Volume-2 ~ Issue-6
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Abstract: To extracting and purifying the essential oil containing terpenes from dried seeds of nutmeg Myristica fragrans available in Iraqi markets. Male albino mice (n= 44), with average weight (25-28 g) of about six weeks old The study also employed an in vivo evaluation of the hepatotoxic effect of essential oil in male albino mice at different concentrations ( 500 and 1000 mg / kg) given orally for 7 days including biochemical functions serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT),serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum alkaline phosphatase (SALP) as parameters of liver function tests and serum total bilirubin (TSB). At day 8 the animal was sacrificed and the liver is weighed and kept in 10% formalin for preparation of histopathological sections. The serum was isolated from the blood for the biochemical tests. Statistical results showed the absence of any significant changes on body weight and liver weight of nutmeg treated mice. However nutmeg treated mice showed statistically significant alteration in the biochemical indicators of liver function including significant elevation in SAST, SALT, SALP and TSB in a dose dependent manner. The nutmeg essential oil carries a marked specific potential toxicity to the liver parenchyma, this is very important to be considered for further experimental and clinical studies.
Key words: Myristica fragrans, essential oil , Hepatotoxic, hepatic necrosis
Key words: Myristica fragrans, essential oil , Hepatotoxic, hepatic necrosis
[1] D.G. Barceloux D.G.Medical Toxicology of Natural Substances: foods, fungi, medicinal herbs, plants, and venomous animals. (U.S.A. John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2008).
[2] J.Brent, K.L.Wallace, K.K.Burkhat, S.D.Phillips and J.W.Donavan. (2004). Critical Care Toxicology: diagnosis and management of the critically poisoned patient. ELSEVIER MOSBY. 2004.;1305-
[3] Y. Masada, Y.Application of Gas-Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry to the Identification of Essential Oils. (New York, Plenum Press, John Wiley and Sons. 1976).
[4] Y.S. Lewis .Nutmeg and mace. In: Spices and Herbs for the Food Industry. (England, Food Trade Press. 1984).
[5] K.T. Farrell. (1985). Spices, Condiments, and Seasonings. (Westport: AVI Publishing Co. 1985).
[6] P.M.Jenner, E.C.Hagan, J.M. Taylor, E.L. Cook and O.G. Fitzhugh. (1964). Food flavoring and compounds of related structure. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 2 1964. 327-43.
[7] National Technical Information Service. GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) Food Ingredients - Oil of Nutmeg and Myristica Oil. Food and Drug Research Labs, Inc. 1972.
[8] National Technical Information Service.Mutagenic Evaluation of Compound FDA 71-28, Oil of Nutmeg, Litton Bionetics, Inc . 1974.
[9] J.A. McCord and L.P. Jervey. Nutmeg (myristicin) poisoning: a case report. J. S. Carolina Med. Assoc. 58: 1962. 436-439.
[10] J.B.Harborne. Phytochemical Methods: a guide to modern techniques of plant analysis.(UK.Chapman and hall. 1998)
[2] J.Brent, K.L.Wallace, K.K.Burkhat, S.D.Phillips and J.W.Donavan. (2004). Critical Care Toxicology: diagnosis and management of the critically poisoned patient. ELSEVIER MOSBY. 2004.;1305-
[3] Y. Masada, Y.Application of Gas-Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry to the Identification of Essential Oils. (New York, Plenum Press, John Wiley and Sons. 1976).
[4] Y.S. Lewis .Nutmeg and mace. In: Spices and Herbs for the Food Industry. (England, Food Trade Press. 1984).
[5] K.T. Farrell. (1985). Spices, Condiments, and Seasonings. (Westport: AVI Publishing Co. 1985).
[6] P.M.Jenner, E.C.Hagan, J.M. Taylor, E.L. Cook and O.G. Fitzhugh. (1964). Food flavoring and compounds of related structure. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 2 1964. 327-43.
[7] National Technical Information Service. GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) Food Ingredients - Oil of Nutmeg and Myristica Oil. Food and Drug Research Labs, Inc. 1972.
[8] National Technical Information Service.Mutagenic Evaluation of Compound FDA 71-28, Oil of Nutmeg, Litton Bionetics, Inc . 1974.
[9] J.A. McCord and L.P. Jervey. Nutmeg (myristicin) poisoning: a case report. J. S. Carolina Med. Assoc. 58: 1962. 436-439.
