Volume-2 ~ Issue-1
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Patterns of Transfusion Transmitted Infection in Past Ten Years Among Voluntary Blood Donors In Chennai- A Cross Sectional Study |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | S.T.Radhiga || P.Arumugam || S.Kalpana || Mayil Vahanan Natarajan |
 |
: | 10.9790/3008-0210104  |
Abstract : Background: Transfusion transmitted infection (TTI) is a major challenge to the transfusion services all over the world and a major problem in India. The problem of TTI is directly proportionate to the prevalence of the infections in the Blood donor community. It has been made Mandatory to screen for HIV, HBV, HCV, SYPHILIS and MALARIA in India. Hepatitis B and C infections are prevalent in India and carrier rate is about 1-5% and 1%, respectively. Because of low viraemia and the mutant strains are undetectable by routine ELISA, Incidence of Post transfusion hepatitis B&C in India is about 10% only.HIV prevalence among blood donors is different in various parts of the country. . The Department of Transfusion Medicine, at Tamilnadu Dr.M.G.R.Medical University through Voluntary blood donation camps, collected 25,000 number of blood units for the past ten years from 2001 – 2012.Methods: Five ml of blood was collected from each donor, the serum was separated and subjected to screening for "HIV,HBV,HCV, SYPHILIS and MALARIA".. The methods used were ELISA techniques for "HIV, HBV and HCV".Detection for malarial parasites was done by thick film examination and for syphilis, VDRL method was used. Results: Out of 25,000 donors, HIV was 0.01%, HCV -0.08%, HBsAg 0.74% and VDRL Reactivity was 0.03%. None of them were positive for Malaria. Conclusion: Proper vigilance and quality control is needed to prevent this problem. Current syphilis tests may not be sensitive but it should be continued to exclude high-risk donors. Malaria is a real problem for India due to the lack of a simple and sensitive screening test. Total dependence of altruistic repeat voluntary donors and use of sensitive laboratory tests may help Indian blood transfusion services to reduce the incidences of TTIs.
Key words: Transfusion Transmitted Infection, HIV, HCV, VDRL.
Key words: Transfusion Transmitted Infection, HIV, HCV, VDRL.
[1]. Lavanchy D. Hepatitis B virus epidemiology, disease burden, treatment, and current and emerging prevention and control measures: A review. J Viral Hepat 2004; 11:97-107.
[2]. Nancy Singh. NAT: Safe Blood, Safe India. Available from: http://www.expresshealthcare.in/200810/knowledge02.shtml. [Last accessed on 2011 Dec 09].
[3]. Irshad M, Peter S. Spectrum of viral hepatitis in thalassemic children receiving multiple blood transfusions. Indian J Gastroenterol 2002;21:183-4
[4]. Mollah AH, Nahar N, Siddique MA, Anwar KS, Hassan T, Azam MG. Common transfusion-transmitted infectious agents among thalassaemic children in Bangladesh. J Health Popul Nutr 2003;21:67-71.
[5]. Chattoraj A, Bhel R, Kataria V. Infectious disease markers in blood donors. Med J Armed Forces India 2008;64(1):33-5
[6]. Kaur H, Dhanon J, Pawar G. Hepatitis C infection amongst blood donors in Punjab - a six year study. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2001;19:21-2
[7]. Singh B, Verma M, Verma K. Markers of transfusion associated hepatitis in North Indian blood donors: Prevalence and trends. Jpn J Infect Dis 2004;57:49-51)
[8]. Gupta N, Vijay Kumar, Kaur A. Seroprevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV, and Syphilis in voluntary blood donors. Indian J Med Sci 2004;58:255-7
[9]. Chaudhary IA, Samiullah, Khan SS, Masood R, Sardar MA, Mallhi AA. Seroprevalence of HBV and C among health donors at Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi. Pak Med J 2007;23:64-7.
[10]. Garg S, Mathur DR, Garg DK. Comparison of seropositivity of HIV, HBsAg, HCV and syphilis in replacement and voluntary blood donors in Western India. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2001;44:409-12
[2]. Nancy Singh. NAT: Safe Blood, Safe India. Available from: http://www.expresshealthcare.in/200810/knowledge02.shtml. [Last accessed on 2011 Dec 09].
[3]. Irshad M, Peter S. Spectrum of viral hepatitis in thalassemic children receiving multiple blood transfusions. Indian J Gastroenterol 2002;21:183-4
[4]. Mollah AH, Nahar N, Siddique MA, Anwar KS, Hassan T, Azam MG. Common transfusion-transmitted infectious agents among thalassaemic children in Bangladesh. J Health Popul Nutr 2003;21:67-71.
[5]. Chattoraj A, Bhel R, Kataria V. Infectious disease markers in blood donors. Med J Armed Forces India 2008;64(1):33-5
[6]. Kaur H, Dhanon J, Pawar G. Hepatitis C infection amongst blood donors in Punjab - a six year study. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2001;19:21-2
[7]. Singh B, Verma M, Verma K. Markers of transfusion associated hepatitis in North Indian blood donors: Prevalence and trends. Jpn J Infect Dis 2004;57:49-51)
[8]. Gupta N, Vijay Kumar, Kaur A. Seroprevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV, and Syphilis in voluntary blood donors. Indian J Med Sci 2004;58:255-7
[9]. Chaudhary IA, Samiullah, Khan SS, Masood R, Sardar MA, Mallhi AA. Seroprevalence of HBV and C among health donors at Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi. Pak Med J 2007;23:64-7.
