Volume-2 ~ Issue-4
- Citation
- Abstract
- Reference
- Full PDF
| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | A Study of Knowledge & Awareness of Medical Doctors Towards Radiation Exposure Risk At Tikur Anbessa Specialized Referral And Teaching Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia |
| Country | : | Ethiopia |
| Authors | : | Daniel Zewdneh, Seife Teferi Dellie, Tewodros Ayele |
 |
: | 10.9790/3008-0240105  |
Abstract: Increasing concern has recently been expressed in the literature that the referring doctor's knowledge of radiation doses incurred during radiological procedures is inadequate. Such information may be particularly relevant when the expansion of imaging technology is considered. Hence the objective of this work is to assess the awareness of physicians about radiation dose and hazards of radiation. The study was performed among medical doctors at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Referral Teaching Hospital, the largest medical school in the country. A 135 self administered questionnaire was circulated randomly from a range of specialties; out of which 114 questionnaires were completed and used in the study giving a response rate of 85%. Participants were asked about the radiation dose from a chest radiograph, the annual dose from background radiation, and cancer risk from several common radiological procedures. A mean score of 7.1 out of 19 was achieved. 12 doctors had received formal training about ionizing radiation, and these participants scored higher than those with no previous training in this area. Our survey suggested that clinicians' awareness of radiation doses imparted during common radiological procedures, and the consequent risk to the individual patient is poor. A major curriculum revision of both undergraduate and graduate medical education regarding awareness on radiation is mandatory to improve this deficiency.
Keywords: Radiation exposure, radiation dose, lifetime cancer risk, radiation protection
Keywords: Radiation exposure, radiation dose, lifetime cancer risk, radiation protection
[1]Radman.co.uk.RadmanAssociates;2007.Availablefrom:http://www.radman.co.uk/training/RPSCourses.pdf [Accessed10 June 2008].
[2] Bury B. X-ray dose training: are we exposed to enough. Clin Radiol 2004;59:926.
[3] Jacob K, Vivian G, Steel JR. X-ray dose training: are we exposed to enough? Clin Radiol 2004;59:928–34.
[4] Gower-Thomas K, Lewis MH, Shiralkar S, Snow M, Galland RB, Rennie A. Doctor‟s knowledge of radiation exposures is deficient. Br Med J 2002;324:919.
[5] Adams D. Blast from the past: a cautionary tale. Br Med J 2002;324:121.
[6] Brix G, Nagel HD, Stamm G, Veit R, Lechel U, Griebel J, et al. Radiation exposure in multi-slice versus single slice spiral CT: results of a nationwide survey. Eur Radiolgy 2003;13:1979–91.
[7] Yates SJ, Pike LC, Goldstone KE. Effect of multislice scanners on patient dose from routine CT examinations in East Anglia. Br J Radiol 2004;77:472–8.
[8] Wiest PW, Locken JA, Heintz PH, Mettler FA Jr. CT scanning: a major source of radiation exposure. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2002;23:402–10.
[9] Shrimpton PC, Hillier MC, Lewis MA, Dunn M. National survey of doses from CT in the UK: 2003. Br J Radiol 2006;79:968–80.
[10] Hart D, Wall BF. UK population dose from medical X-ray examinations. Eur J Radiol 2004;50:285–91.
[2] Bury B. X-ray dose training: are we exposed to enough. Clin Radiol 2004;59:926.
[3] Jacob K, Vivian G, Steel JR. X-ray dose training: are we exposed to enough? Clin Radiol 2004;59:928–34.
[4] Gower-Thomas K, Lewis MH, Shiralkar S, Snow M, Galland RB, Rennie A. Doctor‟s knowledge of radiation exposures is deficient. Br Med J 2002;324:919.
[5] Adams D. Blast from the past: a cautionary tale. Br Med J 2002;324:121.
[6] Brix G, Nagel HD, Stamm G, Veit R, Lechel U, Griebel J, et al. Radiation exposure in multi-slice versus single slice spiral CT: results of a nationwide survey. Eur Radiolgy 2003;13:1979–91.
[7] Yates SJ, Pike LC, Goldstone KE. Effect of multislice scanners on patient dose from routine CT examinations in East Anglia. Br J Radiol 2004;77:472–8.
[8] Wiest PW, Locken JA, Heintz PH, Mettler FA Jr. CT scanning: a major source of radiation exposure. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2002;23:402–10.
[9] Shrimpton PC, Hillier MC, Lewis MA, Dunn M. National survey of doses from CT in the UK: 2003. Br J Radiol 2006;79:968–80.
[10] Hart D, Wall BF. UK population dose from medical X-ray examinations. Eur J Radiol 2004;50:285–91.
- Citation
- Abstract
- Reference
- Full PDF
| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Prevalence of Hemoglobinopathies among the Konda Kammaras of Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Haritha. P1, Lakshmi. V, Veerraju.1, Sarkar. B.N, Rao.V R |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0240608 |
Abstract: Hemoglobinopathies including the Sickle cell disease and the thalassemias, which are inherited recessively cause a serious problem across the world in general. In India the prevalence of sickle cell trait varies from 5-40% among many tribal populations from different states however the overall prevalence of beta thalassemia varies from 3-4% but varies from 1-17% in different ethinic groups. As these disorders are inherited prevention of this disease is therefore theoretically possible through population screening and counseling. The present study among the Konda Kammaras is done based on this concept. The present study aims to assess the prevalence of hemoglobinopathies among the Konda Kammaras of Visakhapatnam district. 103 unrelated individuals (50 male and 53 female) aged between 22-58 years were considered in this study. All the individual samples were screened by using NESTROFT, Complete blood count and Cellulose-acetate membrane electrophoresis. The suspected cases have been confirmed of the presence or absence of mutation status by sequence analysis. The overall prevalence of hemoglobinopathies among this population is 14.56% with 13.59% of Sickle cell trait and 0.97% Beta thalassemia trait.
