iosr-JPBS   Volume-1 ~ Issue-2

Abstract: Background : Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was assayed in the sera of 40 adult male and 40 adult female patients within the age group of 16-50 years presenting with acute, Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection and a control group of 40 healthy adults within the same age group.
Study objective: Study was design to determine diagnostic value of serum LDH activity in patient with acute P.falciparum Infection.
Methods: Patient selection and pre-qualification were done by simple random sampling of individuals presenting at the MBS Hospital Outpatient Department with a history of fever and malaise within a period of one to eight days, and who were confirmed to be infected with the P. falciparum malaria parasite by microscopically examination of Giemsa-stained thin blood slides.
Results: The mean serum LDH activity in male patients was found to be 564 ±236.0 IU. This activity is significantly higher than the control LDH activity of 237.10±19.0 IU (p-value is less than 0.05). The mean serum LDH activity among female patients was 468 ±177.0 IU, which is a relatively higher activity compared to the control LDH activity of 237.10 ±19.0 IU (p-value is less than 0.05).
Conclusion: The combination of acute hepatocellular injury and red cell haemolysis induced by the invading merozoites may account for the increase in serum LDH activity during this infection. Therefore serum LDH activity is a potentially valuable enzymatic marker of falciparum malaria infection.

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Abstract- Introduction: Gram-negative pathogens are an important cause of hospital acquired infections throughout the world. Klebsiella pneumoniae has become one of the more common causes of nosocomial infections.
Materials and methods: A total number of 1264 urine, 544 pus and 784 sputum samples from January 2008 to October 2010 were included in the study. Isolates of klebsiella pneumoniae were identified by their morphological and biochemical characteristics. All the isolates of klebsiella pneumoniae identified were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity testing by modified Kirby-bauer disc diffusion method.
Results: The number of klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were 254 from 1264 urine samples, 135 from 544 pus samples and 191 from 784 sputum samples. Majority of the strains isolated were sensitive to Amikacin.
Conclusion: The present study from 2008 to 2010 reveals the incidence of infections due to klebsiella pneumoniae strains in the hospitalized patients and their tendency towards antibiotic resistance.
Key words: Kebsiella pneumoniae, nosocomial infections, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, beta-lactamase, ESBL's, Gram-negative, non-motile, urease.

[1] 1.Hadi Mehrgan, Mohammad Rahbar, Zohreh Arab-Halvaii, "High prevalence of extended spectrum beta lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a tertiary care hospital in Tehran, Iran", The Journal of infection in developing countries,Vol.4,No.3,2009.
[2] 2.M.Shahid, A.Malik, M.Akram, L.M.Agarwal, A.U.Khan, M.Agarwal, "Prevalent phenotypes and antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli and klebsiella pneumonia at an Indian tertiary care hospital: plasmid-mediated cefoxitin resistance", International journal of infectious diseases, Vol.2, issue 3, May 2008, Pg:256-264.
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[6] 6.Yengkokpam.C, Inqudam.D, Yengkokpam.I.S., Jha.BK, "Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of urinary isolates in Imphal(Manipur), India", Nepal medical college journal, 2007Sep;9(3):170-2.
[7] 7.Shobha KL, Gowrish rao.S, Sugandhi rao, Sreeja C.K., "Prevalence of extended spectrum beta lactamases in urinary isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and Citrobacter species and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in a tertiary care hospital," Indian journal for the Practising Doctor, Vol.3,No.6(2007-01-2007-02).
[8] 8.Krista loivukene,Epp Sepp, Vivika Adamson, Piret Mitt, Ulle Kallandi, Karin Otter, Paul Naaber, "Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Acinetobacter baumanni, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia in Estonian intensive care units in comparison with European Data", Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases, 2006, Vol.38,No.11-12,Pg:1001-1008.
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ABSTRACTS: Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae (Xcm) caused bacterial black spot of mango in Karnataka. The extent to which bactericides control this disease effectively is low. In this study the bactericidal effect of different products was assessed in vitro on mango plants under greenhouse conditions. Six commercial formulate and combinations were tested. In vitro analysis showed that minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of copper sulphate with a MIC value of 100 μl/ml and bavistin which was not active at 500 μl/ml. MIC values of commercial formulate bactrinashak ranged between 5 and 30 μg/ml, and combinations of copper oxychloride + copper sulphate; streptocycline + bactrinashak; mancozeb + copper oxychloride, mancozeb + bavistin and bavistin + bactrinashak, showed a great effect at sub-inhibitory concentrations. Treatments including copper sulphate and copper oxychloride significantly shows inhibition zone, whereas bavistin alone was less effective, these combinations of different antibacterial substances results were better than copper sulphate alone. We conclude that the combination of copper sulphate with streptocycline, bactrinashak may be useful in controlling symptoms of this disease in greenhouses.
Key Words: Commercial formulates, in vitro, Mango, Black spot disease.