[10]. Garg S, Mathur DR, Garg DK. Comparison of seropositivity of HIV, HBsAg, HCV and syphilis in replacement and voluntary blood donors in Western India. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2001;44:409-12
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Knowledge About Breast Cancer Risk-Factors, Breast Screening Method And Practice Of Breast Screening Among Female Healthcare Professionals Working In Governmental Hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Seife Teferi Dellie, Teklehaimanot Mezgebe Neguse, Meaza Demissie, A. Durgaprasada rao |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0210512 |
Abstract: Breast cancer in women is a major health burden both in developed and developing countries. Although there is no cancer registry in Ethiopia cervical and breast cancers are the top two cancer types having a lion's share for the high maternal deaths in the country. Stratified random sampling with proportional allocation and systematic random sampling techniques were employed to assess the knowledge of breast cancer risk factors and practice of breast cancer screening methods among female healthcare professionals in governmental hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 16 in bivariate analysis. In bivariate analysis age, marital status work experience and educational level had association with study participants' practice of the three breast cancer screening methods. These female health workers who were expected to act as role models and educate the public had adequate knowledge of breast cancer risk factors (85.0%)), BSE (77.6%), CBE (71.4%), and mammography (81.4%) but poor practice of BSE (35.5%), CBE (32.5%) and mammography (16%).Considering their leading role in breast cancer awareness and information dissemination, efforts should be made by Government to improve practice of breast cancer screening methods among female healthcare professionals.
Keywords: Breast Cancer, Breast Cancer Risk-Factors, Breast Screening Method, Practice of Breast Screening
Keywords: Breast Cancer, Breast Cancer Risk-Factors, Breast Screening Method, Practice of Breast Screening
[[1]. American Cancer Society, 2009-2010. Breast Cancer Facts & Figures. Atlanta.
[2]. Parkin, D.M., Whelan, S.I., Ferlay, J. and Storm, H. 2005. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol I–VIII. IARC CancerBase no 6., Lyon, IARC Press.
[3]. Parkin, D.M. and Fernandez, L.M. 2006. Use of statistics to assess the global burden of breast cancer. Breast J 12 (1): 70–80.
[4]. Porter, P. 2008. "Westernizing" women's risks? Breast cancer in lower-income countries. The New England Journal of Medicine 358(3):213–216.
[5]. Curado, MP., Edwards, B. and Shin, H.R. 2007. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents. Vol. IX. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. (IARC Scientific Publications no. 160).
[6]. American Cancer Society, 2007-2008. Breast Cancer Facts & Figures. Atlanta.
[7]. American Cancer Society, 2005-2006. Breast Cancer Facts & Figures. Atlanta.
[8]. Smith, R.A., Cokkinides, V. and Eyre, H.J. 2005. American Cancer Society Guidelines for the Early Detection of Cancer. CA Cancer J Clin 55 (1):31-44.
[9]. Ahuja, S., and Chakrabarti, N. 2010. To Determine The Level Of Knowledge Regarding Breast Cancer And To Increase Awareness About Breast Cancer Screening Practices Among A Group Of Women In A Tertiary Care Hospital In Mumbai, India. The Internet Journal of Public Health 1 (1).
[10]. Benjamin, O. A., Susan, B., Susan, L., Robert, A. S., and Stephen, T. 2003. Early detection of breast cancer in countries with limited resources. The breast Journal 9 (1): 51-59.
[2]. Parkin, D.M., Whelan, S.I., Ferlay, J. and Storm, H. 2005. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol I–VIII. IARC CancerBase no 6., Lyon, IARC Press.
[3]. Parkin, D.M. and Fernandez, L.M. 2006. Use of statistics to assess the global burden of breast cancer. Breast J 12 (1): 70–80.
[4]. Porter, P. 2008. "Westernizing" women's risks? Breast cancer in lower-income countries. The New England Journal of Medicine 358(3):213–216.
[5]. Curado, MP., Edwards, B. and Shin, H.R. 2007. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents. Vol. IX. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. (IARC Scientific Publications no. 160).
[6]. American Cancer Society, 2007-2008. Breast Cancer Facts & Figures. Atlanta.
[7]. American Cancer Society, 2005-2006. Breast Cancer Facts & Figures. Atlanta.
[8]. Smith, R.A., Cokkinides, V. and Eyre, H.J. 2005. American Cancer Society Guidelines for the Early Detection of Cancer. CA Cancer J Clin 55 (1):31-44.
[9]. Ahuja, S., and Chakrabarti, N. 2010. To Determine The Level Of Knowledge Regarding Breast Cancer And To Increase Awareness About Breast Cancer Screening Practices Among A Group Of Women In A Tertiary Care Hospital In Mumbai, India. The Internet Journal of Public Health 1 (1).
