iosr-JPBS   Volume-1 ~ Issue-4

Abstract: Cannabis sativa is an important source of pollen for Apis mellifera during the period of floral scarcity (May and June) when major flora is absent. Foraging of bees on the herb under experiment took place during morning and evening hours, while during rest of the day activity remained totally ceased. All the Foraging bees were pollen gatherers as the plant provides pollen only. Maximum foraging took place during morning, however pollen was also collected thoroughly by specific sweeping activity and scrabbling behaviour during evening hours. Foraging frequency of bees was more during morning as compared to that at evening. Average pollen load observed was 4mg/bee. Abundance, Foraging behaviour and pollen loads indicated that this annual herb in good source of pollen during dearth period in summer.
Keywords: Apis mellifera , cannabis sativa, foraging behaviour of A. mellifera, pollen

[1] U.S. Walia and R.S.Uppal, Weeds, in A.P. Singh, (Ed.) , field Problems of fruit crops, (Foil Printers, Ludhiana,India, 2004), 230. 188 - 239.
[2] O.P. Sharma and D.Raj, Diversity of bee flora in Kangra Shivaliks and its impact on beekeeping. Indian Bee J. 47, 1985, 21-24.
[3] H.K. Sharma and J.K. Gupta, Diversity and density of bee flora of Solan region of Himachal Pradesh (India) Indian Bee. J. 55(1/2), 1993, 9-20.
[4] D.P. Abrol, Food of the honey bees, bee flora and honey flow periods. in D.P. Abrol (Ed), Bees and beekeeping in India. (Kalyani Publishers Ludhiana Inida 1997), 108 – 151.
[5] S. Singh, Bee Pasturage in A.M. Wadhwani, (Ed.) Beekeeping in India, (Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi,1962). 92-123.
[6] H.S. Brar, G.S. Gatoria and B.S. Chahal,Bee Flora of Punjab, its relative utility and calendar of availability of honeybees. Indian J.Ecol.16(2), 1989, 159-163.
[7] A.K.Thakur, O.P. Sharma, R. Garg and G.S. Dogra, comparative studies on foraging behaviour of Apis mellifera and A. cerana indica on mustard. Indian Bee J., 44, 1982, 91-92.
[8] A.S.Tanda, Foraging behaviour of three species of Apis on raya in relation to sugar concentration in its nector. Indian Bee J., 46, 1984, 5-6.
[9] G.D. Waller, J.O. Moffett, G.M. Loper and J.H.Martin, An evaluation of honeybee foraging activity and pollination efficiency for male sterile cotton. Crop. Sci., 25, 1985, 211-214.
[10] Verma and Dulta.. Foraging behaviour of Apis cerana indica and Apis mellifera in pollinating apple flowers. J. Apic. Res. 25(4), 1986, 197-201.

Abstract: Treatment of progressive blindness of both the eyes was attempted in field condition in horse. In this study, a case of equine was presented and since there was constraint of proper diagnosis and treatment, how the case was successfully managed in field condition was projected. After a careful examination, the treatment protocol included Injections of streptopencillin 2.5 g daily twice intramuscularly along with multivitamin injection Hivit daily once for one week and Inj. Melonex was given 10 ml intramuscularly daily for one week was given. The topical and systemic anti-inflammatory medications i.e. Genticyn- HC drops locally and betnesol eye ointment 0.1% w/w (Glaxo) was used 2-3 times a day. With this we could successfully treat the case within a week period.
Keyword: Leopard; Immobilization; Xylazine-ketamine; Atepamezole

[1]. Kern T.J. (1987). Intraocular inflammation, in robinson, n.e.(ed): current therapy in equine medicine medicine-2, philadelphia, w. b. saunders company, 445-450.
[2]. Nelson M.G. (1995). Equine recurrent uveitis a survey of 68 horses in the United States and Canada.
[3]. Pinney Chris C. (1986). Leptospirosis: prevention/control in domestic livestock, The southwestern veterinarian. 37(1): 51-55.
[4]. Radostits O.M., Blood D.C., Gay O.C. (1994). A textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Sheep, Pig, Goat and Horses. ELBS 8th EDN.
[5]. The Merk Veterinary Manual (9th Edn.) 2005, Printed by National Publishing, Inc. Philadelpia, Pennsylvania