Keywords: Beta thalassemia, Konda Kammara, Prevalence, Sickle cell, Visakhapatnam.
Keywords: Beta thalassemia, Konda Kammara, Prevalence, Sickle cell, Visakhapatnam.
[1] Rund D, Oron-Kami V, Filon D, Goldfarb A, Rachmilewitz E, Oppenheim A 1997. Genetic analysis of bete thalassemia intermedia in Isreal: Diversity of mechanisms and unpredictability of phenotype. Am J Haematol, 54: 16-22.
[2] Angastiniotis, M., Pavlides, N., Aristidou, K., Kanakas, A., Yerakaris, M., Eracleous, E. & Posporis,T. (1998) Bone pain in thalassaemia: assessment of DEXA and MRI findings. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, 11(Suppl. 3), 779–784
[3] Weatherall, D.J (2001) Phenotype – genotype relationship in monogenic disease: lessons from the thalassemias. Nat. Rev. Genet, 2, 245-255.
[4] Balgir RS, 2000. The burden of haemoglobinopathies in India and the challenges ahead. Curr. Sci., 79:1536-1547.
[5] Vaz FE, Thakur CB, Banerjee MK, Gangal SG. 2000. Distribution of beta-thalassemia mutations in the Indian population referred to a diagnostic center. Hemoglobin. 24:181-194.
[6] Kattamis C, Efremoy G and Poorakul S.1981 Effectiveness of one tube osmotic fragility screening in detecting beta thalassemia trait . J Med. Genet, 18(4); 266-270.
[7] Dacie JV, Lewis SM. 1991. Practical Haematology. Seventh Edition . (Churchill Livingstone, London).
[8] Betke K, Marti HR and Schlicht I. 1959. Estimation of small percentage of foetal haemoglobin. Nature 184: 1877-1878.
[9] Morengo-Row AJ 1965; Rapid electrophoresis and quantitation of hemoglobins on cellulose acetate. J Clin Pathol 18:790-2
[10] Naidu, J. M., H. W.Mohrenwiser and J.V.Neel 1985. A Serobiochemical genetic study of Jalari and Brahmin Caste populations of Andhra Pradesh, India . Human Hered., 35:148- 156.
[2] Angastiniotis, M., Pavlides, N., Aristidou, K., Kanakas, A., Yerakaris, M., Eracleous, E. & Posporis,T. (1998) Bone pain in thalassaemia: assessment of DEXA and MRI findings. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, 11(Suppl. 3), 779–784
[3] Weatherall, D.J (2001) Phenotype – genotype relationship in monogenic disease: lessons from the thalassemias. Nat. Rev. Genet, 2, 245-255.
[4] Balgir RS, 2000. The burden of haemoglobinopathies in India and the challenges ahead. Curr. Sci., 79:1536-1547.
[5] Vaz FE, Thakur CB, Banerjee MK, Gangal SG. 2000. Distribution of beta-thalassemia mutations in the Indian population referred to a diagnostic center. Hemoglobin. 24:181-194.
[6] Kattamis C, Efremoy G and Poorakul S.1981 Effectiveness of one tube osmotic fragility screening in detecting beta thalassemia trait . J Med. Genet, 18(4); 266-270.
[7] Dacie JV, Lewis SM. 1991. Practical Haematology. Seventh Edition . (Churchill Livingstone, London).
[8] Betke K, Marti HR and Schlicht I. 1959. Estimation of small percentage of foetal haemoglobin. Nature 184: 1877-1878.
[9] Morengo-Row AJ 1965; Rapid electrophoresis and quantitation of hemoglobins on cellulose acetate. J Clin Pathol 18:790-2
[10] Naidu, J. M., H. W.Mohrenwiser and J.V.Neel 1985. A Serobiochemical genetic study of Jalari and Brahmin Caste populations of Andhra Pradesh, India . Human Hered., 35:148- 156.
- Citation
- Abstract
- Reference
- Full PDF
| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | The Rapidly Disappearing Science and Art of Pathology in Developing Countries |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Dr. Raghvendra Gumashta, Dr. Shamim Akhtar |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0240914 |
Abstract: The carefully learnt and traditionally transferred art and science of observation, precision and distinguished unparalleled competence is diminishing its glory into the dark horizons through its disintegration in multiple new disciplines, high technological advancements and non-sustenance with the pace of rapid scientific growth. Such a scenario is resulting into general disinterest of medical graduates into the discipline of Pathology, low morale of its practitioners and near absolute termination of opportunities to grow among the subject experts. A loud thinking is necessitated among the medical fraternity, in general, and pathologists, in particular, to device the ways and means of rejuvenating the ever rusting status of Pathology. This shall not only enable enthusiasm among its practitioners, but also generate new ventures for innovations, education and research. The article highlights the intrinsic and extrinsic, but closely interwoven factors, situations and circumstances, which if dealt with great care shall yield rich dividends towards reverting the current trend, develop future models of growth and sustainability in the field of Pathology.
Key Words: clinical, diagnosis, laboratory, pathological, qualitative, testing
Key Words: clinical, diagnosis, laboratory, pathological, qualitative, testing
[1] Pena G P, Andrade-Filho J S, How Does a Pathologist Make a Diagnosis?, Arch of Path & Lab Med 2009; 133(1):124-132.
[2] Gray I P, Carter J Y. An evaluation of clinical laboratory services in sub-saharan Africa: Ex africa semper aliquid novi?, Clinica Chimica Acta 1997; 267(1):103-128.