[10]. Benjamin, O. A., Susan, B., Susan, L., Robert, A. S., and Stephen, T. 2003. Early detection of breast cancer in countries with limited resources. The breast Journal 9 (1): 51-59.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Change In Proximate Composition And Microbial Count By Low Temperaturepreservation In Fish Muscle Of Labeo Rohita(Ham-Buch) |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Roopma Gandotra, Meenakshi Koul, Sweta Gupta and Shallini Sharma |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0211317 |
Abstract: The study was designed to investigate the effect of low temperature preservation on the chemical and microbial profile of fish muscle (Labeo rohita) stored for a period of twenty one days. The proximate composition and microbiological analyses were carried out at 7 days interval on muscle of fish during frozen storage. It was found that the protein, lipid, moisture and ash contents decreased significantly (P < 0.05) during the entire storage period. In fresh (unfrozen) samples, protein(15.93±0.04%), fat (3.86±0.04% ), moisture (84.74±0.1%.),and ash content (1.79±0.01%) were found to be the highest ,where as the total percent decrease in frozen samples on 21st day of frozen storage was (12.99% ), (22.27%) , ( 4.60% ) and (24.02% ) for protein, fat, moisture and ash respectively. The microbial count increased gradually during the period of storage. The Total Plate Count in fresh fish muscle on day zero was rather low i.e. 2.44±0.2 log cfu/g as compared to the values found on the 21st day i.e. 5.10±0.02 log cfu/g. The Coliform Count also followed the same trend during the storage. On day zero, a few colonies were found and the CC was 1.50±0.15 log cfu/g where as it increased up to 3.08±0.07 log cfu/g on last day of storage. Similarly Psychrophillic count increased from 2.15±0.2 log cfu/g on day zero to 5.06±0.05 log cfu/g on 21st day. Thus, a significant quality loss was observed in fish during storage. However, the present frozen conditions retained the fish under acceptable microbial conditions for human consumption up to 14th day beyond which it became unfit for human consumption.
Keywords: Frozen period, biochemical, microbial, Labeo rohita
Keywords: Frozen period, biochemical, microbial, Labeo rohita
[1]. Ackman, R. (1989). Fatty acids. In: Marine Biogenic Lipids, Fats and Oils (edited by R.Ackman). CRC Press, Boca Raton: CRC Press., 103–137
[2]. Alasalvar, C., Taylor, K.D.A., Zubcov, E., Shahidi, F., Alexis, M(2002).Differentiation of cultured and wild sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): Total lipid content, fatty acid and trace mineral composition. Food Chem, 79: 145-150
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[4]. APHA (1984). Compendium of method of microbiological examination of foods. 2nd Edn., American Public Health Association, Washington DC Arannilewa, S.T., Salawu, S.O., Sorungbe, A.A. and Ola-Salawu, B.B. (2005). Effect of frozen period on the chemical, microbiological and sensory quality of frozen, tilapia fish (Sarotherodun galiaenus). African Journal of Biotechnology, 4 (8): 852-855.
[5]. Aubourg, S.P., Pérez-Alonso, F. & Gallardo, J.M. (2004). Studies on rancidity inhibition in frozen horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) by citric and ascorbic acids. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 106, 232–240.
[6]. Bao, H. N. D., Arason, S. and Iorarinsdottir, K.A. (2007). Effects of Dry Ice and Superchilling on Quality and Shelf Life of Arctic Charr (Salvelinus alpinus) Fillets; International Journal of Food Engineering: 3(3)/7: 1-27.
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[9]. Bhat, Z.F., Pathak, V., Bukhari S.A.A., Ahmad S.R. and Bhat, H. (2010). Quality changes in Chevon Harrisa (Meat based product) during refrigerated storage. Intr. J. Meat Sci.
[10]. Cappeln, G., Nielsen, J., and Jessen, F. (1999). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 79(8): 1099-1104..
[2]. Alasalvar, C., Taylor, K.D.A., Zubcov, E., Shahidi, F., Alexis, M(2002).Differentiation of cultured and wild sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): Total lipid content, fatty acid and trace mineral composition. Food Chem, 79: 145-150
[3]. AOAC (1995). Official Methods of Analysis. 16th Edn., Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC., USA.
[4]. APHA (1984). Compendium of method of microbiological examination of foods. 2nd Edn., American Public Health Association, Washington DC Arannilewa, S.T., Salawu, S.O., Sorungbe, A.A. and Ola-Salawu, B.B. (2005). Effect of frozen period on the chemical, microbiological and sensory quality of frozen, tilapia fish (Sarotherodun galiaenus). African Journal of Biotechnology, 4 (8): 852-855.
[5]. Aubourg, S.P., Pérez-Alonso, F. & Gallardo, J.M. (2004). Studies on rancidity inhibition in frozen horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) by citric and ascorbic acids. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 106, 232–240.
[6]. Bao, H. N. D., Arason, S. and Iorarinsdottir, K.A. (2007). Effects of Dry Ice and Superchilling on Quality and Shelf Life of Arctic Charr (Salvelinus alpinus) Fillets; International Journal of Food Engineering: 3(3)/7: 1-27.
[7]. Barroso, M., Careche, M., and Borderias, A.J. (1998). Trends in Food Science & Technology, 9(6): 223-229.
[8]. Benjakul, S., Visessanguan, W., Thongkaew, C. and Tanaka, M. (2005) Effect of frozen storage on chemical and gel forming properties of fish commonly used for surimi production in Thailand. Food hydrocolloids, 19:197-207
[9]. Bhat, Z.F., Pathak, V., Bukhari S.A.A., Ahmad S.R. and Bhat, H. (2010). Quality changes in Chevon Harrisa (Meat based product) during refrigerated storage. Intr. J. Meat Sci.