Abstract: Paraquat (PQ), a known toxic xenobiotic, has been shown to affect the liver adversely. Its effect on cell membrane integrity has led to the release of membrane enzymes to the extracellular fluid resulting to the increased activity of such enzymes, such as Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT). This study, therefore, has demonstrated that the increased GGT activity as a result of PQ toxicity was reduced as a result of subsequent administration of vitamin C to the animals so treated. The dose and time dependent PQ induced toxicity was found to be significantly lower on test subgroups (B2, C2 and D2) when compared to the test subgroups on PQ insult only (B1, C1 and D1). There were health improvement in the antioxidant treated subgroups, such as feeding habit improved, mortality rate reduced, mobility activity increased, eye colour improved and weight-gain increase, when compared to the PQ only treated subgroups. The enzyme activity values of the test groups (B, C and D) were highest at month 3 than months 1 and 2 and, higher at month 2 than month 1, indicating that the increased PQ insult duration resulted to more cellular disruption and increased GGT activity. The control group (A) GGT activity was negligibly altered, maintaining values that were at par even up to the end of the research (Month 3). These findings has demonstrated two things, first is that vitamin C is non-toxic to the animals used and second is that the health index used (GGT) was better appreciated in values of vitamin C treated test subgroups than in the subgroups that were on PQ insult only. It is therefore suggested that vitamin C should be included as supplement, in high-enough dose and duration, in the management of patients under PQ toxicity.
Keywords: Paraquat, Vitamin C, Toxicity, Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase, Xenobiotics, Reactive Oxygen Species.

[1]. Atroshi, F: Rizzo, A; Biese, I; Veijalainen, P; Antila, E. and Westermarck, T. (1997). The protective effect of pretreatment with coenzyme Q10 and alpha tocopherol on T-2 toxin- induced DNA damage in mouse livers. Molecular aspect Medicine (United Kingdom), 18/SUPPL. (S255-S258).
[2]. Bachur, N. R., S. L. Gordon and M. V. Gee 1978. A general mechanism for microsomal activation of quinine anticancer agents to free radicals. Cancer Res. 38: 1745 – 1750.
[3]. Baharuddin, M. R.; Sahid, I. B.; Noor, M. A.; Sulaiman, N. and Othman, F. (2011). A study on Inhalation and Dermal Exposure to 2, 4–D and Paraquat among Malaysian Paddy Farmers. Pesticide Risk Assessment. J. Environmental Sci. Health B. 46(7): 600 – 607.
[4]. Chaudiere, J. and Ferrari-Iliou, R. (1999). " Intracellular antioxidants: from chemical to biochemical mechanisms". Food Chem. Toxicol. 37(9-10): 949 – 962.
[5]. Dede, E.B.; Okolonkwo, B.N.; Ngokere, A.A. (2007). Toxicological effect of paraquat on the histology of the stomach, small Intestine and testis of male albino rats (Rattus rattus). Port Harcourt Medial Journal, 2: 51- 55.
[6]. Dere, E. and Polat, F (2001). The Effect of Paraquat on the Activity of some Enzyme in Different Tissues of Mice (Mus musculus – Swiss albino). Turk J. Biol. 25: 323 – 332.
[7]. Foyer, c. (1993). Ascorbic acid. In: Antioxidant in higher plants. R.G. Alscher and J.L. Hess (eds). CRC press, Boca Raton, pp.31-58.
[8]. Nakabeppu, Y.; Sakumi, K.; Sakamoto, K.; Tsuchimoto, D.; Tsuzuki, T.; Nakatsu, Y. (2006). "Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis caused by the oxidation of nucleic acids". Biol. Chem., 387(4): 373 – 379.
[9]. Punchard, N.A. and Kelly, F.J.( Eds.) (1996). Free Radicals: A practical Approach. Oxford: 1RL press.
[10]. Rhee, S.G. (2006). "Cell signaling. H2O2, a necessary evil for cell signaling". Science (journal), 312(5782): 1882 -1883.

