IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-7 ~ Issue-5 ~ Nov–Dec 2013

Abstract: The present study entitled 'Development and Popularization of Agathi leaves (Sesbaniagrandiflora) Incorporated Food Products' was done with an aim to prepare Agathi incorporated products, to study their shelf life qualities and to popularize these products among women attending self-help groups like Kudumbasree units. The study also measured awareness of the Kudumbasree members about Agathi. In order to meet the objectives, fifteen products were prepared by incorporating Agathi leaves namely Agathi mango jujubes, Agathi tomato sauce, Agathi pineapple jam, Agathi sweet pickle, Agathi pickle, Agathi cutlet, Agathi dry chutney powder, Agathi wet chutney, Agathipathiri, Agathi green gram dosa, Agathi water melon drink, Agathi halva, Agathi tomato squash, Agathi lemon juice and Agathi cucumber mix. These products were prepared in three variations namely variation A, variation B and variation C which contained various proportions of Agathi, incorporated in 20 per cent, 30 per cent and 50 percent in them along with other ingredients for achieving enhanced quality and adequate quantity of the nutrients in the products.

Keywords: Green leafy vegetables, Kudumbasree, Nutrients, Score card, Shelf life

[1] Bamji, M. S., Prasad Rao, N and Reddy, N, Textbook of human nutrition(Oxford publishers, New Delhi,2004).

[2] Trivedi, P C, Advances in plant physiology (K I International publishing house Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2006).

[3] Srilakshmi, B, Food science (New age international publishers (PVT), New Delhi, 2009).

[4] Zeng, X and Raun, D, Intelligent sensory evaluation: Methodologies and application (Springer–Verlang Berlin Heidelberg, New York, 2004).

[5] NIN (India), Nutritive value of Indian foods (National Institute of Nutrition, ICMR, Hyderabad, 2011).

[6] Rinsky, G and Rinsky, L H, The pastry chef's companion. A comprehensive Resource Guide for the Baking and Pastry Professionals (John Wiley& sons Inc, New Jersey, 2009).

[7] Mc Gee, H, On food and cooking: The science and love of the kitchen (Scribner publishers, New York, 2004).

[8] Gehring, A R, The home steading hand book: A back to basic guide to growing your own food, Canning, Keeping chickens, Generating your own energy, crafting herbal medicines and more (Sky horse publishers, New York,2011).

[9] Patil, K, The rice-wheat cropping system of South Asia (Food products Press, Binghamton, 2001).

[10] Sanjeev, K, Pickles, chutneys 'N' more (Popular Prakashan Pvt. Ltd., Mumba, 2009)

Abstract: Gregarious flowering in D. hamiltonii and M. baccifera were occurred in the north eastern region of India. Due to sudden dead in larger scale, considerable changes in particular bamboo forests were witnessed. An approach was made to examine the changes in soil parameters during pre-flowering, flowering and post-flowering phases. Soil nutrients such as N, P and K were decrease, though, oxidizable organic carbon, soil moisture increases in flowering and post-flowering sites. Besides, soil acidity also increases in these sites. Thus, changes in soil physico-chemical parameters were observed in these bamboo forests. Such changes in soil were either the reason for gregarious flowering and dead in bamboo or vice versa.

Keywords: Gregarious flowering, bamboo forest, phase, changes, mass dead, soil nutrients.

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Abstract: The largest mangrove areas in the eastern part of Thailand are located in Chanthaburi province, but most of them have deteriorated and are abandoned. A healthy mangrove area in the Weluestuary, Khlung district, Chanthaburi province is selected as the study area. Mangrove composition, structure and distribution were investigated to be used as a baseline for mangrove conservation in the surrounding area. Twenty-six mangrove speciesincluding 15important true mangrove species, namely A. alba, A. officinalis, B. cylindrica, B. gymnorrhiza, B. hainesii, B. parviflora, B. sexangula, C. tagal, E. agallocha, R. apiculata, R. mucronata, S. caseolaris, S. ovata, X. granatum and X. moluccensis, were identifiedfrom the field survey.Based on structure and community, R.apiculata appeared dominant in the area. The composition and structure results, in terms of number of trees, total stem basal area, tree density and IVI, revealed distribution of these true mangroves following different distances.Consequently, E. agallocha, X. granatum and X. moluccensis presented in the same zones as theAvicenniaceae, Rhizophoraceae and Sonneratiaceae families. This result suggested that E. agallocha, X. granatum and X. moluccensis can be used to rehabilitate the lost mangroves in the Welu estuary and other deteriorated and abandoned mangrove areas.