[3] Murphy J, Henry J B. Effective utilization of clinical laboratories, Hum Patho 1978; 9(6): 625-633.
[4] Burke M D. Clinical laboratory consultation: appropriateness to laboratory medicine, Clinica Chimica Acta 2003; 333(2): 125-129.
[5] Barclay J E, Special problems of cost analysis and cost-benefit analysis as applied to large multi-test analysers, J of Autom Chem 1983; 5, (2):71-74.
[6] Willcocks S. The development of clinical management at an NHS Trust hospital: A case study example, J of Mgt in Med 1994; 12(3):168-177.
[7] Ward C, Kendal, Ramirez, Bernardo, Rotarius, Timothy. The Laboratory Workforce Shortage: A Managerial Perspective, Hea Care Mgr 2011; 30(2):148-155.
[8] France N, Lawrence S, Smith J F. New Zealand pathologists: a case study in occupational control, J Mgt in Med 2001, 15(1):28-43.
[9] Ramsay A D, Locally organised medical audit in histopathology, J Clin Pathol 1991;44:353-357.
[10] Jaques, Elliott. Diagnosing sources of managerial leadership problems for research and treatment, Consult Psych J: Pract & Res 2001; 53(2): 67-75.
[2] Gray I P, Carter J Y. An evaluation of clinical laboratory services in sub-saharan Africa: Ex africa semper aliquid novi?, Clinica Chimica Acta 1997; 267(1):103-128.
[3] Murphy J, Henry J B. Effective utilization of clinical laboratories, Hum Patho 1978; 9(6): 625-633.
[4] Burke M D. Clinical laboratory consultation: appropriateness to laboratory medicine, Clinica Chimica Acta 2003; 333(2): 125-129.
[5] Barclay J E, Special problems of cost analysis and cost-benefit analysis as applied to large multi-test analysers, J of Autom Chem 1983; 5, (2):71-74.
[6] Willcocks S. The development of clinical management at an NHS Trust hospital: A case study example, J of Mgt in Med 1994; 12(3):168-177.
[7] Ward C, Kendal, Ramirez, Bernardo, Rotarius, Timothy. The Laboratory Workforce Shortage: A Managerial Perspective, Hea Care Mgr 2011; 30(2):148-155.
[8] France N, Lawrence S, Smith J F. New Zealand pathologists: a case study in occupational control, J Mgt in Med 2001, 15(1):28-43.
[9] Ramsay A D, Locally organised medical audit in histopathology, J Clin Pathol 1991;44:353-357.
[10] Jaques, Elliott. Diagnosing sources of managerial leadership problems for research and treatment, Consult Psych J: Pract & Res 2001; 53(2): 67-75.
- Citation
- Abstract
- Reference
- Full PDF
| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Hematological changes in malaria: A comparative study |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Dr Shamim Akhtar, Dr Raghvendra Gumashta, Dr Sadhana Mahore, Dr. Sabiha Maimoon |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0241519 |
Abstract :
Objectives: The hematological changes usually associated with malaria are well known. This study was conducted to estimate and compare the predominance & severity of hematological changes in common types of malaria.
Methodology: This observational study included 400 suspected malarial patients attended in Out Patient Department (OPD) and In Patient Department (IPD) of NKP Salve Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre and Lata Mangeshkar Hospital Nagpur, during April 2009 to March 2011. The diagnosis of malaria was confirmed by thick and thin film stained with Leishman's staining for malaria parasite and Antigen test (i.e. HRP2). Complete Blood Counts (CBCs) were performed using an automated SYSMEX machine.
Results: Among the samples of consenting participants tested, 70% of the patient had thrombocytopenia, 94% anemia, 12% lymphopenia and 17% monocytosis. The incidence of thrombocytopenia was slightly more in P. Falciparum (58.69%) than P. Vivax (30.18%) cases, p value > 0.05, whereas there was no significant difference in the incidence of anemia in two groups (34.68% vs 33.82%) with p value > 0.05. However, lymphopenia was observed in 33.33% cases of P. Vivax as compared to 11.11% in P.Falciparum cases, p value < 0.04. Eosinophilia was 12.16% and basophil count was normal in both groups.
Conclusions: P.Falciparum as well as P.Vivax can cause significant hematological changes with high incidence of thromboctopenia, anemia, lymphopenia and monocytosis.
Key Words: Hematology, Malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax
Objectives: The hematological changes usually associated with malaria are well known. This study was conducted to estimate and compare the predominance & severity of hematological changes in common types of malaria.
Methodology: This observational study included 400 suspected malarial patients attended in Out Patient Department (OPD) and In Patient Department (IPD) of NKP Salve Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre and Lata Mangeshkar Hospital Nagpur, during April 2009 to March 2011. The diagnosis of malaria was confirmed by thick and thin film stained with Leishman's staining for malaria parasite and Antigen test (i.e. HRP2). Complete Blood Counts (CBCs) were performed using an automated SYSMEX machine.
Results: Among the samples of consenting participants tested, 70% of the patient had thrombocytopenia, 94% anemia, 12% lymphopenia and 17% monocytosis. The incidence of thrombocytopenia was slightly more in P. Falciparum (58.69%) than P. Vivax (30.18%) cases, p value > 0.05, whereas there was no significant difference in the incidence of anemia in two groups (34.68% vs 33.82%) with p value > 0.05. However, lymphopenia was observed in 33.33% cases of P. Vivax as compared to 11.11% in P.Falciparum cases, p value < 0.04. Eosinophilia was 12.16% and basophil count was normal in both groups.
Conclusions: P.Falciparum as well as P.Vivax can cause significant hematological changes with high incidence of thromboctopenia, anemia, lymphopenia and monocytosis.