Abstract: Organophosphorus compounds induce oxidative stress leading to generation of free radicals and alterations in antioxidant and scavengers of oxygen free radicals. The present study demonstrates the effect of chronic exposure of phorate in causation of oxidative stress in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Phorate was administered orally at doses 0.05, 0.1 and 1 mg/kg of body weight for 60 days. After the administration of doses, the liver and blood samples were analyzed for various parameters of oxidative stress and liver toxicity markers. The results indicated an increase in lipid peroxidation , increase in the levels of aminotransferases (ALT and AST), ALP,ACP, LDH and GGT .Similarly, there was a dose dependent decrease in catalase, superoxide dismutase and GSH in liver at all doses. The level of cytochrome P450 was also found to be enhanced. Histopathological changes confirmed that phorate caused significant structural damages to the liver tissues. These results might perhaps be the first to establish the phorate induced oxidative stress mediated hepatotoxicity in rats.

[1]. ACG99 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Phorate. In: TLVs® and other occupational exposure values - 1999. [CD-ROM]. Cincinnati OH, USA: ACGIH®, Inc, 1999.
[2]. Almedia, M.G., Fanini, F., Davino, S., Aznar, A.E., Koch, O.R., Barros, S.B.M., 1997. Pro and antioxidant parameters in rat liver after short-term exposure to hexachlorobenzene. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 16, 257–261.
[3]. Banerjee, B.D., Seth, V., Bhattacharya, A., Pasha, S.T., Chakraborty A.K., 1999. Biochemical effects of pesticides on lipid peroxidation and free radicals scavengers. Toxicol. Lett. 107, 33– 77.
[4]. Bachowski, S., Kolaja, K.L., Xu, Y., Ketcham, C.A., Stevenson, D.E., Walborg, E.F., Klaunig, J.E., 1997. Role of oxidative stress in the mechanism of dieldrin's hepatotoxicity. Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science 27 (3), 196–209.
[5]. Bagchi, D., Bagchi, M., Hassoun, E.A., Stohs, S.J., 1995. In vitro and in vivo generation of reactive oxygen species, DNA damage and lactate dehydrogenase leakage by selected pesticides. Toxicology 104, 129–140.
[6]. Blum, J., Fridovich, I., 1985. Inactivation of glutathione peroxidase by superoxide radical. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 240 (2), 500–508.
[7]. Chantelli-Forti, G., Paolini, M. and Hrelia, P. 1993. Multiple end point procedure to evaluate risk from pesticides. Environ Health Perspect. 101: 15-20.]
[8]. Chaudhuri, K., Selvaraj,S. and Pal, A.K. 1999.Studies on the genotoxicity of endosulfan in bacterial systems. Mutat. Res. 439: 63-67.
[9]. Dipanker, D., Tapas, M., 2000. Study of quinalphos formulation induced damage of testicular tissues and antioxidant. J. Appl. Toxicol. 20, 197–204.
[10]. Datta, J., Gupta (Dasgupta), J., Sarkar, A., Sengupta, D., 1992. Effects of organophosphorus insecticide phosphomidon on antioxidant defence components of human erythrocyte and plasma. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 30, 65–67.

Abstract : Molecular marker assisted characterization is lacking in H.rosa sinensis. This study focuses on the genetic variability among five cultivars of H.rosa sinensis species by employing SPAR (RAPD, ISSR, SSR and DAMD) methods. In SPAR methods, Ten RAPD, Five ISSR, Three SSR and Seven DAMD primers were used to distinguish the genetic variability. Out of these Four primers showed 100% polymorphism, while average polymorphism in RAPD and ISSR marker systems was 77% and 81.6% respectively and the cluster analysis showed a more or less similar pattern. Dendrograms revealed that the "YELLOW" and "ORANGE" cultivars are nearly located so they are not used in the hybridization process
. Keywords: Cultivars, H.rosa-sinensis, Markers, RAPD, SPAR