[10] J.B.Harborne. Phytochemical Methods: a guide to modern techniques of plant analysis.(UK.Chapman and hall. 1998)
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Sensitivity Comparison of Nested RT-PCR with Immunofluorescence for Diagnosis of Rabies |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | K Bansal, C K Singh, M Dandale, B S Sandhu, N K Sood |
 |
: | 10.9790/3008-0260911  |
Abstract : In the present study sensitivity of diagnosis of rabies with Nested RT-PCR was compared with Immunofluorescence on 20 brain samples. RNA extraction was done using Qiazol method. Synthesis of cDNA was done using rabies specific primers. Nested set of primers were used to amplify highly conserved 762bp nucleoprotein gene region. Nested RT-PCR was able to diagnose rabies viral RNA in 12 out of 13 Immunofluorescence positive cases. Sensitivity of Nested RT-PCR was found to be 92.31% when compared with Immunofluorescence. Thus, the present study concluded that Nested RT-PCR can be served as an additional tool for confirmatory diagnosis of rabies
Keywords: Brain, Diagnosis, Immunofluorescence, Nested RT-PCR, Rabies, Sensitivity
Keywords: Brain, Diagnosis, Immunofluorescence, Nested RT-PCR, Rabies, Sensitivity
[1] T. Nagarajan, S. B. Nagendrakumar, B. Mohannasubramanian, S. Rajalakshmi, N. R. Hanumantha, R. Ramya, D. Thiagarajan and V. A. Srinivasan, Phylogenetic analysis of nucleoprotein gene of dog rabies virus isolates from Southern India, Infectious Gene Evolution, 9, 2009, 976–982.
[2] A. I. Wandeler, S. A. Nadin-Davis, R. R. Tinline and C. E. Rupprecht, Rabies epidemiology: some ecological and evolutionary perspectives, Current Topics Microbiology Immunology, 187, 1994, 297–324.
[3] F. Cliquet, J. P. Gurbuxani, H. K. Pradhan, B. Pattnaik, S. S. Patil, A. Regnault, H. Begouen, A. L. Guiot, R. Sood, P. Mahl, R. Singh, F. X. Meslin, E. Picard, M F A Aubert and J. Barrat, The safety and efficacy of the oral rabies vaccineSAG2 in Indian stray dogs, Vaccine, 25, 2007, 3409–3418.
[4] D. J. Dean and M. K. Abelseth, Fluorescent antibody tests (3rd Ed.) Laboratory Techniques in Rabies, (WHO, Geneva, 1973) 73-84.
[5] N. Tordo, D. Sacramento and H. Bourhy, The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique for diagnosis, typing and epidemiological studies of rabies (In: Meslin, 1995).
[6] A. Kaw, C. K. Singh, B. S. Sandhu, N. K. Sood, Ramneek, D. Deka and S. Awahan, Diagnosis of rabies in animals by Nested RT-PCR, Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 81(4), 2011, 367-369.
[7] S. A. Nadin-Davis, Polymerase chain reaction protocols for rabies virus discrimination. Journal of Virological Methods, 75, 1998, 1-8.
[8] T. Nagaraj, P. V. Joel, A. Desai, A. Kamat, S. N. Madhusudana and V. Ravi. Ante mortem diagnosis of human rabies using saliva samples: Comparison of real time and conventional RT-PCR techniques, Journal of Clinical Virology, 36, 2006, 17–23.
[9] L. E. Smith, C. Foster, M. Hitchcock, G. Leiserowitz, K. Hall, R. Isseroff, N. Christensen and J. Kreider. Titration of HPV-11 infectivity and antibody neutralisation can be measured in vitro, J. Invest. Dermatol, 105, 1995, 438–444.
[10] A. C. Hanlon, S. J. Smith and R. G. Anderson. Article II: Laboratory diagnosis of rabies, Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association, 215, 1999, 1444-1447.
[2] A. I. Wandeler, S. A. Nadin-Davis, R. R. Tinline and C. E. Rupprecht, Rabies epidemiology: some ecological and evolutionary perspectives, Current Topics Microbiology Immunology, 187, 1994, 297–324.
[3] F. Cliquet, J. P. Gurbuxani, H. K. Pradhan, B. Pattnaik, S. S. Patil, A. Regnault, H. Begouen, A. L. Guiot, R. Sood, P. Mahl, R. Singh, F. X. Meslin, E. Picard, M F A Aubert and J. Barrat, The safety and efficacy of the oral rabies vaccineSAG2 in Indian stray dogs, Vaccine, 25, 2007, 3409–3418.
[4] D. J. Dean and M. K. Abelseth, Fluorescent antibody tests (3rd Ed.) Laboratory Techniques in Rabies, (WHO, Geneva, 1973) 73-84.
[5] N. Tordo, D. Sacramento and H. Bourhy, The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique for diagnosis, typing and epidemiological studies of rabies (In: Meslin, 1995).
[6] A. Kaw, C. K. Singh, B. S. Sandhu, N. K. Sood, Ramneek, D. Deka and S. Awahan, Diagnosis of rabies in animals by Nested RT-PCR, Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 81(4), 2011, 367-369.
[7] S. A. Nadin-Davis, Polymerase chain reaction protocols for rabies virus discrimination. Journal of Virological Methods, 75, 1998, 1-8.
[8] T. Nagaraj, P. V. Joel, A. Desai, A. Kamat, S. N. Madhusudana and V. Ravi. Ante mortem diagnosis of human rabies using saliva samples: Comparison of real time and conventional RT-PCR techniques, Journal of Clinical Virology, 36, 2006, 17–23.
[9] L. E. Smith, C. Foster, M. Hitchcock, G. Leiserowitz, K. Hall, R. Isseroff, N. Christensen and J. Kreider. Titration of HPV-11 infectivity and antibody neutralisation can be measured in vitro, J. Invest. Dermatol, 105, 1995, 438–444.