Key Words: Hematology, Malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax
[1] World Health Organization. World malaria situation in 1994. Parts1-111.Weekly Epidemiol Rec 1997; 72:269-90.
[2] Murphy GS, Oldfeild EC. Falciparum malaria. Inf Dis Clin North Am 1996; 10:747-75.
[3] Facer CA. Hematological aspect of malaria In: Infection and Hematology. Oxford Butterworth Heinemann Ltd., 1994:259-94.
[4] Jandle JH. Hemolytic anemias caused by infection of red blood cells. In: Blood. 2nd edition. New York: Little brown and company, 1996:473-501.
[5] Price RN, Simpson JA, Nosten F. Factors contributing to anemia after uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2001; 65:614-22.Beals PF. Anemia in malaria control: A practical approach. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1997; 91:713-8.
[6] Perrin LH, Mackey LJ, Miescher PA. The hematology of malaria in man. Sem Hematol 1982; 19:70-81.
[7] Clark IA, Chaudhri G. Tumour necrosis factor may contribute to the anemia of malaria by causing dyserythropoiesis and erythrophagoytosis. Brit J Haematol 1988; 70:99-103.
[8] Angus BJ, Chotivanich K, Silamut K, Ruangveerayuth R, Hardeman MR. Red blood cell deformability as a predictor of anemia in severe Falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999; 60:733-7
[9] Perrin LH, Mackey LJ, Miescher PA. The hematology of malaria in man. Sem Hematol 1982; 19:70-81.
[10] Abdallah S, Weatherall DJ, Wickramasinghe SN, Hughes M. The anaemia of P.falciparum malaria. Br J Haematol 1980; 46:171.
[2] Murphy GS, Oldfeild EC. Falciparum malaria. Inf Dis Clin North Am 1996; 10:747-75.
[3] Facer CA. Hematological aspect of malaria In: Infection and Hematology. Oxford Butterworth Heinemann Ltd., 1994:259-94.
[4] Jandle JH. Hemolytic anemias caused by infection of red blood cells. In: Blood. 2nd edition. New York: Little brown and company, 1996:473-501.
[5] Price RN, Simpson JA, Nosten F. Factors contributing to anemia after uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2001; 65:614-22.Beals PF. Anemia in malaria control: A practical approach. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1997; 91:713-8.
[6] Perrin LH, Mackey LJ, Miescher PA. The hematology of malaria in man. Sem Hematol 1982; 19:70-81.
[7] Clark IA, Chaudhri G. Tumour necrosis factor may contribute to the anemia of malaria by causing dyserythropoiesis and erythrophagoytosis. Brit J Haematol 1988; 70:99-103.
[8] Angus BJ, Chotivanich K, Silamut K, Ruangveerayuth R, Hardeman MR. Red blood cell deformability as a predictor of anemia in severe Falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999; 60:733-7
[9] Perrin LH, Mackey LJ, Miescher PA. The hematology of malaria in man. Sem Hematol 1982; 19:70-81.
[10] Abdallah S, Weatherall DJ, Wickramasinghe SN, Hughes M. The anaemia of P.falciparum malaria. Br J Haematol 1980; 46:171.
- Citation
- Abstract
- Reference
- Full PDF
| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Biochemical Changes Induced By the Effect of Six Pathogenic Fungi on Dialium Guineense: Black Velvet Edible Fruit |
| Country | : | Nigeria |
| Authors | : | Nwaukwu, Ijeoma Adaku and Ikechi – Nwogu, Chinyerum |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0242024 |
Abstract: The following fungi (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium chrysogenum and Rhizopus stolonifer,) were isolated from diseased fruits. Changes in the Proximate content in D. quineense edible fruit inoculated with the test organisms were carried out. The effect of the test organisms on the mineral composition and vitamin content was carried out using the methods recommended by Association of Official Analytical Chemist (AOAC). There was a significant increase (P<0.05) by several degrees caused by the test fungi in moisture, protein and ash, while there was a significant decrease in dry matter, crude lipid, carbohydrate and crude fiber when compared to the uninoculated control. There was significant decrease (P<0.05) in all the mineral compositions (Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, P, K and Na) caused by the fungi inoculated fruits when compared to the uninoculated fruit control. The vitamin content (Vit. A, B2, B3, and C) of the fungi inoculated fruits decreased significantly when compared with the control. The vitamin C content of D. guineense is known to be very high (49.50%), but was reduced drastically by Botryodiplodia theobromae (20.50%). The inoculated fungi caused an increase in anti-nutrient (oxalate, phytate, tannin, saponins and trypsin inhibitors) content of the edible pulp.
Keywords: Biochemical compositions, D. guineense, Nutrients, Pathogenic fungi
Keywords: Biochemical compositions, D. guineense, Nutrients, Pathogenic fungi
[1] AOAC (1995). Official Methods of Analysis (16th edition) Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Virginia, USA. 1018p.
[2] Ataga, A. E. and Akueshi, C.O. (1986). Fungi associated with sunflower seeds in Nigeria. Seed Research 1(24): 64 -65.
[3] Ataga, A.E. & Umechuruba, C.I. (1997). Biochemical changes in Africam Yam bean seeds caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae, Fusarium palidoreseum and Penicillium cxaliam. Global Journal of Pure and Applied Science 4(4): 381-384.
[4] Cherry, J. O. P. And Beuchat, L.R. (1975). Comparative studies of protein and amino acid changes in peanuts, infected with Neurospora sitophila and Rhixzopus oligosporus. Cereal Chemistry 53:750-761
[5] Dike, M. C. (2010) Proximate, phytochemical and nutrient compositions of some Fruits, Seeds and leaves of some Plant Species at Umudike, Nigeria. ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science. Vol. 5, no1, pp 7-16.