[10]. Cappeln, G., Nielsen, J., and Jessen, F. (1999). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 79(8): 1099-1104..
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Integrating Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy in Agriculture, Biotechnology and Genetic Resources |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Tandan Neeraj and Yadav Seema |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0211824 |
Abstract: This paper aims to provide a comprehensive background and overview of key issues, debates and positions related to the international regulation and application of intellectual property rights over agriculture, genetic resources, including biotechnology and the use of IPR's as plant and intellectual property protection. It explores the linkages among biological diversity, biotechnology developments and intellectual property with specific view on the relationship between access to biological and genetic resources, agriculture systems and increased poverty levels in India. This paper examines the significance of intellectual property rights in agricultural innovations, genetic resources and biotechnology and the possibilities for the protection through the context of the TRIPS and the WTO agreement on Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. With the growth of private investment in developing country, agriculture, genetic resources, new advances in the biotechnology, and rapid integration of developing countries into the global trading system, intellectual property rights (IPRs) have become an important concern in the agricultural sector. The paper focuses specifically on the case of India and other developing countries, implementing IPRs in agriculture and Biotechnology. Findings indicate that yields grew significantly during the last two decades due to the combination of public investment in hybrid breeding programs that generated new materials offering substantial yield gains, and biological IPRs conferred by hybridization that conveniently need for substantial productivity growth in agriculture.
Key words: Intellectual property rights, Agricultural research and development, Biotechnology, Genetic resources, Plant protection, Farmer's right, India
Key words: Intellectual property rights, Agricultural research and development, Biotechnology, Genetic resources, Plant protection, Farmer's right, India
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[2]. ALRC, Genes and Ingenuity: Gene patenting and human health , at para. Vol. 7. pp.35.
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[9]. ITPGRFA - Article 18.5
[10]. Kolady, D. E., and W. Lesser. (2009). But are they meritorious? Genetic productivity gains under plant intellectual property rights. Agricultural Economics 60 (1): 62–79.
[2]. ALRC, Genes and Ingenuity: Gene patenting and human health , at para. Vol. 7. pp.35.
[3]. Bilski v. Kappos, 130 S. Ct. 3218 (2010), This decision was referred to the recent Supreme Court decision as authority for the proposition that "laws of nature" are not patentable.
[4]. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). (2001). Potential impacts of genetic use restriction technologies (GURTs) on agricultural biodiversity and agricultural production systems. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization.
[5]. Fernandez-Cornejo, J. (2004). The seed industry in U.S. agriculture: An exploration of data and information on crop seed markets, regulation, industry structure, and research and development. Agriculture Information Bulletin AIB 786. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service.
[6]. Foster, W. E., and R. Perrin. (1991). Economic incentives and plant breeding research. Faculty working paper. Raleigh, N.C., U.S.A.: North Carolina State University.
[7]. Fuglie, K., N. Ballenger, K. Day, C. Klotz, M. Ollinger, J. Reilly, U. Vasavada, and J. Yee. (1996). Agricultural research and development: Public and private investments under alternative markets and institutions. Agricultural Economics Report 735. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service.
[8]. IFAD (2001) "Rural Poverty Report (2001) - The challenge of ending rural poverty", IFAD, Rome, pp. 14-15. Source: http://www.ifad.org/poverty
[9]. ITPGRFA - Article 18.5
[10]. Kolady, D. E., and W. Lesser. (2009). But are they meritorious? Genetic productivity gains under plant intellectual property rights. Agricultural Economics 60 (1): 62–79.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Rifampicin-Induced Fever |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | L P Meena,M Rai, A Pathak, Sunny Garg, Anju Bharti |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0212526 |
Abstract: Rifampicin is a commonly used first-line antitubercular drug well known for its safety and efficacy and is generally well tolerated. Flu-like syndrome is the main cause of fever in rifampicin treated patients. High grade fever without accompanying features of hypersensitivity or flu is an extremely rare occurance. Our patient presented with pyrexia of unknown origin and diagnostic work-up revealed sufficient evidence of tuberculosis. Consequently, she was started on first –line antituberculous treatment (ATT) following which fever aggravated. Repeat diagnostic work-up did not reveal any other clue to the cause of fever. To our surprise, the fever subsided promptly on stopping ATT, suggesting it to be drug-induced. Sequential reintroduction of the drugs revealed rifampicin to be the culprit. Thereafter, rifampicin was withdrawn permanently from the therapy and patient was put on modified ATT, following which, patient became apyrexial and significant clinical improvement was noticed.
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[2]. Poole G, Stradling P, Worlledge S. Potentially serious side-effects of high-dose twice weekly rifampicin. Br Med J 1971; 3: 343.
[3]. Girling D.J. Adverse effects of antituberculosis drugs. Bull. Int. Union. Tub.; 1984, 59, 152.
[4]. Jain N.K., Madan A., Gupta K.K. et al. Ethambutol induced fever. Ind. J. Tub.; 1989, 36, 239.