[10] A. C. Hanlon, S. J. Smith and R. G. Anderson. Article II: Laboratory diagnosis of rabies, Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association, 215, 1999, 1444-1447.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Clinicoparasitological Study of Acute Severe Malaria in Children |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Tusti Ganguly, Asok Kumar Datta, Syamali Mandal, Pradip Kumar Das |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0261221 |
Abstract :Malaria is a major disease in India and other Asian Countries next to Africa. Depending on the endemicity the incidence of malaria and its attack in pediatric population varies. The micro epedemiology of malaria is important. Situation of emergence of drug resistance in malaria is also alarming. There are reports of cases from new areas hitherto free from malaria and the change in the trend of the complications. Awareness of the relative prevalence of different complications in a particular geographic area could greatly facilitate the approach towards early diagnosis and prompt treatment. The study is conducted in Bankura Sammilani Medical College, Bankura, West Bengal. Total number of confirmed cases of malaria (n=112) was taken from June.2010 to May 2011. The diagnosis was based on Clinical, Malaria antigen test and parasitological study. Among them severe malaria cases were selected based on the WHO criteria 2000 for severe malaria. Study done in relation to incidence , clinical features , complications and mortality of severe cases and compared those with non severe malaria cases. The mean age is about 6 years, 6.3% of cases occur in infancy, severe malaria in infancy is a dreaded complication. Male had higher frequency. Majority of severe malaria cases are due to p.falciparum. Commonest complication is cerebral malaria.
Key words: Antigen , Complication, Falciparum, Malaria, Parasite
Key words: Antigen , Complication, Falciparum, Malaria, Parasite
[1] WHO SE Asia. Implementation of collaborative activities on Roll back Malaria in SE Asia region. June, 2000 New Delhi 1-21.
[2] World Health Organization Severe falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2000;94(suppl 1):S1–S90.[PubMed]
[3] A global strategy for malaria control. Switzerland : WHO 1993
[4] World Health Organization Severe and complicated malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1990;84(suppl 2):S1–S65.
[5] World Health Organization Severe falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2000;94(suppl 1):S1–S90.[PubMed]
[6] Neeru Singh, S.K. Chand, A.K. Mishra, Praveen K. Bharti, M. P. Singh, T. P. Ahluwalia. Epidemiology of Malaria in an Area of Low Transmission in Central India. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 75(5), 2006, pp. 812–816
[7] S.N. Huda, T. Shahab, S.M. Ali, K. Afzal and H.M. Khan . A comparative Clinical Trial of Artemether and Quinine in Children With Severe Malaria. Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, AMU, Aligarh, U.P., India. Indian Pediatrics 2003; 40:939-945
[8] Kevin Marsh, Dayo Forster, Catherine Waruiru, Isiah Mwangi, Maria Winstanley,Victoria Marsh, Charles Newton, Peter Winstanley, Peter Warne, Norbert Peshu, Geoffrey Pasvol, Robert Snow Indicators of Life-threatening Malaria in African Children. N Engl J Med 1995; 332:1399-1404 May 25, 1995
[9] Arnaud Dzeing-Ella, Pascal C Nze Obiang, Rose Tchoua, Timothy Planche, Béatrice Mboza, Monique Mbounja, Ulrich Muller-Roemer, Joseph Jarvis, Eric Kendjo, Edouard Ngou-Milama, Peter G Kremsner, Sanjeev Krishna and Maryvonne Kombila. Severe falciparum malaria in Gabonese children: clinical and laboratory features. Malaria Journal 2005, 4:1 doi:10.1186/1475-2875-4-1
[10] George Peter, Alexander Lobo Manuel , Shetty Anil. Study comparing the clinical profile of complicated cases of Plasmodium falciparum malaria among adults and children. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease (2011)35-37
[2] World Health Organization Severe falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2000;94(suppl 1):S1–S90.[PubMed]
[3] A global strategy for malaria control. Switzerland : WHO 1993
[4] World Health Organization Severe and complicated malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1990;84(suppl 2):S1–S65.