[1] Fryxell, P.A. and S.H. Hashmi. 1971. The segregation of Raydero from Hibiscus, Bot. Gaz., 132: 57-62
[2] David Bruce Leonard, L.Ac. (1998) Healing plants of the Hawaiian kingdom-Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Aloalo), Roast Duck Production.
[3] Tingey and Tufo (1993) Genetic analysis with Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA markers. Plant physiol, 101: 349-352.
[4] Prakash, D. H., Narayanaswamy, P., Sondur, S. N. (2002). Analysis of molecular diversity in guava using RAPD markers. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 77(3): 287-293.
[5] Dahiya, K. K., Sunil, A., Karihaloo, J. K. (2002). DNA fingerprinting of guava (Psidium guajava L.) cultivars using RAPD markers. Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resource 15(2):112-115.
[6] Sharma, A. S. Sehrawat, S. K., Singhrot, R. S., Boora, K. S. (2007). Assessment of genetic diversity and diversity relationship among Psidium spp. through RAPD analysis. Acta Horticulturae 735: 71-77.
[7] Dettori, M. T., Palombi, M. A. (2000). Identification of Feijoa sellowiana Berg. accessions by RAPD markers. Scientia Horticulturae. 86: 279-290.
[8] Prevost, A., Wilkinson M. J. (1999). A new system of comparing PCR primers applied to ISSR fingerprinting of potato cultivars. Theoretical and Appied Genetics, 98: 107-112.
[9] Raina, S. N., Rani, V., Kojima, T., Ogihara, Y., Singh, K. P., Devarumath, R. M. (2001). RAPD and ISSR fingerprints as useful genetic markers for analysis of genetic diversity, varietal identification, and phylogenetic relationship in peanut (Arachis hypogaea) cultivars and wild species. Genome 44: 763-772.
[10] Tsumura, Y., Ohba, K., Strauss, S. H. (1996). Diversity and inheritance of Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat polymorphisms in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica). Theoretical and Applied Genetics 92: 40-45.

Abstract: A simple, accurate, precise, economical and reproducible UV Spectrophotometric method has been developed for the simultaneous estimation of Atenolol and Chlorthalidone in bulk and in combined tablet dosage form. The stock solutions were prepared in methanol followed by further required dilutions with methanol. The absorbance maxima of Atenolol and Chlorthalidone were found to be 225nm & 284nm respectively. Beers law obeyed the concentration range of atenolol is 10 μg mL-1 to 60 μg mL-1 & chlorthalidone is 30 μg mL-1 to 140 μg mL-1. The results of analysis were validated statistically and by recovery studies. The % RSD for the recovery study was less than 2. The proposed method can be effectively applied for the simultaneous estimation of these two drugs in bulk & combined dosage forms.
Keywords: UV spectrophotometric method; atenolol; chlorthalidone and simultaneous estimation.

[1]. http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00335 [2]. Agon, P., Goethals, P., Van Haver, D. and Kaufman, J.M.: J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 43(8): 597–600 (1991).
[3]. http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00310
[4]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorthalidone
[5]. Permender Rathee., Sushila Rathee., Shyama Thakur. and Vikash Kumar.: International Journal of Chem. Tech. Research CODEN (USA)., 2: 62-68 (2010).
[6]. Vetushi, C. and Ragno, G.: International Journal of Pharmaceutics., 65: 177-181 (1990).
[7]. Salvador, C.S. and Luz, E.: J. Chromatog. Sci., 690: 195-202 (1997).
[8]. El-Gindy., Alaa Sallam., Shehab. and Abdel Salam.: Journal of Separation Science., 31(4): 677-682 (2008).
[9]. Bilal, Y.: FABAD J. Pharm. Sci., 33: 119-129 (2008).
[10]. De croo, F., Van Den Bossche, W. and De Moerloose.: Journal of Chromatography A., 325: 395-411 (1985).
[11]. Kavitha, J. and Muralidharan, S.: Internal Journal of Chem. Tech Research CODEN (USA)., 2: 880-884 (2010).
[12]. Pankaj Kumara., Shubhanjali Shukla., Ashok Laxman Rao, G. and Subudhi, B.B.: Der Pharma Chemica., 3(2): 13-21 (2011).

