iosr-JPBS   Volume-1 ~ Issue-3

Abstract- The global requirements of recombinant protein have increased exponentially in last one decade in various aspects. The commercial production of recombinant proteins requires an ideal host expression system which effectively meets the demand. Numerous host expression systems have been used to achieve level of expression. Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) have been used ideally for expression of numbers of recombinant proteins from many decades. Though, Escherichia coli Bl21 is quite enough to express recombinant protein in higher fold but often get fails to achieve over expression of protein as essential requirement for today demand. Recently many engineered strains have been implemented in order to bring expression level as per requirement. The complications which arise in the expression of recombinant protein are mainly due to codon bias or inability of vector promoter to utilize host polymerase; while for over-expression of recombinant proteins often inhibit itself due to protein toxicity in conventional expression host systems. Escherichia coli C41 (DE3), Escherichia coli C43 (DE3) and Escherichia coli Rosetta are the refined and engineered strains which have shown over-expression of recombinant protein in recent time. These strains are designed to overcome the complication often limits conventional expression system. Keywords: Codon bias, promoter, Expression, host expression system, Recombinant protein

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ABSTRACTS: Otitis media is inflammation of the middle ear. 70 samples (male and female) of ear swab were collected from primary school pupils at school Ezzamgbo, Ohaukwu L.G.A. and community primary school Ibii, Afikpo in Afikpo L.G.A. all in Ebonyi State. 67 samples were positive for these organisms. The bacterial pathogens isolated include Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcus epidermidis (47.8%) had the highest incidence of occurrence followed by Staphylococcus aureus (31.3%) and Proteus sp (15%) while the least was Staphylococcus epidermidis (20.9%). The organisms' antibiogram reveals that they were highly sensitive to gentamycin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, cotrimoxazole, ceftriaxone and augmentin. The bacterial pathogens responsible for otitis media are pathogenic, hence attempt should be made to reduce the factors militating the incidence of these pathogens in the community. Despite the effectiveness of these antibiotics which are sensitive against the bacterial pathogens, prudent use of the antibiotics is strongly recommended.
Key: Prevalence, antibiogram, bacterial pathogens, otitis media

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Antibacterial Activities of Crude Leaf and Bark Extracts of "Icheku" Dialium guineense on Bacterial Isolates from Bronchitis Patients
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Orji, J.O. || Alo, M.N. || Anyim, C. || Okonkwo, E.C.
	:	10.9790/3008-0132125

ABSTRACT : The antibacterial activities of aqueous and ethanolic leaf and bark extracts of Dialium guineense were evaluated against clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus using agar well diffusion technique. The photochemical analysis of Dialium guineense extracts were also carried out. The results showed that the extracts at varying concentrations, exerted antibacterial activities on the test organisms. The highest inhibition diameter (18 mm) at 0.8g/ml was recorded for cold water leaf extracts against Staphylococcus aureus and ethanol extracts inhibited the growth of the bacterial isolates in concentration dependent manner with minimum inhibitory concentration dependent manner with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at 0.2 g/ml. The result of the physicochemical analysis showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannin and saponin. These results suggest further exploitation of this material to possibly unveil its potential use for the treatment of diseases caused by the test organisms.
Keywords: Dialium guineense, Antibacterial, phytochemical, bronchitis patients

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Abstract: Increasing the activity of defective cystic fibrosis transmembranes conductance regulator (CFTR) protein is a potential treatment for cystic fibrosis. The life expectancy of people with cystic fibrosis (CF), a lethal inherited disease, has been greatly extended by advances in therapy. Currently, there are a number of potential drugs for treatment of CF lung disease in clinical trials. These therapies are targeted at all points in the pathogenesis of lung disease, from gene transfer to drugs that treat mucus, infection and inflammation in the airways. An exciting development is that of modulation of the abnormal protein that causes CF, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), where drugs are targeted at specific defects in CFTR transcription, processing or functioning. A number of antibacterial agents formulated for inhalation are at various stages of study or newly approved, which should improve options for chronic management of airway infection. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a pleiotropic disease, originating from mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Both higher adherence to a Mediterranean-type diet and more physical activity have been independently associated with lower Alzheimer disease (AD) risk. Therefore comparative genomics analysis of these diseases is done. In this context Exons and CNS were observed in all three sequences. This paper provides information meant to increase an understanding of the public-health impact of cystic fibrosis, sickle cell and Alzheimer's diseases including incidence and prevalence, mortality, lifetime risks, costs, and impact on family caregivers.
Keywords: Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) protein, Pleiotropic disease, Alzheimer disease (AD) and Comparative Genomics