[5] World Health Organization Severe falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2000;94(suppl 1):S1–S90.[PubMed]
[6] Neeru Singh, S.K. Chand, A.K. Mishra, Praveen K. Bharti, M. P. Singh, T. P. Ahluwalia. Epidemiology of Malaria in an Area of Low Transmission in Central India. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 75(5), 2006, pp. 812–816
[7] S.N. Huda, T. Shahab, S.M. Ali, K. Afzal and H.M. Khan . A comparative Clinical Trial of Artemether and Quinine in Children With Severe Malaria. Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, AMU, Aligarh, U.P., India. Indian Pediatrics 2003; 40:939-945
[8] Kevin Marsh, Dayo Forster, Catherine Waruiru, Isiah Mwangi, Maria Winstanley,Victoria Marsh, Charles Newton, Peter Winstanley, Peter Warne, Norbert Peshu, Geoffrey Pasvol, Robert Snow Indicators of Life-threatening Malaria in African Children. N Engl J Med 1995; 332:1399-1404 May 25, 1995
[9] Arnaud Dzeing-Ella, Pascal C Nze Obiang, Rose Tchoua, Timothy Planche, Béatrice Mboza, Monique Mbounja, Ulrich Muller-Roemer, Joseph Jarvis, Eric Kendjo, Edouard Ngou-Milama, Peter G Kremsner, Sanjeev Krishna and Maryvonne Kombila. Severe falciparum malaria in Gabonese children: clinical and laboratory features. Malaria Journal 2005, 4:1 doi:10.1186/1475-2875-4-1
[10] George Peter, Alexander Lobo Manuel , Shetty Anil. Study comparing the clinical profile of complicated cases of Plasmodium falciparum malaria among adults and children. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease (2011)35-37
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | To Prepare Oil Containing Vitex Negundo Extract Obtained Through Different Organic Solvents And Evaluate Its Anti-Inflammatory Activitiy By Topical Application. |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Killol S Chokshi, Jaimin S Suthar, Divyesh B Ladola, Pratha K Patel, Anupsinh J Solanki, Aditya J Purohit, Gaurav V Moradiya, Sandeep B Patel , Dhagla R Chaudhary, Kashyap K Bhatt & Dilip Jani |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0262224 |
Abstract : Vitex negundo has been used in massage oil as well as in traditional ayurveda as a potent pain reliever. The traditional Method of obtaining oil is simply based on taking water as the medium for extraction. The water extract obtained is then boiled with oil,till the water is completely evaporated. Here our aim is to replace water by different organic solvents and obtain oil which has much better efficacy than the traditionally extracted oil. The idea here is to obtain more efficacious oil than the marketed sample which is majorly extracted using water as solvent.Here the different organic solvents used are methanol, ethanol, petroleum ether and chloroform.The oil obtained was checked for its anti-inflammatory activity with the carrageenan induced rat paw edema. The prepared oil was compared with the marketed sample of mahanarayan oil. The methanolic extract has showed to be having high extract yield in literature.
Keywords: Carrageenan; Anti-inflammatory; Topical application; Oedema ; Potency.
Keywords: Carrageenan; Anti-inflammatory; Topical application; Oedema ; Potency.
[1] Vishal R Tandon , Medicinal uses and biological activities of vitex negundo. Review article Vol 4/3 May 2005 (162-165).
[2] Telang RS, Chatterjee S, Varshneya C. Studies on analgesic and anti‐inflammatory activities of Vitex negundo Linn. Indian Journal Pharmacol.1999; 31: (363–6).
[3] Jana U, Chattopadhyay RN, Shaw BP. Preliminary studies on anti‐inflammatory activity of Zingiber officinale Rose, Vitex negundo Linn and Tinospora Cordifolia (willd) miers in albino rats. Indian J Pharmacol. 1999; 31: 232–3.
[4] Kirtikar KR, Basu B.D. Indian Medicinal Plants. Vol. I, 2nd ed., Oriental Enterprises, Dehradun, India, 2000.
[5] Wealth of India: A dictionary of Indian Raw materials and industrial products. (Revised), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Publication, New Delhi, 1999.
[6] Chokshi KS et al., To Prepare a Poly Herbal Formulation Containing Pluchea lanceolata and Vitex negundo and Evaluate its Anti-Inflammatory Activity by Topical Application. American Journal of PharmTech Research 2012. ISSN 2249-3387.Vol 2,Issue 3,2012.
[7] Buch M, Emery P. The aetiology and pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Hosp Pharm 2002; 9: 5–10.
[8] Katz L, Piliero SJ. A study of adjuvant induced poly arthritis in the rat with special reference to associated immunological phenomena. Ann. New York Aca. Sci. 1969; 147: 515–36.
[9] Surendra Kr Sharma*and Naveen Goyal Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, India.ISN 0976-1233.Annals of Biological Research,2011,2(3);25-34.
[10] William KSX , Bendito JM , Clarissa SL, Qt.al.,Topical anti-inflammatory action of Caryocar villosum Oil (Aubl) Pers.Journal of Applied Pharmacuetical Science 01(03);2011:62-67
[2] Telang RS, Chatterjee S, Varshneya C. Studies on analgesic and anti‐inflammatory activities of Vitex negundo Linn. Indian Journal Pharmacol.1999; 31: (363–6).
[3] Jana U, Chattopadhyay RN, Shaw BP. Preliminary studies on anti‐inflammatory activity of Zingiber officinale Rose, Vitex negundo Linn and Tinospora Cordifolia (willd) miers in albino rats. Indian J Pharmacol. 1999; 31: 232–3.
[4] Kirtikar KR, Basu B.D. Indian Medicinal Plants. Vol. I, 2nd ed., Oriental Enterprises, Dehradun, India, 2000.
[5] Wealth of India: A dictionary of Indian Raw materials and industrial products. (Revised), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Publication, New Delhi, 1999.
[6] Chokshi KS et al., To Prepare a Poly Herbal Formulation Containing Pluchea lanceolata and Vitex negundo and Evaluate its Anti-Inflammatory Activity by Topical Application. American Journal of PharmTech Research 2012. ISSN 2249-3387.Vol 2,Issue 3,2012.