Abstract: As Pseudomonas fluorescens possess a variety of promising properties which make it a better biocontrol agent. In this current study wheat rhizosphere soil collected from different wheat growing regions of Kashmir valley were evaluated for presence of Pseudomonas fluorescens using King's B medium. Based on colony morphology, siderophore production and biochemical tests, out of 136 rhizosphere soil samples, only 52 isolates were identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens. Out of 52, only 7 isolates viz., SKWI, BG6, BG27, Bandi6, Bandi 11, Bandi24 and Bandi63 belonging to different regions showed remarkable antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus species with different levels of inhibition pattern. Interestingly, Bandi6 and Bandi11 collected from Bandipora region of Kashmir valley demonstrated highest antifungal activity against Fusarium species with 29mm and 28mm zone of inhibition respectively. Similarly, BG6 isolate collected from Budgam region of Kashmir valley showed highest zone of inhibition (20mm) against Aspergillus species. In this study, our investigations clearly indicate that isolates collected from this region of India can be better exploited to be used as potential biocontrol agents in agriculture system.
Keywords: Aspergillus species, Fusarium oxysporum, King's-B, Pseudomonas fluorescens and wheat rhizosphere

[1] Musa S, Horrible Food Pollution. Kodansha, Tokyo, 220 pp. mutants. Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria: Progress and Prospects. Bulletin OILB 14, 1976, 332–5.
[2] Venant Nihorembere, Marc Ongena, Maite Smargiass, Beneficial effect of the rhizosphere microbial community for plant growth and health. Biotechnol.Agron. Soc. Environ.15 (2), 2011, 327-337.
[3] Gupta C.P., Dubey R.C., Kang S.C., Maheh Wari D.K. Antibiosis-mediated necrotrophic effect of Pseudomonas GRC2 against two fungal plant pathogens. Current Science 81, 2001, 91-94.
[4] Ursula, S.K., Arnaud, S., Monika, M., Caroline, B., Brion, D., Cecile, G.B., Cornelia, R., Regina, N., Genevie, V.D.F., Dieter, H and Christoph, K.L. Autoinduction of 2, 4 Diacetylphloroglucinol biosynthesis in the biocontrol agent Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0 and repression by the bacterial metabolites salicylate and pyoluteorin. Journal of Bacteriology. 182(5), 2000, 1215-1225.
[5] Franks, A., Ryan, R. P., Abbas, A., Mark, G. L., and O'Gara, F. Molecular tools for studying plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), 2006, 116-131.
[6] Raaijmakers JM, Vlami M, de Souza JT. Antibiotic production by bacterial biocontrol agents. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 81, 2002, 537–47.
[7] Dowling, D.N. and O'Gara, F. Metabolites of Pseudomonas involved in the biocontrol of plant disease. Trends Biotechnol. 12, 1994, 133-141.
[8] Keel, C., Weller, D.M., Natsch, A., Défago, G., Cook, R.J. and Thomashow, L.S. Conservation of the 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol biosynthesis locus among fluorescent Pseudomonas strains from diverse geographic locations. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 62, 1996, 552–563.
[9] Sharifi-Tehrani A, Zala M, Natsch A, Moënne-Loccoz Y, Defago G. Biocontrol of soil-borne fungal plant diseases by 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol-producing fluorescent pseudomonads with different restriction profiles of amplified 16S rDNA.Eur J Plant Pathol.104, 1998, 631-643.
[10] Thomashow LS & Weller DM. Current concepts in the use of introduced bacteria for biological disease control: mechanisms and antifungal metabolites. Plant–Microbe Interactions, Vol. 1 (Stacey G & Keen N, eds), Chapman & Hall, New York, NY, 1995, 187-235.

Abstract : In this article we report the effect of silver nanoparticles which were synthesize from Ficus Benjamina leaves (Green Synthesis) which was administered to normal body cells (HEK293) and cervical cancer cells (HeLa) in vitro to evaluate its possible apoptotic (anti-cancer) potentials. Silver nanoparticles are obtained from its precursor; silver nitrate (AgNO3) by rapid reduction process using Ficus Benjamina leaves extract. Nanoparticles are found to be 20-30 nm in size and the reaction is accomplished by microwave reduction method and thermal heating method. Formation of silver and gold nanoparticles was confirmed by uv-vis spectrophotometer and scanning tunneling microscope.
Keywords – Apoptosis, Cervical cancer cells, Ficus Benjamina, Silver nanoparticles.