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Abstract: The objective of the present study was to determine the reproductive parameters in Holstein cows treated by different hormonal protocols during insemination and postpartum periods. The 114 dairy cows (multiparous) with BCS between 2.75 and 3 were divided into 3 groups in a completely randomized design. 38 cows were treated by Heatsynch method + eCG (M1), 38 cows received Ovsynch + CIDR (M2) and 38 cows were subjected to the Heatsynch method (M3). Blood samples were taken to determine progesterone plasma contents in 14, 21 and 24 days after first insemination. Results showed that treatment with M2 protocol significantly decreased days to first service and conception rate in the cows (P < 0.05). First service conception rate in cows treated with M1 protocol was higher (P < 0.05) compared to M2 and M3 protocol. Pregnancy rate in M1was significantly higher than that of the other groups (P ≤ 0.05). This difference could be due to equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) which could have an effective function on ovulation, fertilization and embryo's vitality. Plasma progesterone levels of pregnant cows were higher than that of nonpregnants cows regardless the type of resynchronization protocols (P≤0.05). However, activation of ovaries, reinitiate estrous cycle and accordance between estrous and ovulation were increased when dairy cows subjected to the Heatsynch + eCG method (M1). Thus, M2 protocol is recommended for primiparous but not for multiparous cows, and T3 protocol is not recommended for synchronization.
Key words : Progesterone, Reproductive indices, CIDR, Dairy cattle, eCG

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Abstract: Oral diseases are the most common form of chronic disease and are important public health problem because of their high prevalence, their Impact on individual and society, and expense of treatment. Toothache leads to school absenteeism, which is a ready indicator of children's health. A study to assess the oral health practices of junior secondary school students would reveal how far the nation has gone in promoting oral health using the WHO common risk factor approach. This work is thus, aimed at assessing oral hygiene status of respondents and determining some of the factors responsible for this status. A total of 399 students were used for the study. Multi stage sampling technique was used in selecting participants for the study. A semi- structured interviewer administered questionnaire was used to collect data. The collected data was analysed using EPI-INFO 2007 software package. Oral examination was carried out by the dentist using the WHO Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S). Result showed that 72% of respondents had fair oral hygiene status while the remaining had good oral hygiene status. Some of the factors influencing the oral hygiene status include frequency of sweet consumption (p= 0.003), types of school respondents were attending (p= 0.000) and history of visit to the dentist (p= 0.000). Frequency of tooth brushing (p= 0.190) and history of past oral disease (p= 0.784) did not have any influence on the oral hygiene status of respondents. These determinants will further aid the educators on areas to teach students in order to encourage and enhance good oral hygiene amongst them.
Keywords: Oral hygiene status, Oral diseases, Determinants, JSS students

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Abstract: Background-Malaria and Protein- Energy-Malnutrition (PEM) are two major causes of childhood mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Malaria can predispose a child to PEM and the reverse may also be true. Recent studies have presented inconsistent findings about nutritional status and the occurrence of malariathus. The goal of this study was to evaluate the association between PEM and malaria parasitaemia if any. Methods-A case control study in which 90 children diagnosed for PEM (aged 6 -59 months), and another well nourished 90 children age and sex- matched controls were evaluated for malaria parasitaemia. A semi–structured proforma was used to obtain relevant information on the children's socio-demographic characteristics, nutritional indices amongst others. Venous blood sample blood was collected and thick and thin blood film were prepared and viewed under the microscope. Results-Malaria parasitaemia was present in 82 (91.1%) of malnourished group and 12 (13.3%) of the well nourished group (p < 0.05 OR=66.62). Malaria parasitemia was highest in those with kwashiorkor and marasmic kwashiorkor compared with underweight. These differences were statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion and Recommendation-The study demonstrates that malnourished children have higher degree of malaria parasitaemia and are at risk of malaria. It also shows that severe forms of malnutrition are associated with heavier malaria parasitaemia. It is therefore recommended that all malnourished children should have access to use of Insecticide Treated Nets (ITN), malaria chemoprophylaxis as well as empiric treatment of malaria in endemic areas where access to malaria parasite diagnosis is difficult.
Keywords: Severe Protein energy malnutrition(PEM), Malaria Parasitaemia,InsecticideTreated Nets (ITN).

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