[6] Ikechi-Nwogu, C. and Nwaukwu, I. A. (2012). Fungi Pathogens Associated with Forest Friut Dialium quineense (Icheku) in Port Harcourt Metropolis. Scientia Africana, Vol.11 (No. 1), June 2012. Pp 107-113.
[7] ISTA (1976). International Seed Testing Association. International Rules for Seed Testing. Seed Science and Technology 4: 51-77.
[8] Klement, Z. K. and Voros, I. C., (1974) Methods in Pathology. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., Amsterdam, London. Pp. 220-288.
[9] Monday, N.A.G. and Ataga A.E. (2005). The Role of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Fusarium oxysporum on the nutritional composition and contents of cyperus esculentus L. (B.Sc Thesis)
[10] Ogundero, V. W. (1992). Hydrolysis of vegetable oils and triglycerides by thermotolerant and zoopathogenic species of Aspergillus from Nigeria Palm Produce. Mycopathogia, 77: 43-46.
[2] Ataga, A. E. and Akueshi, C.O. (1986). Fungi associated with sunflower seeds in Nigeria. Seed Research 1(24): 64 -65.
[3] Ataga, A.E. & Umechuruba, C.I. (1997). Biochemical changes in Africam Yam bean seeds caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae, Fusarium palidoreseum and Penicillium cxaliam. Global Journal of Pure and Applied Science 4(4): 381-384.
[4] Cherry, J. O. P. And Beuchat, L.R. (1975). Comparative studies of protein and amino acid changes in peanuts, infected with Neurospora sitophila and Rhixzopus oligosporus. Cereal Chemistry 53:750-761
[5] Dike, M. C. (2010) Proximate, phytochemical and nutrient compositions of some Fruits, Seeds and leaves of some Plant Species at Umudike, Nigeria. ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science. Vol. 5, no1, pp 7-16.
[6] Ikechi-Nwogu, C. and Nwaukwu, I. A. (2012). Fungi Pathogens Associated with Forest Friut Dialium quineense (Icheku) in Port Harcourt Metropolis. Scientia Africana, Vol.11 (No. 1), June 2012. Pp 107-113.
[7] ISTA (1976). International Seed Testing Association. International Rules for Seed Testing. Seed Science and Technology 4: 51-77.
[8] Klement, Z. K. and Voros, I. C., (1974) Methods in Pathology. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., Amsterdam, London. Pp. 220-288.
[9] Monday, N.A.G. and Ataga A.E. (2005). The Role of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Fusarium oxysporum on the nutritional composition and contents of cyperus esculentus L. (B.Sc Thesis)
[10] Ogundero, V. W. (1992). Hydrolysis of vegetable oils and triglycerides by thermotolerant and zoopathogenic species of Aspergillus from Nigeria Palm Produce. Mycopathogia, 77: 43-46.
- Citation
- Abstract
- Reference
- Full PDF
| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | The Bacteriological Status of Five Selected Street Vended Cooked Foods in Calabar, Nigeria |
| Country | : | Nigeria |
| Authors | : | Mbah .M ., Ogban .G. I., Konlack.G.D., USEH. M. F., Asuquo. A .E |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0242529 |
Abstract: Street vended cooked foods, an integral part of urban economy in the development world, have been implicated in the transmission food borne diseases. To assess the bacteriologic quality of street- vended foods, 260 samples of ready to eat foods such as rice (100), Garri (88), Yam (20) Beans (36) and fufu (16) were collected over a period of one month from 78 street vendors encountered in Watt market, Marian market and University of Calaba, all in Cross River State , Nigeriar. Inspection of food preparation and vending areas was also carried out with aim of determining their hygienic conditions. Standard methods were used to determine aerobic plate count (APC) as well as spore counts in the food samples. Significant colonies isolated from the highest dilution showing growth of all samples were characterized to genus level. About 132 isolates belonging to 5 genus recovered from aerobic plates count of 260 food samples. These included coliform bacteria 44 (33.4%) Staphylococcus. aureus 36 (27.3%), Bacillus cereus 28 (21.2%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 16 (12.1%) and Proteus mirabelis 8 (6.0%). There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the occurrences of Bacterial agents by sample location. The predominance of coliform bacteria as contaminants in street vended foods in this study implies that poor hygiene may be a significant problem during preparation and vending of such foods. The contamination of food is preventable, although prevention requires a number of control efforts along the food chain from production to consumption. Close observation through personal inspection of food vending areas, methods of food storage and other food vending facilities confirmed that food hygiene was highly compromised among the food vendors.
Key Words: Street vended cooked foods, Bacteriological status, Calabar, Nigeria
Key Words: Street vended cooked foods, Bacteriological status, Calabar, Nigeria
[1]. Van Ermengen, E. (1998). Ueber einen anaroben Bacillus und seine Beziehungen Zum Botullsmus. Z_Hyg. Infektlo.26, 1-86
[2]. Dawson, 0. R & Carneth, L.M. (1991). Human Nutrition in the Developing World. FAO publication and papers relating to street Foods.