[1] M. Tréguer-Delapierre, J. Majimel,S. Mornet, E. Duguet, S. Ravaine, "Synthesis of non-spherical gold nanoparticles", Pessac, France, Gold Bulletin, Pessac, France, 2008.
[2] Jose A. Lopez-Sanchez, Nikolaos Dimitratos, Ceri Hammond, Gemma L. Brett, Lokesh Kesavan, Saul White, Peter Miedziak, Ramchandra Tiruvalam, Robert L. Jenkins, Albert F. Carley, David Knight, Christopher J. Kiely & Graham J. Hutchings, "Facile removal of stabilizer ligands from supported gold nanoparticles", Nature Chemistry 3, 551–556 (2011)
[3] Tsung-Hsuan Tsai, Soundappan Thiagarajan, Shen-Ming Chen, "Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Ionic Liquid and Application for the Detection of Dissolved Oxygen", willey, Electroanalysis 2010, 22, No. 6, 680 – 687
[4] Yu-Chieh Lu, Kan-Sen Chou, "A simple and effective route for the synthesis of nano-silver colloidal dispersions", Journal of the Chinese Institute of Chemical Engineers 39 (2008) 673–678.
[5] Charles P.Poole, Jr, Introduction to Nanotechnology, Wiley India (p) Ltd, 2006, p. 8-9
[6] Youngjin Kim, Robert C. Johnson, and Joseph T. Hupp*, "Gold Nanoparticle-Based Sensing of "Spectroscopically Silent" Heavy Metal Ions", American Chemical Society, vol 1. April 2001.
[7] Fredy Kurniawan, "New Analytical Applications Of Gold Nanoparticles", PhD thesis, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Germany March 2008.
[8] Agnieszka Sobczak-Kupiec, Dagmara Malina, Małgorzata Zimowskaa, Zbigniew Wzorek, "Characterization Of Gold Nanoparticles For Various Medical Application", Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures, Vol. 6, No 2, April - June 2011, p. 803 – 808.
[9] Radha Narayanan, "Recent Advances in Noble Metal Nanocatalysts for Suzuki and Heck Cross-Coupling Reactions", Molecules 2010, ISSN 1420–3049
[10] M.B. Cortie1 and E. van der Lingen2, "Catalytic Gold Nano-Particles", Materials Forum (2002) 26, 1-14.

Abstract: Soil was collected and serially diluted using sterile distilled water. Totally 5 bacterial colonies are isolated, all the 5 strains showed clear zone in protease plate assay, particularly the strain SM3 exhibited clear zone around the colony on skim agar plates. On amylase assay the activity was found to be 0.99 U/min/ml. Considering the macroscopic, microscopic, biochemical and physiological characteristics the strain was identified as Bacillus clausiii SM3. It was seen that protease produced by Bacillus clausii SM3 had high capability of removing the blood stain, which indicates its potential in detergent industries. From this study it was came to be know that the study organism (Bacillus clausiii SM3) isolated from soil can be used as an effective source for the production of protease enzyme.
Keywords: Bacillus, subculturing, detergent, U/min/ml,