[5]. Bedi R. S. Rifampicin induced fever: a case report. Ind. J. Tub., 1991, 38, 233.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Isolation and Identification of Group A Streptococcal Infection Among Slum Children in the Age Group of 5-15 Years in Chennai - One Year Prospective Study |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | S. Kalpana, Jasmine S. Sundar, S. Parameshwari, P. Kuganantham, Jerard Maria Selvam, Ms. S. Valarmathi, Manjula Datta |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0212731 |
Abstract
Objective: To isolate Group A Streptococcal infection (GAS) from slum children in the age group of 5 to 10 years with or without evidence of throat infection dwelling in the slums of Chennai and to study their carrier state. Methods: Children aged between 5–15 years from slum were enrolled in this study. Socio demographic details were collected and their clinical examinations were done to identify symptoms. Two throat swabs were collected from all the children irrespective of symptoms. Bacterial culture was carried out in blood agar and the isolation of GAS was confirmed using hemolysis on blood agar, streptococcal group identification kit and bacitracin sensitivity. Blood sample was tested for ASO antibody titre.
Findings: Group A streptococcus prevalence was isolated in 36% of slum population. Culture positive children were correlated with ASO antibody. Statistically significant correlation (p-value> 0.001) was observed between presence of antibody and culture positive. Recently infected children showed raised ASO antibody titre than the carrier. Major risk factors identified in GAS positive children were father's occupation, type of house, number of windows and the unhygienic conditions of the slum. 36% were infected with Group A Streptococcal infection, 9% infected with Group C, 6% Group B, 1% Group D, 0.1 and 0.3 Group F and Group G streptococcal infection.
Conclusion: The result shows that the prevalence of streptococcal infection was common among slum children but the prevalence of Group A streptococcus was high comparing to other groups of streptococcus. Socioeconomic status considered to be major associated risk factor for getting streptococcus infection.
Key words: Group A streptococcus, Socio Economic Status, Throat swab
Objective: To isolate Group A Streptococcal infection (GAS) from slum children in the age group of 5 to 10 years with or without evidence of throat infection dwelling in the slums of Chennai and to study their carrier state. Methods: Children aged between 5–15 years from slum were enrolled in this study. Socio demographic details were collected and their clinical examinations were done to identify symptoms. Two throat swabs were collected from all the children irrespective of symptoms. Bacterial culture was carried out in blood agar and the isolation of GAS was confirmed using hemolysis on blood agar, streptococcal group identification kit and bacitracin sensitivity. Blood sample was tested for ASO antibody titre.
Findings: Group A streptococcus prevalence was isolated in 36% of slum population. Culture positive children were correlated with ASO antibody. Statistically significant correlation (p-value> 0.001) was observed between presence of antibody and culture positive. Recently infected children showed raised ASO antibody titre than the carrier. Major risk factors identified in GAS positive children were father's occupation, type of house, number of windows and the unhygienic conditions of the slum. 36% were infected with Group A Streptococcal infection, 9% infected with Group C, 6% Group B, 1% Group D, 0.1 and 0.3 Group F and Group G streptococcal infection.
Conclusion: The result shows that the prevalence of streptococcal infection was common among slum children but the prevalence of Group A streptococcus was high comparing to other groups of streptococcus. Socioeconomic status considered to be major associated risk factor for getting streptococcus infection.
Key words: Group A streptococcus, Socio Economic Status, Throat swab
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[9]. Lindbaek M, Høiby Ea, Lermark G, Steinsholt IM, Hjortdahl P. Clinical symptoms and signs in sore throat patients with large colony variant beta-haemolytic streptococci groups C or G versus group a. Br J Gen Pract 2005; 55 : 615-9.
[2]. Koshi G, Jadhar M, Myers RM. Streptococcal pharyngitis in children in Southern India. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 1970, 58: 161–165.
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[8]. Sarkar S et al. A study on sore throat and beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis among rural school children in Varanasi with reference to age and season. Indian Journal of Public Health, 1988, 32: 191–198.
[9]. Lindbaek M, Høiby Ea, Lermark G, Steinsholt IM, Hjortdahl P. Clinical symptoms and signs in sore throat patients with large colony variant beta-haemolytic streptococci groups C or G versus group a. Br J Gen Pract 2005; 55 : 615-9.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Lessons of Europe: Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control in Developed and Developing Countries |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Vishwa Mohan Upadhyaya, Raghvendra Gumashta |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0213134 |
Abstract: First author of this article has recently made a visit to European countries and has observed a combination of varied cultural, socio-economic and high risk behavioural practices, which may have a long term bearing on the health and survival of the locals, visitors and people involved in the already established & seemingly ever flourishing set ups. The developmental gains of Europe may face serious threats of existence because of open sex trade posing challenges of unimaginable proportions for transmission of sexually transmitted infections including HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) causing AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome). The practices of copying the style, culture and behavior of developed countries by the youth of developing countries may have an impact on the patterns of such infections traversing the general population. Once this infection goes from urban to rural areas of the developing countries, it shall become almost impossible to prevent the further dissemination into deeper pockets in an unimaginable proportions. Therefore, rethinking by the European countries is particularly required for regulation of the open sex trade practices, promotion of condom use and provisions of treatment, care & support to those already inflicted with STDs or AIDS.