[7] Buch M, Emery P. The aetiology and pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Hosp Pharm 2002; 9: 5–10.
[8] Katz L, Piliero SJ. A study of adjuvant induced poly arthritis in the rat with special reference to associated immunological phenomena. Ann. New York Aca. Sci. 1969; 147: 515–36.
[9] Surendra Kr Sharma*and Naveen Goyal Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, India.ISN 0976-1233.Annals of Biological Research,2011,2(3);25-34.
[10] William KSX , Bendito JM , Clarissa SL, Qt.al.,Topical anti-inflammatory action of Caryocar villosum Oil (Aubl) Pers.Journal of Applied Pharmacuetical Science 01(03);2011:62-67
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Insect Growth Regulating Activity of Phytochemical (+)-O-Methylarmepavine, Against the Stored Pulse Pest Callosobruchus Chinensis |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Anand Konkala, Sabita Raja.S , Amarjit Kaur |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0262529 |
Abstract : Topical application of (+)-O-Methylarmepavine isolated from the leaves of Annona squamosa caused inhibition of growth and development of fifth instar larvae of red gram beetle Callosobruchus chinensis. There was production of larval-pupal intermediates and pupal-adult intermediates and adults with various ovarian abnormalities.
Key words: Phytochemical, (+)-O-Methylarmepavine, Stored grain pest, Insect Growth regulator.
Key words: Phytochemical, (+)-O-Methylarmepavine, Stored grain pest, Insect Growth regulator.
[1] Cespeded, C.L, Caledrin,J.S., Lina.L, Arana.E,(2000). Growth inhibitory effects on fall army worm Spodoptera frugiperda of some limonoids isolated from Cedrella Spp.(Meliacea) .J.Agric. Food .Chem. 48 : 1903 – 1908.
[2] Dwivedi, S.C and Pareek. P. (2006) . Toxicity of plant extracts against larvae of Rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica. Pestology 30 (9) 27-31.
[3] Feeny.P, (1992) : The evolution of chemical ecology : contributions from the study of herbivorous insects. In : Herbivores : their interactions with plant metabolites. Vol.2. Ed by Rosenthal, G.A. and Berenbanm, M.R. pp. 1 – 44, Academic press.
[4] Homson .L.J and Hoffmann A.A (2007). Ecologically sustainable chemical recommendations for agricultural pest control. J. Econ . Entomol. 100 (6) : 1741 -50.
[5] Isman M.B. (1994) Botanical insecticides and antifeedants new sources and pesticide Research Journal, 6 : 11 – 19.
[6] Jbilou,R., A.Ennabili and F.Sayah, (2006) - Insecticidal activity of four medicinal plant extracts against Tribolium castaneum ( Herbst ) ( Coleoptera : Tenebrinoidae ). Afr.J.Biotechnol., 5 : 936 – 940.
[7] Jeyabalan D, Arul N, Thangamathi P (2003). Studies on effects of Pelargonium citrosa leaf extracts on malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston. Bioresour. Technol. 89: 185-189.
[8] Patel, U.G and Patel J.R. (1997 ) Ovicidal effect of botanical alone and incombination with synthetic insecticides on eggs of Helicoverpa armigera : Indian J. Ent., 59 (3) : 326-329.
[9] Raja, S.S., Amarjit Kaur and Thakur, S.S (1987) : Juvenomimetic effects of Solasodine on Chilo partellus. Current. Science, Vol. 56 (17) : 913 – 915.
[10] Subramanyam, Bh., Hagstrum, D., (1995) Resistance measurement and Management : In : Subramanyam, Bh., Hagstrum, D ( Eds ) , Integrated Management of Insects in stored products. Marcel Dekker, Inc., Newyork,
pp : 331–398.
[2] Dwivedi, S.C and Pareek. P. (2006) . Toxicity of plant extracts against larvae of Rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica. Pestology 30 (9) 27-31.
[3] Feeny.P, (1992) : The evolution of chemical ecology : contributions from the study of herbivorous insects. In : Herbivores : their interactions with plant metabolites. Vol.2. Ed by Rosenthal, G.A. and Berenbanm, M.R. pp. 1 – 44, Academic press.
[4] Homson .L.J and Hoffmann A.A (2007). Ecologically sustainable chemical recommendations for agricultural pest control. J. Econ . Entomol. 100 (6) : 1741 -50.
[5] Isman M.B. (1994) Botanical insecticides and antifeedants new sources and pesticide Research Journal, 6 : 11 – 19.
[6] Jbilou,R., A.Ennabili and F.Sayah, (2006) - Insecticidal activity of four medicinal plant extracts against Tribolium castaneum ( Herbst ) ( Coleoptera : Tenebrinoidae ). Afr.J.Biotechnol., 5 : 936 – 940.
[7] Jeyabalan D, Arul N, Thangamathi P (2003). Studies on effects of Pelargonium citrosa leaf extracts on malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston. Bioresour. Technol. 89: 185-189.
[8] Patel, U.G and Patel J.R. (1997 ) Ovicidal effect of botanical alone and incombination with synthetic insecticides on eggs of Helicoverpa armigera : Indian J. Ent., 59 (3) : 326-329.