[3]. Weber, J.T., Hibbs, R.G., Darwish, A., Mishu, B., Corwin, A.L., Rakha, C.L, Hatheway, S.E., Sharka'.vy, S.A. & El Rakha, M.F.S (1993). A massive outbreak of type E. boutilism associated with traditional salted fish in cairo. J_infect_Dis,, 167 451 - 454
[4]. Motermans, S. & Teunio, P. (1996). Quantitative Risk Analysis and production of microbiologically safe food: An Introduction. In MicrobioL 30, 3-7
[5]. Notermans, V. D., Rodhouse, M.J & Gilbert, R. J. (1990) DNA probes for detection of enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens strains isolated from outbreaks of food poisoning. ) DNA probes for detection of enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens strains isolated from outbreaks of food poisoning. J,_chid.MicrobjoL, 28, 131
[6]. Reiser, R.i., Conaway, D. & Bergdoll, M.S. (1974). Detection of Staphylucoccal enterotoxin in food, Appl.Microbial., 27, 83 - 85
[7]. Fadio, W.IM. & Jackson, H. (1989). Effect of tempering on the heat resistance of Listeria monocytogenes. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.. 9, 157-160
[8]. John P. Harley., Lansing. M Prescott (1993). Laboratory Exercises in microbiology, 2nd edi, 1CL 174 - 177
[9]. Lenne, E.H., Balow, A., Hansler, W.J. et al (1980): Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 3rd Ed. Pp 399 - 416, Wasthintong DC Am. Soc Microbiol.
[10]. Brown, C. (1993). Food Microbiology (2nd ed). London: Me Graw Hill.
[2]. Dawson, 0. R & Carneth, L.M. (1991). Human Nutrition in the Developing World. FAO publication and papers relating to street Foods.
[3]. Weber, J.T., Hibbs, R.G., Darwish, A., Mishu, B., Corwin, A.L., Rakha, C.L, Hatheway, S.E., Sharka'.vy, S.A. & El Rakha, M.F.S (1993). A massive outbreak of type E. boutilism associated with traditional salted fish in cairo. J_infect_Dis,, 167 451 - 454
[4]. Motermans, S. & Teunio, P. (1996). Quantitative Risk Analysis and production of microbiologically safe food: An Introduction. In MicrobioL 30, 3-7
[5]. Notermans, V. D., Rodhouse, M.J & Gilbert, R. J. (1990) DNA probes for detection of enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens strains isolated from outbreaks of food poisoning. ) DNA probes for detection of enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens strains isolated from outbreaks of food poisoning. J,_chid.MicrobjoL, 28, 131
[6]. Reiser, R.i., Conaway, D. & Bergdoll, M.S. (1974). Detection of Staphylucoccal enterotoxin in food, Appl.Microbial., 27, 83 - 85
[7]. Fadio, W.IM. & Jackson, H. (1989). Effect of tempering on the heat resistance of Listeria monocytogenes. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.. 9, 157-160
[8]. John P. Harley., Lansing. M Prescott (1993). Laboratory Exercises in microbiology, 2nd edi, 1CL 174 - 177
[9]. Lenne, E.H., Balow, A., Hansler, W.J. et al (1980): Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 3rd Ed. Pp 399 - 416, Wasthintong DC Am. Soc Microbiol.
[10]. Brown, C. (1993). Food Microbiology (2nd ed). London: Me Graw Hill.
- Citation
- Abstract
- Reference
- Full PDF
| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Synergistic effect of Plant Extracts Supplemented Diets on Immunity and Resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in Mystus keletius |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Mrs.S.Subeena Begum1 and Dr.P.S.Navaraj |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0243036 |
Abstract: The mixture of two plant extracts ( Solanum trilobatum and Ocimum sanctum) were extracted with 70% ethanol and screened for their antimicrobial activities against Aeromonas hydrophila, a bacterial pathogen. Using disk diffusion assays, equal proportions of plant mixture extract ( mixture of Solanum trilobatum, Ocimum sanctum in 1:1 proportion) were mixed thoroughly with the artificial feeds at concentrations of 0.0 (A), 3 (B), 30(C), 300(D) mg kg-1 of dry diet. The prepared diets were fed to healthy Mystus keletius for 60 days and then challenged with A. hydrophila. The hematological, biochemical and immunological parameters of fish were investigated at 20, 40 and 60 days of feeding and also on 10th day post-challenge in order to evaluate the immune response and resistance against A. hydrophila infection of fish. Results indicated that respiratory burst activity, serum bactericidal activity, lysozyme activity, serum protein, albumin, globulin, WBC, RBC and haemoglobin content were enhanced (p<0.05) in fish fed herbal diets compared to the control group. On 10 days post-challenge, the total survival rates were 38.09% in control group (A) and 72.15%, 80.95%, 85.71% in groups B, C, D respectively. Among different groups, D generally showed the best performance in the experiment. Further research is needed to isolate and characterize the active compounds from these plants. Keywords: Aeromonas hydrophila, Immune response, Solanum trilobatum, Ocimum sanctum, bactericidal activity, lysozyme activity, Mystus keletius
[1] Ardo, L., G. Yin, P. Xu, L. Varadi, G. Szigeti, Z. Jeney and G. Jeney, 2008. Chinese herbs (Astragalus membranaceus and Lonicera japonica) and boron enhance the non-specific immune response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila. Aquaculture, 275: 26-33.
[2] Chen, X., Z. Wu, J. Yin and L. Li, 2003. Effects of four species of herbs on immune function of Carassius auratus gibelio. J. Fish Sci. China, 10: 36-40.
[3] Choi, S.H., K.H. Park, T.J. Yoon, J.B. Kim, Y.S. Jang and C.H. Choe, 2008. Dietary Korean mistletoe enhances cellular non-specific immune responses and survival of Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica). Fish Shellfish Immunol., 24: 67-73.
[4] Citarasu, T., K. Venkatramalingam, M.M. Babu, R.R.J. Sekar and M. Petermarian, 2003. Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae. Aquac. Int., 11: 581-595.
[5] Citarasu, T., M.M. Babu, R.J.R. Sekar and P.M. Marian, 2002. Developing Artemia enriched herbal diet for producing quality larvae in Penaeus monodon, Fabricius. Asian Fish Sci., 15: 21-32.
[6] Farag, R.S., Z.Y. Dawz, F.M. Hewedi and G.S. El-Barotyl, 1989. Antimicrobial activity of some Egyptian Spice essential oils. J. Food Prot., 52: 665-667.