[1] A Anwar, and M Saleemuddin, AlkalinepH- acting digestive enzymes of the polyphagous insect pest Spilosoma obliqua: stability and potential as detergent additives, Biotechnol Appl Biochem, 25, 1997, 43-46.
[2] S Asokan, and C Jayanth, Alkaline protease production by Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus coagulans. J. Cell Tissue Res, 10(1), 2010, 2119- 2123.
[3] U Boominadhan, R Rajakumar, PKV Sivakumaar, and MM Joe, Optimization of protease enzyme production using Bacillus sp. isolated from different wastes. Bot. Res. Int. l2(2), 2009, 83-87
[4] JG Cappucino, and N Sherman, Microbiology –a laboratory manual. Addision-welsey Longman, Inc. 22, 2004 97-100.
[5] T Coolbear, CV Eamas, Y Casey, RM Daniel, and HW Morgen, Screening of strains identified as extremely thermophilic bacilli for extracellular proteolytic activity and general properties of the proteinase from two of the strains. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 71, 1991, 252-264.
[6] G Das, and MP Prasad, Isolation, purification & mass production of protease enzyme from Bacillus subtilis. Int. Res. J. Microbiol. 1(2), 2010, 26-31.
[7] N Fujiwara, K Yamamoto, and A Masui, Utilization of a thermostable alkaline protease from an alkalophilic thermophile for the recovery of silver from used X-ray film. J Ferment. Bioeng. 72, 1991, 306–308
[8] GM Elela, HA H Ibrahim, SW Hassan, H Abd-Elnaby, and NMK El-Toukhy, Alkaline protease production by alkaliphilic marine bacteria isolated from Marsa-Matrouh (Egypt) with special emphasis on Bacillus cereus purified protease. African Journal of Biotechnology 10(22), 2011, 4631-4642
[9] T Godfrey, and S West, Industrial enzymology, 2nd ed., Macmillan Publishers Inc., New York, N.Y. 1996, 3.
[10] R Gupta, QK Beg, and P Lorenz, Bacterial alkaline proteases: Molecular approaches and Industrial Applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 59, 2002, 15-32.

Abstract : Fluoroquinolones have attracted much attention because of their broad spectrum of activity against various bacteria, mycobacteria and parasites but there are numerous factors including solubility, side effects and cost of using these drugs. Drug discovery and development is a broad field that encompasses many disciplines like formation of a new moiety, methodology, potency, technology and green chemistry since four decades. Modification of Fluoroquinolone series (ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, levofloxacin, sparfloxacin and pefloxacin) is the focus of present research. Firstly, fluoroquinolone derivatives had been designed with the help of computer-assisted drug designing (CADD). Secondly, 5-substituted morpholine derivatives are synthesized. Experimental analysis, FTIR and ¹H NMR spectral data evaluated that the results are in accordance with the estimated SAR and QSAR studies i.e. newly synthesized drugs are found to be more potent with increased solubility and less side effects as compared to the parent counter fluoroquinolone drugs.
Keywords - Fluoroquinolone drugs; Solubility; Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra, QSAR.

[1]. Abdel-Aziz AA; Asiri YA; Al-Agamy MH: Design, synthesis and antibacterial activity of fluoroquinolones containing bulky arenesulfonyl fragment: 2D-QSAR and docking study. Eur J Med Chem. 2011 Nov;46(11):5487-97.
[2]. Mahesh B. Palkar; Malleshappa N. Noolvi; Harun M. Patel, Ve: 2D-QSAR Study of Fluoroquinolone Derivatives: An Approach to Design Anti-tubercular Agents. International Journal of Drug Design and Discovery Volume 2, Issue 3, July – September 2011. 559-574.
[3]. Nnabuk O. Eddy1, Stanislav R. Stoyanov2 and Eno E. Ebenso: Fluoroquinolones as Corrosion Inhibitors for Mild Steel in Acidic Medium; Experimental and Theoretical Studies: Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 5 (2010); 1127 – 1150.
[4]. Bellon, A. et al : Seizures associated with levofloxacin: case presentation and literature review. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2009 Oct;65(10):959-62.
[5]. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34.
[6]. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6.
[7]. Garg S.; Sharma V: Synthesis, SAR and QSAR studies of C-5/C-8 substituted derivatives of counter fluoroquinolone drugs. National Conference on Chemical Sciences in New Millenium. 2012 Jan;o8. Poster session.
[8]. Dallas K.B.; The organic chemistry of Drug-Design.2004, 2, 512-515.
[9]. Chaitanya, G.D. Hardik, M.J.; Indian J Chem., 2002, 41(B), 650-652
[10]. Fluoroquinolones – Drug Class Review, Oregon State University, 2002,1-9.
[11]. Hansch, C., Leo, A., and Hoekman, D. (1995) Exploring QSAR - Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C.
[12]. Suto, Mark J.; Domagala, John M.; Roland, Gregory E.; Mailloux, Gail B.; Cohen, Michael A. (1992). "Fluoroquinolones: relationships between structural variations, mammalian cell cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 35 (25): 4745–50.