[9] Raja, S.S., Amarjit Kaur and Thakur, S.S (1987) : Juvenomimetic effects of Solasodine on Chilo partellus. Current. Science, Vol. 56 (17) : 913 – 915.
[10] Subramanyam, Bh., Hagstrum, D., (1995) Resistance measurement and Management : In : Subramanyam, Bh., Hagstrum, D ( Eds ) , Integrated Management of Insects in stored products. Marcel Dekker, Inc., Newyork,
pp : 331–398.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Evaluation of New Tetra Substituted Pyrazolines for Their Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity; Structure-Activity Relationship |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | M. Govindaraju, G. Vasanth Kumar, G. Pavithra, M.A. Harish Nayaka, B.N. Mylarappa, K. Ajay Kumar |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0263032 |
Abstract :A series of synthesized new 8-[5-aryl-4-octyl-2-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]-octanoic acid
ethyl esters 1 were evaluated in vitro for their antibacterial and antifungal activity against different organisms.
The compounds were tested for their antioxidant activity and their reducing power ability. The structure-activity
relationship of the compounds was described.
Key words: Antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, pyrazolines, reducing power.
Key words: Antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, pyrazolines, reducing power.
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antibacterial activities of new substituted bis(1,3,4-oxadiazoles), 3,5-bis(substituted) pyrazoles and isoxazoles", Bioorg. and Med.
Chem. Letters, 21(12), 2011, 3536-3540.
[2] Vijay V. Dabholkar, Faisal Y. Ansari, "Synthesis and characterization of selected fused isoxazole and pyrazole derivatives and their
antimicrobial activity", J. Serb. Chem. Soc., 74(11), 2009, 1219-1228.
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trisubstituted pyrazoles carrying 5-nitrothiophene moiety via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of sydnones with acetylenic ketones and
their antimicrobial evaluation", Eur. J. of Med. Chem., 43, 2008, 1715-1720.
[4] Ahmad M Farag, Abdelrahman S Mayhoub, Saber E Barakat, Ashraf H Bayomi, "Synthesis of new N-phenylpyrazole derivatives
with potent antimicrobial activity", Bioorg. and Med. Chem., 16(8), 2008, 4569-4578.
[5] P.E. Almeida da Silva, D.F. Ramos, H.G. Bonacorso, A.I. de la Iglesia, Marli R. Oliveira, Tatiane Coelho, Jussara Mavarini, Hector
R. Morbidoni, Nilo Zanatta, Marcos A.P. Martins, "Synthesis and in vitro antimycobacterial activity of 3 -substituted 5-hydroxy-5-
trifluoro[chloro]methyl-4-5-dihydro-1H-(isonicotinoyl) pyrazoles", Int. J. of Antimicrobial Agents, 32(2), 2008, 139-144.
[6] V. Spitzer, "Structure analysis of fatty acids by gas chromatography-low resolution electron impact mass spectrometry of their 4,4-
dimethyloxazoline derivatives-a review", Prog. Lipid Res., 35, 1997, 387-408.
[7] K.B. Umesha, K.M.L. Rai, M.A. Harish Nayaka, "Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of 5-methyl-2-(5-methyl-1,3-diphenyl-
1H-pyrazole-4-carbonyl)-2,4-dihydro-pyrazol-3-one", Int. J. of Biomed. Sci., 5(4), 2009, 359-368.
[8] B. Jayashankara, K.M. Lokanatha Rai, "Synthesis and antimicrobial studies of new series of pyrazoline bearing bis heterocycles via
1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions", E-Journal of Chemistry, 5(2), 2008, 309-315.
[9] T. Karibasanagouda, Airody Vasudeva Adhikari, M. Girisha, "Synthesis of some new pyrazolines and isoxazoles carrying 4-
methylthiophenyl moiety as potential analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents", Indian J. of Chem., 48B, 2009, 430-437.
[10] M. Govindaraju, G. Vasantha Kumar, K. Ajay Kumar, "Synthesis of 8-(5-Aryl-4-octyl-2-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-
octanoic acid ethyl esters Via 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition reaction", IOSR J. of Applied Chem,, 2012, (Communicated).
antibacterial activities of new substituted bis(1,3,4-oxadiazoles), 3,5-bis(substituted) pyrazoles and isoxazoles", Bioorg. and Med.
Chem. Letters, 21(12), 2011, 3536-3540.
[2] Vijay V. Dabholkar, Faisal Y. Ansari, "Synthesis and characterization of selected fused isoxazole and pyrazole derivatives and their
antimicrobial activity", J. Serb. Chem. Soc., 74(11), 2009, 1219-1228.
[3] N. Satheesha Rai, Balakrishna Kalluraya, B. Lingappa, Shaliny Shenoy, Vedavathi G Puranic, "Convenient access to 1,3,4-
trisubstituted pyrazoles carrying 5-nitrothiophene moiety via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of sydnones with acetylenic ketones and
their antimicrobial evaluation", Eur. J. of Med. Chem., 43, 2008, 1715-1720.
