivated in them. The percentage crude oil degradation from each soil test group was approximately 99%.

Keywords: Petroleum Hydrocarbon, Contamination, Zea mays, Bioaccumulation, degradation.

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Abstract: The stories of urban renewal in Nigeria are that of unsuccessful attempts because all of them met with cataclysmic failure due to the fact that each was frustrated by residents' upheaval and stubborn resistance. An impression was thus created that urban renewal is a mission impossible which cannot be successfully carried out without opposition. The aim of this paper is to provide a pragmatic urban renewal framework which could be adopted to surmount the stakeholders and residents induced frictions and resistance that often constrain urban renewal programmes in Nigeria. Coal Camp Community urban renewal studies undertaken in Enugu City as part of Ph.D programme provided data base for the articulation of procedural framework for the involvement of the citizens during urban renewal programmes. Initially the residents were opposed to the urban renewal proposals but after series of sensitization, enlightenment and consultations, they changed their opinion and not only co-operated and supported the programme but ready to commit their resources to it. Chi-square (X2) model was used as analytical tool to find out their reasons for opposition. Those reasons were used as inputs in designing sensitization and enlightenment programmes. This takes into account the human resource dimensional issues which need to be invested in urban renewal programmes for the satisfaction of all. Adoption of this framework will make urban renewal programmes realizable which can be delivered hitch free to the people.

Keywords; Urban renewal, opposition, framework, citizens, sensitization.

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Abstract: People of Grarhwal in Uttarakhand state of India and several pilgrims, those who were present there would never forget the four days of June 2013. This part of India is very famous for several high altitude pilgrimages and mass tourism. For its spiritual importance this region is commonly known as 'Dev Bhumi'- Land of Gods. From May to October this entire region always remains busy with the 'Char Dham Yatra and tourism activities. Like every year, June of 2013 was no different, pilgrimages and tourist spots were crowded with thousands of people. They were totally unknown what was going to hell their life after the cloudburst on and from 14th June to 17th June. After the Multi days cloudburst and heavy rainfall, the entire region especially the Kedarnath area faced devastating flash flood and associating landslide. Rudraprayag, Uttarkashi, Chamoli, Pithoragarh districts were badly affected. The death toll is reached up to10, 000 and 3000 persons were missing and several hundreds were injured. The flash flood was so treating and massive that it was called 'The Himalayan Tsunami'. This paper explores the geographical causes of the Uttakhand-flood and issues related with this great disaster with possible mitigation.

Key Words: Char Dham Yatra, Cloudburst, Flashflood, Landslide, Uttarakhand

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[7]. Varsney Vibha, Kedarnath temple in Uttarakhand survives glacier, floods,Down To Earth Jun,2013
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Abstract: The area in Vadodara district, Gujarat, India, is selected to discuss the impact of seasonal variation of groundwater quality on irrigation, where the agriculture is the main livelihood of rural people and the groundwater is the main source for irrigation and drinking. Groundwater samples collected seasonally, pre and post-monsoons, during three years from Twenty five wells in the area were analyzed for pH, EC, TDS, TH, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, CO32−, HCO3 −, Cl−, SO42−, NO3−and F−.Various tools such as Electrical conductivity (EC), Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), United States Salinity Laboratory (USSL) were used to evaluate the quality of water and its suitability for irrigation purposes. Results of SAR shows that many of the wells during premonsoon illustrate high values indicating the unsuitable nature of groundwater for irrigation but during post monsoon, SAR values found to be decreased due to the dilution effect of precipitation by monsoon.

Key words: agricultural activity, Groundwater pollution, irrigation water quality, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), USSL.

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Abstract: In Karur, the textile factories discharge millions of litres of untreated effluents into the drains that eventually empty into river, Amaravathy. The release of coloured compound into water bodies is undesirable not only because of their impact on photosynthesis of aquatic plants but also due to the carcinogenic nature of these dyes and their breakdown products. In this work, bacteria capable of decolourising Textile effluents mixed with sewage (TES) were isolated. Based on the results of these various biochemical tests, the isolates were identified. The identification was conformed by 16s rRNA sequencing. They were identified as Bacillus cereus AK1968 and Pseudomonas sp. AKDYE14. The sequences were deposited in GENBANK. The accession numbers were JN689235 and JN674167 respectively.

Key words: Karur, Amaravathy, Textile Effluents mixed with Sewage (TES), 16srRNA sequencing, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas sp., GENBANK

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Abstract: In the present study, physical, chemical and bacteriological characteristics of borehole water samples from Odo-oro Ekiti were studied. The result of the physical tests revealed that the water is colourless, odourless and tasteless, while the result of the chemical tests revealed that the pH ranges from 4.8-6.8, indicating that the water samples are slightly acidic, temperature ranges from 26oc–29oc, total hardness ranges from (5-20)mg/L and total dissolved solids ranges from10.5-20.3(mg/l). The analyzed cations and anions in the samples showed that calcium ranges from (1.2-8.1)mg/l, manganese (0.01)mg/l, chloride 3.2-8mg/l , silica 1-1.2mg/l, iron 0.01-0.24mg/l, nitrate 0.5-2.2mg/l , zinc 0.16-0.62 mg/l , carbonate 0.1-0.9mg/l, sulphate 0.1-3.2mg/l, phosphate 0-1.2mg/l. The determined physical and chemical parameters reveal that the studied water samples have chemical qualities which render them suitable as drinking water as the determined parameters conforms to the WHO specifications for drinking water and also fell within the fresh water class of the USGS classification of water based on dissolved solids. The high bacteria count is beyond the limit of the World Health Organisation bacteriological standard for drinking water hence, unacceptable and not recommended as potable water unless special treatments and designs are adopted.

Keywords: bacteriological; borehole; groundwater; Odo-Oro; Ekiti

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Abstract: The main source of freshwater pollution can be attributed to discharge of untreated waste,dumping of industrial effluent and run off from agricultural fields.The haematological characteristics of fishes are an integral part of evaluating their health status.However the diet composition,metabolic adaptation and variation in fish activity are the main factors responsible for the change in haematological parameters of fish.Biochemical indicators of environmental contamination have potential use as sensitive and early warning indicators of long-term detrimental effects. Appropriate narrow range of concentrations 0.1 to 0.5ppm was used to find the median lethal concentration,using 10 fishes for each concentration and mortality was recorded for every 24hrs upto 72 hrs.The LC50 value is 0.398 ppm for 72hrs.10 fishes were exposed in each experiment and blood was collected from gills and caudal region.The blood samples was tested for haematological parameters.All the parameters were found to be decreased except WBC,lymphocytes and eosinophils when compared to control.

Keywords-eosinophils, haematology, lethal concentration, Labeo rohita,WBC.

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