Key words: acquired immuno deficiency syndrome (AIDS); condom promotion; high risk behavior; human immuno deficiency virus (HIV); sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
Key words: acquired immuno deficiency syndrome (AIDS); condom promotion; high risk behavior; human immuno deficiency virus (HIV); sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
[1]. Brandon DL Marshall, Evan Wood, Ruth Zhang, Condom use among injection drug users accessing a supervised injecting facility; Sex Transm Inf published online 23 Sep 2008: 1-22
[2]. M J Belza, L de la Fuente, M Sua´rez et al, The Health And Sexual Behaviour Survey Group, Men who pay for sex in Spain and condom use: prevalence and correlates in a representative sample of the general population, Sex Transm Infect 2008;84:207–211
[3]. Charter, David; "Half of Amsterdams redlight windows close"; The Times (London), 27 Dec 2008
[4]. S O Aral, Understanding racial-ethnic and societal differentials in STI, Downloaded from sti.bmj.com on July 14, 2012 - Published by group.bmj.com
[5]. Judith Kilvington, Sophie Day and Helen Ward, Prostitution Policy in Europe: A time of change?, Feminist Review 2001; 67:78-93
[6]. Elizabeth Edouard and Lindsay Edouard, Application of Information and Communication Technology for Scaling up Youth Sexual and Reproductive Health, African Journal of Reproductive Health June 2012 (Special Edition); 16(2): 197
[7]. S J Genuis, S K Genuis, Primary prevention of sexually transmitted disease: applying the ABC strategy, Postgrad Med J 2005; 81:299–301
[8]. Martin C Donoghoe, Srdan Matic, WHO Regional Office for Europe, HIV-1 in eastern Europe, THE LANCET, May 31, 2003; 361: 1910-1911 as accessed at www.thelancet.com on dt. 15.07.2012
[9]. Paola Monzini, Trafficking in Women and Girls and the Involvement of Organised Crime in Western and Central Europe, International Review of Victimology 2004; 11: 1 73-88
[10]. John Stover, Stefano Bertozzi, Juan-Pablo Gutierrez et al, The Global Impact of Scaling Up HIV/AIDS Prevention Programs in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, Science 2006; 311: 1474-1476 as accessed at www.sciencemag.org on 15.07. 2012
[2]. M J Belza, L de la Fuente, M Sua´rez et al, The Health And Sexual Behaviour Survey Group, Men who pay for sex in Spain and condom use: prevalence and correlates in a representative sample of the general population, Sex Transm Infect 2008;84:207–211
[3]. Charter, David; "Half of Amsterdams redlight windows close"; The Times (London), 27 Dec 2008
[4]. S O Aral, Understanding racial-ethnic and societal differentials in STI, Downloaded from sti.bmj.com on July 14, 2012 - Published by group.bmj.com
[5]. Judith Kilvington, Sophie Day and Helen Ward, Prostitution Policy in Europe: A time of change?, Feminist Review 2001; 67:78-93
[6]. Elizabeth Edouard and Lindsay Edouard, Application of Information and Communication Technology for Scaling up Youth Sexual and Reproductive Health, African Journal of Reproductive Health June 2012 (Special Edition); 16(2): 197
[7]. S J Genuis, S K Genuis, Primary prevention of sexually transmitted disease: applying the ABC strategy, Postgrad Med J 2005; 81:299–301
[8]. Martin C Donoghoe, Srdan Matic, WHO Regional Office for Europe, HIV-1 in eastern Europe, THE LANCET, May 31, 2003; 361: 1910-1911 as accessed at www.thelancet.com on dt. 15.07.2012
[9]. Paola Monzini, Trafficking in Women and Girls and the Involvement of Organised Crime in Western and Central Europe, International Review of Victimology 2004; 11: 1 73-88
[10]. John Stover, Stefano Bertozzi, Juan-Pablo Gutierrez et al, The Global Impact of Scaling Up HIV/AIDS Prevention Programs in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, Science 2006; 311: 1474-1476 as accessed at www.sciencemag.org on 15.07. 2012
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Alterations in the Activities of the Nitrogenous Wasteof Clarias Gariepinus after Intramuscular Injection with Aqueous Extracts of Jatropha Tanjorensis Leaves |
| Country | : | Nigeria |
| Authors | : | O. J. Ogoruvwe and O. Kori-Siakpere |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0213538 |
Abstract: Jatropha tanjorensis leaf serve both as food and as medicine. There is need for proper physiological and toxicological tests in order to ensure its safety. The analyses of nitrogenous wastes produced on exposure of Clarias gariepinus to the acute concentration (0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0g/L) of aqueous extracts of Jatropha tanjorensis leaf was studied for four days. The result of the nitrogenous wastes parameters showed that serum bilirubin and uric acid, creatinine and urea were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the injected fish, while muscle and kidney bilirubin, and kidney uric acid was significantly lower (P < 0.05). The nitrogenous wastes activities of C. gariepinus were both dose and tissue dependent. This study highlights the fact that acute concentrations of aqueous extracts of Jatropha tanjorensis have moderate deleterious consequences on the nitrogenous wastes activities of Clarias gariepinus.
Keywords: Jatropha tanjorensis, Clarias gariepinus, Bilirubin, Uric Acid, Creatinine and Urea.
Keywords: Jatropha tanjorensis, Clarias gariepinus, Bilirubin, Uric Acid, Creatinine and Urea.
[1]. Barad, V. S. and Kulkarni, R. S. (2010) Haematological changes induced by short – term exposure to copper in the Indian freshwater fish, Notopterus notopterus (Pallas). The bioscan 5 (2): 313-316.
[2]. Carlasabandar (2010) Secondary metabolite compounds from Jatropha species. www.wordpress.com Accessed 24/09/11
[3]. Iwalewa, E.O., Adewumi, C.O., Omisore, N.O., Adebanji, O.A., Azike, C.K. (2007). Proantioxidant effects and cytoprotective potentials of nine edible vegetables in Southwest. Nigeria. J. Med. Food., 8, 539-544.