Keywords: Mangrove species, Mangrove structure, Mangrove community, Mangrove conservation, Chanthaburi province.

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[2] P.B. Tomlinson,The botany of mangroves (United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
[3] FAO, The world's mangroves 1980-2005 (Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations, 2007).
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[7] J.M.Kovacs, J. Wang, and F. Flores-Verdugo, Mapping mangrove leaf area index at the species level using IKONOS and LAI-2000 sensors for the Agua Brava Lagoon, Mexican Pacific,Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 62, 2005, 377-384.
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[10] B.B.Walters, P.Rönnbäck, J.M.Kovacs, B.Crona, S.A.Hussain, R.Badola, J.H.Primavera,E. Barbier, andF. Dahdouh-Guebas, Ethnobiology, socio-economics and management of mangrove forest: A review,Aquatic Botany,2008, 1-17.

Abstract: Despite the high level of dependence on rainwater for drinking and domestic uses due to lack of public pipe borne water supplies, little is done for monitoring the quality of stored rainwater in cisterns, tanks and reservoirs receiving rainwater in Wukari, Taraba State, North-Eastern, Nigeria. For this reason, it is very important to evaluate the quality of rainwater collected and stored in different storage media to ascertain their impacts on harvested rainwater quality. In this research study, samples of harvested rainwater were collected from different storage media commonly used (metal tanks, plastic tanks and concrete tanks) from private dwellings and public places. Physico-chemical and microbiological analyses of the samples were carried out using standard methods. The storage material types showed statistically significant differences (p<0.05) in some quality parameters such as pH, Electrical conductivity, Total dissolved solids, acidity, trace and heavy metals.The results of the analyses were compared with water quality guidelines of World Health Organization (W.H.O) to evaluate its suitability for potable and domestic uses. All the stored rainwater samples tested positive for faecal coliform and the counts were above the World Health Organization (W.H.O) stipulation for drinking water. The trace and heavy metals in the water samples were relatively within the World Health Organization (W.H.O) standards except for copper and iron levels in metal tanks. Plastic (PVC) tanks and well constructed concrete tanks are the most suitable storage media as found in this study. The study shows that harvested rainwater may not be suitable for direct drinking, without treatment, but could be used for other domestic purposes.

Keywords: Physicochemical, Microbiological, Rainwater harvesting, Storage tanks..

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Abstract: Today arsenic is causing an alarming global problem due to its toxicity and day by day this problem will amplify if necessary actions are not taken. In this paper we have isolated two arsenic resistant fungal strains (Aspergillus flavus and A. niger) from some polluted sites of Kolkata. These two strains are capable of removing 50%-76 % of arsenic from different arsenic enriched medium, simultaneously also tolerant to different other heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Hg, Zn and Cr). In near future these tolerant fungal species could be used in remediation of Arsenic and other metal pollution to some extent.

Keywords: Arsenic, Aspergillus flavus & A.niger, Bioremediation.

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Abstract: The impact of dredging on the fisheries of Igbedi Creek, upper Nun River, Niger Delta was investigated from June 2009 to May 2011. Two locations – Ogobiri (Dredged) and Agoro-Gbene (Un-dredged) were studied. A total of 26,988 specimens representing 22 species belonging to 13 families were caught at Ogobiri (Dredged) Location; while a total of 33,275 representing 28 species belonging to 16 families were caught at Agoro-Gbene (Un-dredged) Location during the sampling period. There was a decrease in the number of fish species recovered in the undredged from 28 to only 22 in the dredged area. Fish from the dredged area exhibited negative allometric growth with length exponent (b) ranging from 0.911 ± 0.04 (Brycinus macrolepidotus). The only exception was Schulbe uranoscopus, which exhibited isometric growth with length exponent "b" = 3.027 ± 0.03. In the undredged location, three species, exhibited isometic growth (Synodontis batensodath (b = 3.095 ± 0-07); Schilbe uranoscopus (b = 3.097 ± 0.03) and Distichodus faciatus (b = 3.021 ± 0.11). The other species exhibited negative.allometric growth with length exponents ranging from 0.777 ± 0.004 to 2.560 ± 0.04 with the exception of Hepsetus odoe which exhibited positive allometic growth (b = 3.412 ± 0.07). Correlation coefficients between length and weight "r" ranged from 0.739 (Eleoties senegalensis) to 0.978 (Schulbe mystus) in the dredged; and between 0.447 (Polypterus ansorgi ) to 0.994 (synodontis membranoceous) in the undredged locations. Student's t-test values at 95% level showed significant differences in condition factor between the two areas. These results are clear indications that dredging significantly affected the fisheries of the creek.