[7] Gopalakannan, A. and V. Arul, 2006. Immunomodulatory effects of dietary intake of chitin, chitosan and levamisole on the immune system of Cyprinus carpio and control of Aeromonas hydrophila infection in ponds. Aquaculture, 255: 179-187.
[8] Harikrishnan, R., R.M. Nisha and C. Balasundaram, 2003. Hematological and biochemical parameters in common carp, Cyprinus carpio, following herbal treatment for Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Aquaculture, 222: 41-50.
[9] Lowry, O.H., N.J. Rosebrough, A.L. Farr and R.J. Randall, 1951. Protein measurement with Folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem., 193: 265-275.
[10] Pachanawan, A., P. Phumkhachorn and P. Rattanachaikunsopon, 2008. Potential of Psidium guajava supplemented fish diets in controlling aeromonas hydrophila infection in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). J. Biosci. Bioeng., 106: 419-424.
[2] Chen, X., Z. Wu, J. Yin and L. Li, 2003. Effects of four species of herbs on immune function of Carassius auratus gibelio. J. Fish Sci. China, 10: 36-40.
[3] Choi, S.H., K.H. Park, T.J. Yoon, J.B. Kim, Y.S. Jang and C.H. Choe, 2008. Dietary Korean mistletoe enhances cellular non-specific immune responses and survival of Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica). Fish Shellfish Immunol., 24: 67-73.
[4] Citarasu, T., K. Venkatramalingam, M.M. Babu, R.R.J. Sekar and M. Petermarian, 2003. Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae. Aquac. Int., 11: 581-595.
[5] Citarasu, T., M.M. Babu, R.J.R. Sekar and P.M. Marian, 2002. Developing Artemia enriched herbal diet for producing quality larvae in Penaeus monodon, Fabricius. Asian Fish Sci., 15: 21-32.
[6] Farag, R.S., Z.Y. Dawz, F.M. Hewedi and G.S. El-Barotyl, 1989. Antimicrobial activity of some Egyptian Spice essential oils. J. Food Prot., 52: 665-667.
[7] Gopalakannan, A. and V. Arul, 2006. Immunomodulatory effects of dietary intake of chitin, chitosan and levamisole on the immune system of Cyprinus carpio and control of Aeromonas hydrophila infection in ponds. Aquaculture, 255: 179-187.
[8] Harikrishnan, R., R.M. Nisha and C. Balasundaram, 2003. Hematological and biochemical parameters in common carp, Cyprinus carpio, following herbal treatment for Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Aquaculture, 222: 41-50.
[9] Lowry, O.H., N.J. Rosebrough, A.L. Farr and R.J. Randall, 1951. Protein measurement with Folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem., 193: 265-275.
[10] Pachanawan, A., P. Phumkhachorn and P. Rattanachaikunsopon, 2008. Potential of Psidium guajava supplemented fish diets in controlling aeromonas hydrophila infection in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). J. Biosci. Bioeng., 106: 419-424.
- Citation
- Abstract
- Reference
- Full PDF
| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Low Level of Vitamin D Increased Dendritic Cell Maturation and Expression of Interferon-γ and Interleukin-4 in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus |
| Country | : | Indonesia |
| Authors | : | Kusworini Handono, Wira Daramatasia , Pratiwi , Sri Sunarti, Singgih Wahono, Handono Kalim |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0243743 |
Abstract: Vitamin D has been reported contribute to the regulation of immune responses by inhibiting DC maturation, T cell-dependent DC activation, reduce the secretion of Th1 and Th2 cytokines and induce the development of regulatory T cells. The aimed of this study to determine the association of vitamin D level with DC maturation, IFN-γ and IL-4 cytokine expression in Indonesian SLE patients.
Keywords: vitamin D, CD11c+/CD86/CD40/CD83, IFN-γ, IL-4, SLE
Keywords: vitamin D, CD11c+/CD86/CD40/CD83, IFN-γ, IL-4, SLE
[1] Shakra, M.A. Do improved survival rates of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus reflect a global trend?. J Rheumatol 2008; 35:1906-1908.
[2] Jianxin LU., Bonnie, K.W., Cheukchun, S. Up date on the role T cell subset in the pathogenesis of systemic Lupus Erythematous. J Chinese Clin Medic 2009; 4(7): 400-409.
[3] Handono, K. HLA klas II dan kerentanan genetik terhadap LES di Indonesia. Acta Med Ind 2001; 32:11-15.
[4] Toubi, E., and Y. Shoenfeld. The role of vitamin D in regulating immune responses. IMAJ 2010; 12:174-175.
[5] Costenbader, K.H., Feskanich, D., Garcia, E.B., Holmes, M., Karison, E.W. Vitamin D intake and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis in women. Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 67(4):530-535.
[6] Dusso, A.D., Brown, A.J., Slatopolsky, E. Vitamin D. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2005; 289:8-28.
[7] Cutolo, M. Vitamin D and autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Rheumatol 2009; 48:210-212.
[8] Ghoreishi, M., Bach, P., Obst, J., Komba, M., Fleet, J.C., Dutz, J.P. Expansion of antigen-specific regulatory T Cells with the topical vitamin D analog calcipotriol. J Immunol 2009; 182: 6071-6078.
[9] Rossi, M., and W.Y. James. Human dendritic cells: potent antigen-presenting cells at the crossroads to innate and adaptive immunity. J Immunol 2005; 175:1373-1381.
[10] Crispin, J.S., and J.A. Varela. The role myeloid dendritic cells play in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmunity reviews 2007; 6(7):450-456.