[4] Ahmad M Farag, Abdelrahman S Mayhoub, Saber E Barakat, Ashraf H Bayomi, "Synthesis of new N-phenylpyrazole derivatives
with potent antimicrobial activity", Bioorg. and Med. Chem., 16(8), 2008, 4569-4578.
[5] P.E. Almeida da Silva, D.F. Ramos, H.G. Bonacorso, A.I. de la Iglesia, Marli R. Oliveira, Tatiane Coelho, Jussara Mavarini, Hector
R. Morbidoni, Nilo Zanatta, Marcos A.P. Martins, "Synthesis and in vitro antimycobacterial activity of 3 -substituted 5-hydroxy-5-
trifluoro[chloro]methyl-4-5-dihydro-1H-(isonicotinoyl) pyrazoles", Int. J. of Antimicrobial Agents, 32(2), 2008, 139-144.
[6] V. Spitzer, "Structure analysis of fatty acids by gas chromatography-low resolution electron impact mass spectrometry of their 4,4-
dimethyloxazoline derivatives-a review", Prog. Lipid Res., 35, 1997, 387-408.
[7] K.B. Umesha, K.M.L. Rai, M.A. Harish Nayaka, "Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of 5-methyl-2-(5-methyl-1,3-diphenyl-
1H-pyrazole-4-carbonyl)-2,4-dihydro-pyrazol-3-one", Int. J. of Biomed. Sci., 5(4), 2009, 359-368.
[8] B. Jayashankara, K.M. Lokanatha Rai, "Synthesis and antimicrobial studies of new series of pyrazoline bearing bis heterocycles via
1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions", E-Journal of Chemistry, 5(2), 2008, 309-315.
[9] T. Karibasanagouda, Airody Vasudeva Adhikari, M. Girisha, "Synthesis of some new pyrazolines and isoxazoles carrying 4-
methylthiophenyl moiety as potential analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents", Indian J. of Chem., 48B, 2009, 430-437.
[10] M. Govindaraju, G. Vasantha Kumar, K. Ajay Kumar, "Synthesis of 8-(5-Aryl-4-octyl-2-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-
octanoic acid ethyl esters Via 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition reaction", IOSR J. of Applied Chem,, 2012, (Communicated).
- Citation
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Interrelationships of Five Species of the Genus Labeo by Morphometric Analysis |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | S. Choudhury, Dr. K. Dutta |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0263337 |
Abstract : genus Labeo under Cyprinidae family is of much importance as many species under this genus are ornamental species, some food species, some used for extracting oil, some considered to be of medicinal value etc. Morphometric studies were conducted using eleven quantitative body parameters of five species of Labeo genus – Labeo bata, L .calbasu, L . rohita, L . pangusia and L . dyocheilus occurring from Assam, India, in order to identify the morphometric variation and taxonomic relationship among these species. All measurements were taken on a continuous scale using digital vernier caliper parallel to the anterior-posterior body axis except for the body depth that was taken perpendicular to the body axis between dorsal and ventral margins. The means of all measurements were standardized and multivariate cluster and principal component analysis were conducted using bdpro32 software. A dendrogram has been prepared showing the relatedness among the species. The results obtained on the basis of morphometric variation among the species using cluster analysis showed that L . bata is most distantly related whereas L . rohita and L . calbasu are most closely related with a similarity of 98.3965 (distance = 1.6035 ) followed by L . pangusia and L . dyocheilus . The scores of PC1, PC2 and PC3 are also most similar between L . rohita and L . calbasu. The findings of this study will help in developing new strategies for conservation and breeding programmes of these species.
Keywords: Cluster analysis, dendrogram, Labeo genus, morphometric variation, principal component analysis, taxonomic relationship.
Keywords: Cluster analysis, dendrogram, Labeo genus, morphometric variation, principal component analysis, taxonomic relationship.
[1] Quilang, J. P., Basiao, Z. U., Pagulayan, R. C., Roderos, R. R. and Barrios, E. B. Meristic and morphometric variation in the silver perch, Leiopotherapon plumbeus (Kner, 1864), from three lakes in the Philippines. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 23, 2007, 561–567
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[3] Rohlf, F.J. and Marcus, L.F. A revolution in morphometrics..Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 8, 1993, 129–132.
[4] Bookstein, F. L. Morphometric tools for landmark data: geometry and biology (Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1991).
[5] Loy, A., Corti, M. and Marcus, L.F. Landmark data: size and shape analysis in systematics. A case study on old world Talidae (Mammalia, Insectivora). In LFMarcus, E.Bellow, A.Garcia – Valdacases, (eds). Contributions to morphometrics, 1993, 213-240.
[6] Rohlf, F.J. Morphometric spaces, shape components and the effects of linear transformations. In LF Marcus, M.Corti, A.Loy, G.Naylor, DE Slice (eds). Advances in morphometrics. NATO ASI series. A life sciences Vol.284. New York: plenum, 1996, 117-129.
[7] Humphries, J. Bookstein, F.L. Chernoff, B. Smith, G. Elder, R. and Poss, S. Multivariate discrimination by shape in relation to size. Syst. Zool. 30, 1981, 291–308.