[1] Abowei, J. F. N. (2000): Aspects of the fisheries of the lower Nun River. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Port Harcourt. 180pp.
[2] Abowei, J. F. N. and George, A. D. I. (2009). Some physical and chemical characteristics in Okpoka Creek, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences 1(2):45-53.
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Abstract: The impact of dredging on the sediment quality of Igbedi Creek, upper Nun River in central Niger Delta was investigated from June 2009 to May 2011. Two locations – Ogobiri (Dredged Location) and Agoro-Gbene (Un-dredged Location) were studied. For the purpose of this study, the selected dredged and non-dredged sites were divided into stations: Ogobiri – OGO1DA=Dredged Area, OGOI&2DS=Downstream, OGO1&2US=Upstream; Agoro-gbene – AGO1DS=Downstream, AGO1MD=Midstream, AGO1US=Upstream. Physico-chemical characteristics of the sediment in both locations investigated includes:- particle size analysis (%silt, %sand & %clay), pH, available phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, total hydrocarbon (THC), %organic carbon, carbon/nitrogen (CN) ratio, total nitrogen (TN), sulphate, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. The data revealed significant spatial differences (P<0.05) between the locations in all the sediment parameters measured except for Silt%, THC and CN Ratio. There were significant temporal variations between the locations for the following parameters: pH, TN, %Org.C, C/N Ratio, Mg, P042- and Na. The results also showed high increase in values recorded for THC, S042- and Ca in the station immediately downstream of the dredged area which steadily declined further downstream. The results obtained are indicative of impact of dredging on sediment quality of Iggedi creek, upper Nun River.

[1]. Abowei, J. F. N. (2000): Aspects of the fisheries of the lower Nun River. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Port Harcourt. 180pp.
[2]. Balchand, A. N., and Rasheed, K. (2000). Assessment of short term environmental impacts on dredging in a tropical estuary. Terra ET Aqua (International Journal on public Works, Ports and Waterways Development) (79): 1-18.

[3]. Chindah, A. C., Braide, S. A. and Obunwo, C. (1998). The effect of municipal waste discharge on the physic-chemical and phytoplankton in a brackish wetland in Bonny Estuary. Acts Hydrobiol., 40: 9-15.
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[7]. Seiyaboh, E.I., Ekweozor, I.K.E., Ogamba, E.N. and Alagha, W.E. (2007) Effect of Tombia bridge construction on the water quality of Nun River in Central Niger Delta, Nigeria. Journal of applied sciences.10:3, 2007.
[8]. Seiyaboh, E.I., Ekweozor, I.K.E., Ogamba, E.N. (2008) Effect of Tombia bridge construction on the sediment quality of Nun River in Central Niger Delta, Nigeria. Journal of sciences and technology.Vol. 7, No 3 pp 73-76.
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Abstract: The impact of dredging on water quality of Igbedi Creek, upper Nun River, Niger Delta was investigated from June 2009 to May 2011. Two locations – Ogobiri (Dredged) and Agoro-Gbene (Un-dredged) were studied. Two locations – Ogobiri (Dredged Location) and Agoro-Gbene (Un-dredged Location) were studied. For the purpose of this study, the selected dredged and non-dredged sites were divided into stations: Ogobiri – OGO1DA=Dredged Area, OGOI&2DS=Downstream, OGO1&2US=Upstream; Agoro-gbene – AGO1DS=Downstream, AGO1MD=Midstream, AGO1US=Upstream. The data revealed significant spatial differences (P<0.05) between the locations in all the water quality parameters measured except for DO, Temp. and pH. There were significant temporal variations as well between the locations in the following parameters: Temperature, Turbidity, Conductivity, N03-, NO2-, S042-, and BOD5. The results further showed high increase in values for Turbidity and NO2- in the station immediately downstream of the dredged area but steadily declined downstream. These results are clear indications that dredging significantly affected the water quality of the creek.