[1] Andersen, G.L., Menkissoglou, O., Lindow, S.E., 1991. Occurrence and properties of copper-tolerant strains of Pseudomonas syringae isolated from fruit trees in California. Phytopath. 81, 648–656.
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[8] Govender, V., Korsten, L., 2006. Evaluation of different formulations of Bacillus licheniformis in mango pack house trials. Biol Control. 37,237-242.
[9] Hausbeck, M.K., Bell, J., Medina-Mora, C.M., Podolsky, R., Fulbright, D.W., 2000. Effect of bactericides on population sizes and spread of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis on tomatoes in the greenhouse and on disease development and crop yield in the field. Phytopath 90, 38–44.
[10] Ji, P., Campbell, H.L., Kloepper, J. W., Jones, J.B., Suslow, T.V., Wilson, M. 2006. Integrated biological control of bacterial speck and spot of tomato under field conditions using foliar biological control agents and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. Biol Control. 36, 358-367.

ABSTRACT : The present study was design to determine the fertility hormonal levels of Luteinizing hormone (LH), Follicle stimulating hormone (LH), Progesterone, Testosterone, Proactin, Estrogen and Cortisol in malaria infected symptomatic HIV stage 11 seropositive male participants aged between 18 and 60 (42±13) years were randomly recruited for this study. Based on World Health Organisation (WHO) criteria for staging HIV, the participants were grouped as follows: 138 symptomatic HIV stage 11 infected male participants, 69 of them had malaria co-infection and 136 HIV seronegative male participants, 68 of them also had malaria co-infection. Blood samples were collected from the participants for the determination of HIV status by Immunochromatography and Immunoprecipitin methods, malaria parasite detection by thick and thin film method. The fertility hormones were also determined by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) methods. The result showed that the serum FSH, Progesterone, Testosterone, Estrogen and Cortisol levels were significantly different when compared amongst the groups (p<0.05, in each case). Testosterone levels also showed significantly lower values in malaria infected and malaria uninfected symptomatic HIV stage 11 participants not on ART (in each case) compared with malaria infected and malaria uninfected HIV seronegative control participants (p<0.05).The mean FSH levels were significantly different in malaria infected and malaria uninfected symptomatic HIV stage 11 participants not on ART (in each case) compared with malaria infected and malaria uninfected HIV seronegative control participants (p<0.05). The implication of this finding is that HIV-malaria co infection has an effect on the release of LH, FSH and Cortisol levels in symptomatic HIV stage 11 participants.

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[7]. Laufer MK (2006). Impact of HIV-associated immunosuppression on malaria
infection and disease in Malawi. J Infect Dis. 193:872-878.
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[9]. Mendis K, Sina B, Marchesini P, Carter R (2001). The neglected burden of Plasmodium vivax malaria (PDF). Am J Trop Med Hyg64 (1-2 Suppl): 97–106.
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Abstract: Optimal infants and young children feeding is paramount to their health and nutritional status. This study assessed the childcare and feeding practices among 200 market women in relation to their children nutritional status. Semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect information on childcare and feeding practices; anthropometric indices of 200 infants were also taken and analyzed. The result showed that 98% of the market women initiated breastfeeding immediately after delivery, 99% practiced exclusive breastfeeding and majority of the women take their children along with them to the market. The major complementary staple used by the women was sorghum (53.6%), 62% of the respondents admitted the use of soybean powder as the major protein source in the gruel. The mean age, weight, height and MUAC of the infants were respectively 20months, 10kg, 78cm, and 14cm. The study revealed that 31% of the children were moderately stunted and 39% were moderately underweight. The duration of breastfeeding and childcare practices were found to significantly affect nutritional status at p< 0.05. Therefore, mothers should be properly educated on the appropriate combination of local staples for complementary foods through food demonstration class during post natal clinic.
Keywords - Exclusive breastfeeding, complementary feeding, gruel, stunting, underweight.

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Abstract: Tephrosia purpurea is a polymorphic, much branched, herbaceous perennial herb found throughout the Indian subcontinent,5and according to ayurvedic literature this plant also given the name of "Sarwa wranvishapaka", belonging to the family fabaceae 6. Flowering and fruiting of plant is mostly observed in months between July-December in Indian condition. Tephrosia purpurea has been established for its phytochemical screening and revealed to contain long chain saturated ketones, glycosides, rotenoids, tephrosin, pongaglabol, semiglabrin, chalcones, sterols, flavanols and flavones.8,11 Traditionally plant is being used as tonic, laxative, and diuretic1. It is also useful in treating cough & tightness of the chest, biliary febrile attacks, obstructions of the liver, spleen and kidneys. This plant is specifically recommended as a blood purifier and anthalmintic for children7. Roots are given in dyspepsia and chronic diarrhoea. In ayurveda system of medicine, the whole plant has been used to cure tumours, ulcers, leprosy, allergic and inflammatory conditions such as rheumatism, asthma, bronchitis. Its aerial parts and roots are used in bronchial asthma, hepatic ailments, cutaneous toxicities, pain and inflammation8.
Key Words: Dexamethasone, Ethanolic extract, Lovastatin, Hyperlipidemia, Tephrosia pupurea.