[4]. Iyanagi, E.Y. and Accoucheur, S. (1998). Biochemical and molecular disorders of bilirubin metabolism. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1407: 173-184
[5]. Loeb, S. (1991) Clinical laboratory test: values and implications. Springhouse Corporation, Pennsylvania. pp 124-128.
[6]. Maita, M., Shiomitsu, K. and Ikeda, Y. (1984). Health assessment by the climogram of hemochemical constituents in cultured yellow tail. Bull. Jap. Soc. Scient., 51: 205-211.
[7]. Maxine, M. and Benjamin, B.S. (1985). Outline of veterinary clinical pathology. 3rd edition, Colorado State Univ., Printed in India at Rekha printers PVT. LTD., New Delhi-110020.
[8]. Oduola, T, Adeniyi F. A. A., Ogunyemi E. O., Bello, I. S., Idowu T. O and Subair, H.G (2007). Toxicity Studies on an Unripe Carica papaya Aqueous Extract: Biochemical and Haematological Effects in Wistar Albino Rats. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 1 (1): 001-004
[9]. Ogamba, E.N., Inyang, I.R. and AlforGod, S.S. (2011) Alterations in the levels of ions in muscle and liver of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus exposed to paraquat dichloride. Research Journal of Biological Sciences 3(6): 547-549
[10]. Okonkwo, F. O. and Ejike, C. E. C. C. (2011) Simulation of heavy metal contamination of fresh water bodies: toxic effects in the catfish and its amelioration with co-contamination with glyphosate. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Management. 15 (2): 341 – 345
[2]. Carlasabandar (2010) Secondary metabolite compounds from Jatropha species. www.wordpress.com Accessed 24/09/11
[3]. Iwalewa, E.O., Adewumi, C.O., Omisore, N.O., Adebanji, O.A., Azike, C.K. (2007). Proantioxidant effects and cytoprotective potentials of nine edible vegetables in Southwest. Nigeria. J. Med. Food., 8, 539-544.
[4]. Iyanagi, E.Y. and Accoucheur, S. (1998). Biochemical and molecular disorders of bilirubin metabolism. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1407: 173-184
[5]. Loeb, S. (1991) Clinical laboratory test: values and implications. Springhouse Corporation, Pennsylvania. pp 124-128.
[6]. Maita, M., Shiomitsu, K. and Ikeda, Y. (1984). Health assessment by the climogram of hemochemical constituents in cultured yellow tail. Bull. Jap. Soc. Scient., 51: 205-211.
[7]. Maxine, M. and Benjamin, B.S. (1985). Outline of veterinary clinical pathology. 3rd edition, Colorado State Univ., Printed in India at Rekha printers PVT. LTD., New Delhi-110020.
[8]. Oduola, T, Adeniyi F. A. A., Ogunyemi E. O., Bello, I. S., Idowu T. O and Subair, H.G (2007). Toxicity Studies on an Unripe Carica papaya Aqueous Extract: Biochemical and Haematological Effects in Wistar Albino Rats. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 1 (1): 001-004
[9]. Ogamba, E.N., Inyang, I.R. and AlforGod, S.S. (2011) Alterations in the levels of ions in muscle and liver of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus exposed to paraquat dichloride. Research Journal of Biological Sciences 3(6): 547-549
[10]. Okonkwo, F. O. and Ejike, C. E. C. C. (2011) Simulation of heavy metal contamination of fresh water bodies: toxic effects in the catfish and its amelioration with co-contamination with glyphosate. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Management. 15 (2): 341 – 345
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Studies on Leaf and Root Extracts of Asclepias Curassavica (L) |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | S. HEMADRI REDDY, M. CHAKRAVARTHI, K. N. CHANDRASHEKARA AND C.V. NAIDU |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0213944 |
Abstract: Asclepias curassavica like most of the medicinal plants has highest significance for its valuable secondary metabolites (glycosides and saponins). The clones produced thereof hence need to maintain their absolute genetic stability so that no unwanted variation in secondary metabolite yield can occur. Plant extracts that inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms without harming the host may have potential application as therapeutic agents. Hence the present study was performed to investigate the antibacterial activity of leaves and roots of different solvent (petroleum spirit, hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol) extracts by employing well diffusion techniques with some human pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacterial strains. Maximum diversity of chemical constituents was found in methanol and petroleum spirit extracts in both samples tested. The methanol and petroleum spirit extracts were found active against most of the tested pathogenic bacteria as they showed potential phytochemical constituents. Among the tested species Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae showed greatest sensitivity against methanol and petroleum spirit root extracts which prove that the plant extracts are potential candidates for antibiotic resistance against such bacteria.
Keywords: Phytochemical screening, antibacterial activity, Asclepiadoideae, therapeutic
Keywords: Phytochemical screening, antibacterial activity, Asclepiadoideae, therapeutic
[1] M.E. Endress and P.V. Bruyns, A revised classification of the Apocynaceae s.l. Botanical Review, 66: 1-56, (2000).
[2] A.D. Kinghorn, Pharmacognosy in 21st Century. J Pharm Pharmacol, 53: 135-148, (2001).
[3] G.R. Rout and P. Das, Micropropagation of Madhuca longifolia (Koenig) Mac Bride Var. Larifolia Roxb. Plant Cell Rep., 12: 513-516, (2000).