[1]. Abowei, J. F. N. (2000): Aspects of the fisheries of the lower Nun River. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Port Harcourt. 180pp.
[2]. Abowei, J. F. N. and George, A. D. I. (2009). Some physical and chemical characteristics in Okpoka Creek, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences 1(2):45-53.
[3]. APHA, (1998). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Waters. 19th ed. APHA-AWA WPCF. Washington DC. Pp. 1007-1151
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[6]. Braide, S. A., Izonfuo, W. A. L., Adiukwu, P. U., Chindah, A. C. and Obunwo, C. C. (2004). Water Quality of Miniweja stream, A swamp forest stream receiving non-point source waste discharges in Eastern Niger Delta, Nigeria. Scientia Africana, 3(1): 1-8.
[7]. Chindah, A. C., Braide, S. A. and Obunwo, C. (1998). The effect of municipal waste discharge on the physic-chemical and phytoplankton in a brackish wetland in Bonny Estuary. Acts Hydrobiol., 40: 9-15.
[8]. Dibia, A. E. N. (2006). Effect of biotope difference on aquatic Macrophytes along Mini-Chindah Stream in Port Harcourt, Rivers State. M.Sc. Thesis, Rive State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria, 120p.
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Abstract: This paper focuses on flood-prone unplanned built-up areas to determine suitable drainage network. A comprehensive method of data collection involving topographic maps produced from aerial photography, satellite image and Total Station were employed. Three-dimensional (3D) coordinates were collected using Total Station and these were used to produce a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and its contingents, comprising Watersheds, Aspects and Slopes to obtain suitable drainage sites. Two results were obtained, the Optimal Drainage Network (ODN) and the Suitable Drainage Network (SDN). The former however, has advantage for future and sustainable development in the area over the later. However, SDN is cheaper when it comes to compensation of demolished buildings during drainage construction. Results suggest that a combination of surveying equipment, aerial photogrammetry and satellite images can provide ideal solutions to environmental problems.

Keywords: Flood, DEM, Watershed, GIS, Remote Sensing.

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Abstract: The physicochemical and microbiological assessment of the waste water from a major abattoir at Ijebu-Igbo, Ijebu North local Government Area, Ogun State, Nigeria and its impact on the microbial population of the receiving soil and river were studied. The results of the physicochemical analysis showed that the effluent, the river water and contaminated soil parameters exceeded Water Environmental Federation (WEF) limitation guidelines for meat processing. Waste water (Wb) from the butchering section had a higher bacteria count of 3.20 x 106 cfu/ml than waste water (Wr) from the rinsing section with 2.21 x 106cfu/ml. The contaminated soil (Sc) had a higher value of 2.45x104cfu/g than the uncontaminated soil (Suc) with 1.80 x 104cfu/g. On the other hand, the fungal count of the waste water sample(Wb) from the butchering section had a lesser count of 1.16 x 104cfu/ml than waste water sample(Wr) from the rinsing section with 1.18 x 104cfu/ml while the uncontaminated soil (Suc) had a higher value of 1.22 x 104cfu/g than the contaminated soil(Sc) 1.12 x 104cfu/g. Bacteria isolated from both waste water and soil sample include Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Serratia sp., Pseudomonas putida, Enterobacter aerogenes while the fungi isolated include Aspergillus niger, Torulopsis sp., Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida sp., Penicillum sp. and Saccharomyces cerevisae. Statistical analyses showed significance differences (p<0.05) between the total bacterial count in the contaminated soil and the uncontaminated soil and also between the total bacteria count in the butchering and rinsing section. The corresponding values obtained for fungal count also showed a significant difference (p<0.05) between the contaminated and uncontaminated soil while there was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the butchering and the rinsing section. These results showed that a high microbial load in the Abattoir wastes had a negative effect in the microbial population in the soil and the river, hence the need to treat waste water before discharging into the ecosystem.

Keywords: Abattoir, waste water, microbial population, soil, ecology.

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