[2] Jianxin LU., Bonnie, K.W., Cheukchun, S. Up date on the role T cell subset in the pathogenesis of systemic Lupus Erythematous. J Chinese Clin Medic 2009; 4(7): 400-409.
[3] Handono, K. HLA klas II dan kerentanan genetik terhadap LES di Indonesia. Acta Med Ind 2001; 32:11-15.
[4] Toubi, E., and Y. Shoenfeld. The role of vitamin D in regulating immune responses. IMAJ 2010; 12:174-175.
[5] Costenbader, K.H., Feskanich, D., Garcia, E.B., Holmes, M., Karison, E.W. Vitamin D intake and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis in women. Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 67(4):530-535.
[6] Dusso, A.D., Brown, A.J., Slatopolsky, E. Vitamin D. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2005; 289:8-28.
[7] Cutolo, M. Vitamin D and autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Rheumatol 2009; 48:210-212.
[8] Ghoreishi, M., Bach, P., Obst, J., Komba, M., Fleet, J.C., Dutz, J.P. Expansion of antigen-specific regulatory T Cells with the topical vitamin D analog calcipotriol. J Immunol 2009; 182: 6071-6078.
[9] Rossi, M., and W.Y. James. Human dendritic cells: potent antigen-presenting cells at the crossroads to innate and adaptive immunity. J Immunol 2005; 175:1373-1381.
[10] Crispin, J.S., and J.A. Varela. The role myeloid dendritic cells play in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmunity reviews 2007; 6(7):450-456.
- Citation
- Abstract
- Reference
- Full PDF
| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Screening of CSDPs for AM Fungal Association from Arnala and Kalamb Beach Maharashtra |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Vishal R. Kamble, Bazegah K. Sayed and Nazia Qureshi |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0244447 |
Abstrtact: Fourteen coastal sand dune plants (CSDPs) belonging to nine families were screened for AM fungal association from Arnala and Kalamb beach which are disturbed by over increased anthropogenic activities. In present work the major mat-forming creeper, Ipomoea pes-caprae has showed association of five AM fungal species. It is also confirmed that, the plant members belonging to Asteraceae and Poaceae are dominant in tropical sand dunes.
Keywords: AM fungi, Coastal sand dune plants- CSDPs
Keywords: AM fungi, Coastal sand dune plants- CSDPs
[1] D.S. Ranwell, The Ecology of Salt Marshes and Sand Dunes, (Chapman and Hall, London, 1972).
[2] G.R. Safir, Ecophysiology of VA Mycorrhizal Plants. (CRC Press : Boca Raton, U.S.A., 1987).
[3] I. Louis, A mycorrhizal survey of plant species colonizing coastal reclaimed land in Singapore, Mycologia, 82: 1990, 772-778.
[4] J. M. Phillips, and D. S. Hayman, Improved procedure for clearing roots and staining parasitic and vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for rapid assessment of infection, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc., 55: 1970, 158 – 161.
[5] J. Skujins and M.F. Allen, Use of mycorrhizae for land rehabilitation, Mircen Journal 2: 1986, 161-176.
[6] J.C. Sutton and B.R. Sheppard, Aggregation of sand dune soil by endomycorrhizal fungi, Canadian Journal of Botany 54: 1976, 326-333.
[7] J.M. Trappe and R. Fogel, Ecosytematic functions of mycorrhizae, in J.K. Marshell (Ed.), The below ground ecosystems, (Range Science Dept. Science series, Fort Collins Colorado State University, Co. 1977), 205 – 214.
[8] J.W. Gerdemann, and T. H. Nicolson, Spores of mycorrhizal Endogone extracted from sand by wet sieving and decanting. Trans Br Mycol Soc 46: 1963, 235-244.
[9] K.R. Beena, A.B. Arun, N.S. Raviraja and K.R. Sridhar, Association of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi with plants of coastal sand dunes of west coast of India. Tropical Ecology, 42(2): 2001, 213-222.
[10] K.R. Beena, N.S. Raviraja and K.R. Sridhar. Association of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi with Launaea sarmentosa on maritime sand dunes of west coast of India. Kavaka 25: 1997, 53-60.
[2] G.R. Safir, Ecophysiology of VA Mycorrhizal Plants. (CRC Press : Boca Raton, U.S.A., 1987).
[3] I. Louis, A mycorrhizal survey of plant species colonizing coastal reclaimed land in Singapore, Mycologia, 82: 1990, 772-778.
[4] J. M. Phillips, and D. S. Hayman, Improved procedure for clearing roots and staining parasitic and vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for rapid assessment of infection, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc., 55: 1970, 158 – 161.
[5] J. Skujins and M.F. Allen, Use of mycorrhizae for land rehabilitation, Mircen Journal 2: 1986, 161-176.
[6] J.C. Sutton and B.R. Sheppard, Aggregation of sand dune soil by endomycorrhizal fungi, Canadian Journal of Botany 54: 1976, 326-333.
[7] J.M. Trappe and R. Fogel, Ecosytematic functions of mycorrhizae, in J.K. Marshell (Ed.), The below ground ecosystems, (Range Science Dept. Science series, Fort Collins Colorado State University, Co. 1977), 205 – 214.
[8] J.W. Gerdemann, and T. H. Nicolson, Spores of mycorrhizal Endogone extracted from sand by wet sieving and decanting. Trans Br Mycol Soc 46: 1963, 235-244.
[9] K.R. Beena, A.B. Arun, N.S. Raviraja and K.R. Sridhar, Association of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi with plants of coastal sand dunes of west coast of India. Tropical Ecology, 42(2): 2001, 213-222.
[10] K.R. Beena, N.S. Raviraja and K.R. Sridhar. Association of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi with Launaea sarmentosa on maritime sand dunes of west coast of India. Kavaka 25: 1997, 53-60.