[1]. Soni K, kumar SP, Saraf MN. Antioxidant activity of fraction of Tephrosia purpurea linn. Indian J Pharmaceutical Sciences 2006; 68 (4): 456-460.
[2]. Damre AS, Gokhale .AB, Phadke .AS, Kulkarni KR, Saraf MN. Studies on the immunomodulatory activity of flavonoidal fraction of Tephrosia purpurea. Fitoterpia 2003; 74 (3): 257-261.
[3]. Lodhi S, Pawar RS, Jain AP, Singhai AK. Wound healing potential of Tephrosia purpurea (Linn.) In Rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2006; 108 (3): 204-210.
[4]. Kavitha K, Manoharan S. Anticarcinogenic antilipidperoxidative effects of Tephrosia Purpurea (Linn.) pers. In 7, 12-di methylbenz(a) anthracene (DMBA) induced hamster buccal pounch carcinoma. Indian J Pharmacology 2006; 38 (3): 185-189.
[5]. Jain A, Singhai AK, Dixit VK. A comparative study of ethanol extract of leaves of Tephrosia purpurea Pers and the flavonoid isolated for hepatoprotective activity. Indian J Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2006; 68 (3): 740-743.
[6]. Parmar VS, Rathore JS, Jain R, Deirdre A. Occurance of pongamol as the enol structure in Tephrosia purpurea. Phytochemistry 1989; 28 (2): 2339-2342.
[7]. Rao VE, Raju RN. Two flavonoids from Tephrosia purpurea. Phytochemistry 1984; 23 (10): 2339-2342.
[8]. Sinha B, Natu AA, Nanavati DD. Phenylated flavonoids from Tephrosia purpurea seeds. Phytochemistry 1982; 21(6): 1468-1470.
[9]. Gupta DK, Krishnamurthy M, Parthasarathi L. Purpurin, a new flavones from Tephrosia purpurea seeds. Phytochemistry 1980; 19 (6): 1264.
[10]. Rao VE, Raju RN. Occurance of (-)-isolonchocarpine in the roots of Tephrosia Purpurea. Phytochemistry 1979; 18 (9): 1581-82.

Abstract: The present review is an effort to preserve the techniques and approaches that were applied during the 20th century for detection of rabies in clinical pathology samples, by immunopathological approaches, patho-anatomical studies, ultra structural studies, histoenzymic analysis, biochemical studies as well as serological approaches.
Keywords: Diagnosis, Immunopathology, Rabies, Serology, Ultrastructure

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Abstract: In the present investigation, synthesis of silver nanoparticles by using rhizome extracts of Dioscorea oppositifolia L. and characterized by using UV spec, FT-IR, DLS and TEM. The extract incubated with AgNo3 showed colour changed of the extract from greenish to reddish brown with intensity increasing during the period of incubation. Hence, the rhizome extract act as a reducing and capping agent. Nanoparticles were characterized by using UV visible absorption spectra has shown the absorbance peak at 409 nm, FT-IR. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were generally found to be effective as antimicrobial agents against some important human pathogens which are prevailing as antibiotic resistance. FT-IR peaks were in the extract ranging from 1000-4000 cm-1 which confirmed the presence of polyphenols with aromatic ring and bound amide region required for the synthesis and stabilization of sliver nanoparticles.DLS shows stability of nanoparticles where as Transmission Electron Microscope confirms the sizewas about 14 nm and shape of the nanoparticle was found to be spherical in shape.
Keywords: Dioscorea oppositifolia L, Rhizome, Silver nanoparticles, FTIR, DLS, TEM, Antimicrobial action, Human pathogens.

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Abstract: Genotoxicity is a word in genetics defined as a destructive effect on a cell's genetic material (DNA, RNA) affecting its integrity. Genotoxins are mutagens; they can cause mutations. Genotoxins include both radiation and chemical genotoxins. A substance that has the property of genotoxicity is known as a genotoxin. There are three primary effects that genotoxins can have on organisms by affecting their genetic information. Genotoxins can be carcinogens, or cancer-causing agents, mutagens, or mutation-causing agents, or teratogens, birth defect-causing agents. In most cases, genotoxicity leads to mutations in various cells and other bodily systems. Mutations can lead to a host of other problems, from cancer to a wide variety of different diseases. Mutations can come in many different forms; genetic information can be duplicated, deleted, or inserted.

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Abstract: Birds are typically the most numerous and beautiful species of wildlife found in any given area. They are the best possible indication of habitat condition due to their highly particular habitat and behavior. The town of Hadoti in Rajasthan is home to a wide variety of local and seasonal bird species. During the course of the survey, 62 different species were observed. Of these, 54 were permanent residents, and 8 were seasonal visitors. Locations with plenty of water, trees, and vegetation had the highest rates of bird observations. Neither the Great Indian Bustard (the state bird of Rajasthan) nor the Vulture were seen during this count. These birds need serious conservation measures.

KEYWORDS: Diverse, indicator, habitat, resident, migrant

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