[4] S.K. Verma, S.K. Sharma, Charansingh and A. Mehta, Breeding, Improvement and Germplasm conservation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Indian Forester, (2004).
[5] J.B. Harborne, Phytochemical methods, 2nd Edn, Chapman and Hall, London, U.K, (1984).
[6] S. Sreekumar, S. Seeni and P. Pushpangadan, Micropropagation of Hemidesmus indicus for cultivation and production of 2-hydroxy, 4-methoxy benzaldehyde. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult, 62: 211-218, (2000).
[7] S. Sreekumar, S. Seeni and P. Pushpangadan, Production of 2-hydroxy, 4-methoxy benzaldehyde using root cultures of Hemidesmus indicus. Biotech. Lett, 20: 631-635, (1998).
[8] K.M. Averineni Ravikumar, Subbu Rathinam, and G. Prabakar G, Phytochemical Screening of selected medicinal plant of Asclepiadaceae family. Asian journal of Microbiol Biotechnol Environ Sci, 9: 177-180, (2007).
[9] H.F. Waltor, Principle and methods of chemical analysis, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, (1971).
[10] R.P. Amarasingham, N.G. Bisset, P.H. Millard and M.C. Woods, Phytochemical survey of Malaya part – III, Alkaloids and Saponins, J Econ Bot, 18: 270-278, (1964).
[2] A.D. Kinghorn, Pharmacognosy in 21st Century. J Pharm Pharmacol, 53: 135-148, (2001).
[3] G.R. Rout and P. Das, Micropropagation of Madhuca longifolia (Koenig) Mac Bride Var. Larifolia Roxb. Plant Cell Rep., 12: 513-516, (2000).
[4] S.K. Verma, S.K. Sharma, Charansingh and A. Mehta, Breeding, Improvement and Germplasm conservation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Indian Forester, (2004).
[5] J.B. Harborne, Phytochemical methods, 2nd Edn, Chapman and Hall, London, U.K, (1984).
[6] S. Sreekumar, S. Seeni and P. Pushpangadan, Micropropagation of Hemidesmus indicus for cultivation and production of 2-hydroxy, 4-methoxy benzaldehyde. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult, 62: 211-218, (2000).
[7] S. Sreekumar, S. Seeni and P. Pushpangadan, Production of 2-hydroxy, 4-methoxy benzaldehyde using root cultures of Hemidesmus indicus. Biotech. Lett, 20: 631-635, (1998).
[8] K.M. Averineni Ravikumar, Subbu Rathinam, and G. Prabakar G, Phytochemical Screening of selected medicinal plant of Asclepiadaceae family. Asian journal of Microbiol Biotechnol Environ Sci, 9: 177-180, (2007).
[9] H.F. Waltor, Principle and methods of chemical analysis, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, (1971).
[10] R.P. Amarasingham, N.G. Bisset, P.H. Millard and M.C. Woods, Phytochemical survey of Malaya part – III, Alkaloids and Saponins, J Econ Bot, 18: 270-278, (1964).
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Ayurvedic Shodhana Treatments and Their Applied Aspect with Special Reference to Loha |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Raman S. Belge , Archana R. Belge |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0214549 |
Abstract: Shodhana (Purification) is the essential step to be performed on substances especially related to Rasashastra .Marana (Incineration of minerals) is always preceded by shodhana treatment. In short, shodhana treatment means; to remove unwanted part of the drug; to control/ eradicate toxic ingredients, to potentiate the drug, to regulate the action of the drug. The present paper gives the details of different Shodhana treatments and their applied aspect with special reference to Loha.
Keywords : Shodhana, Purification, Loha.
Keywords : Shodhana, Purification, Loha.
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[2]. Dhamanakar P.V., Ayurvediya Aushadhikarana, Panvel, Dhootpapeshwar Prakashan, 1st edition, 1964; PP. 99-102.
[3] P.V. Sharma, Caraka Samhita (English Translation), Varanasi, Chowkhamba Orientalia, 7th ed, 2005; pp. 365.
[4] Rasa Vagbhata, Rasa Ratna Samuchchaya. Shastri Ambika Datta; Chowkhamba Sanskrit Bhavan, 1st ed, 1988; pp.33.
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[6] Rasa Vagbhata; Rasa Ratna Samuchchaya; Pt. Sharma Shri Dharmananda, Motilal Banarasidas, 2nd ed, 1996; pp.86.
[2]. Dhamanakar P.V., Ayurvediya Aushadhikarana, Panvel, Dhootpapeshwar Prakashan, 1st edition, 1964; PP. 99-102.
[3] P.V. Sharma, Caraka Samhita (English Translation), Varanasi, Chowkhamba Orientalia, 7th ed, 2005; pp. 365.
[4] Rasa Vagbhata, Rasa Ratna Samuchchaya. Shastri Ambika Datta; Chowkhamba Sanskrit Bhavan, 1st ed, 1988; pp.33.
[5] Shree Gopal Krishna Bhatta, Rasendrasarasangraha; Panta Ghanananda, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series, Varanasi; 1st ed; 2005; pp. 3.
[6] Rasa Vagbhata; Rasa Ratna Samuchchaya; Pt. Sharma Shri Dharmananda, Motilal Banarasidas, 2nd ed, 1996; pp.86.