[8] Bookstein, F., Chernoff, B., Elder, R., Humphries, J., Smith, G., and Strauss, R. Morphometrics in evolutionary biology (Special Publication 15: Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1985).
[9] Talwar, P.K. and A.G. Jhingran. Inland fishes of India and adjacent countries Vol 1. (A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 1991)
[10] Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. FishBase. www.fishbase.org, 2010.
[2] Parsons, K.J. Robinson, B.W. and Hrbek, T. Getting into shape: an empirical comparison of traditional truss-based morphometric methods with a newer geometric method applied to New World cichlids. Environ Biol Fishes, 67, 2003, 417–431.
[3] Rohlf, F.J. and Marcus, L.F. A revolution in morphometrics..Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 8, 1993, 129–132.
[4] Bookstein, F. L. Morphometric tools for landmark data: geometry and biology (Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1991).
[5] Loy, A., Corti, M. and Marcus, L.F. Landmark data: size and shape analysis in systematics. A case study on old world Talidae (Mammalia, Insectivora). In LFMarcus, E.Bellow, A.Garcia – Valdacases, (eds). Contributions to morphometrics, 1993, 213-240.
[6] Rohlf, F.J. Morphometric spaces, shape components and the effects of linear transformations. In LF Marcus, M.Corti, A.Loy, G.Naylor, DE Slice (eds). Advances in morphometrics. NATO ASI series. A life sciences Vol.284. New York: plenum, 1996, 117-129.
[7] Humphries, J. Bookstein, F.L. Chernoff, B. Smith, G. Elder, R. and Poss, S. Multivariate discrimination by shape in relation to size. Syst. Zool. 30, 1981, 291–308.
[8] Bookstein, F., Chernoff, B., Elder, R., Humphries, J., Smith, G., and Strauss, R. Morphometrics in evolutionary biology (Special Publication 15: Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1985).
[9] Talwar, P.K. and A.G. Jhingran. Inland fishes of India and adjacent countries Vol 1. (A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 1991)
[10] Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. FishBase. www.fishbase.org, 2010.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Investigation of Water Quality and its Quotient Factor in Thiruppalai Village, Madurai, India |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Dr.P.S.Navaraj and S.Krishnammal |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0263844 |
Abstract : The major challenge in rural areas of Madurai district is to gain access to clean and potable water and these results in water borne diseases. The objective of this study was to assess physical, chemical, biochemical and microbial profile of water in 12 hand – dug wells in a rural area, Thiruppalai of Madurai District. Probing of water quality in seasonal variations and proximity to pollution sources (municipal waste dumps and defecation sites) was done. Water quality parameters were determined following the standard procedures mentioned in APHA. All parameters were detected up to 300 m from pollution sources. Almost all water parameters have shown high increase during the rainy season over the dry periods, pointing to infiltrations from storm water. Significantly, coliform, Pb, NO3 and Cd level have exceeded the recommended values for potable water. The distance from the pollution sources has more pronounced on fecal and total coliform counts and thus values decreased with increasing distance from pollutant sites. The qualities of the drinking water sources in public places were therefore not compatible for human consumption without proper treatment. Regular monitoring of groundwater quality, enactment of healthy waste disposal practices and strict enforcement of modern techniques in water management is highly recommended
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[10.] American Public Health Association: 1998. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 20th edition, APHA, AWWWA, WEF, Washington DC.
[2.] Adekunle, A, Adekunle, A, Ndahi, N. P. 2003 SWM by combustion: Implication on the metal in the environment, Proceedings of 29th WEDC International Conference, Abuja Nigeria, , p3- 5.
[3.] Adekunle, I. M, Arowolo, T. A, Ndahi, N. P, Bello, B, Owolabi, D. A. 2007. Chemical characteristics of humic acids in relation to lead, copper and cadmium levels in contaminated soils of southwest Nigeria, Annals of Environmental Science, North Eastern University, Boston, Massachusetts USA, 1, 23-34.
[4.] Adepelumi, A, Ako, B, Ajayi, I. T. 2002. Groundwater contamination in basement –complex area of Ile-Ife, southwestern Nigeria: A case study using the electrical-resistivity of geographical method. p.34.
[5.] Adesuyin, A. A, Aekeye, J. O, Umoh, J. U, Nadarajah, M. 1983: Studies on well water and possible health risks in Katsina, Nigeria. Journal of Hygiene, 90: 199 – 201.
[6.] Agbu, A. A, Alaribe, H. C, Singh, K, Adesiyun,, A. A. 1988. Bacteriological studies and chemical analysis of public well water in Samaru and Zaria city in Northern Nigeria. Journal of Microbiology, 8(1-2): 88 – 98.
[7.] Akujieze C. N, Coker, S. J, Oteze, G. E. 2003. Groundwater in Nigeria – a millennium experience – distribution, practice, problems and solutions. Hydrogeology Journal, 1: 259 -274.
[8.] Alagbe, S. A. 2002. Groundwater resources of river Kan Gimi Baisn, north-central, Nigeria. Environmental Geology, 42: 404 – 413.
[9.] Amadi, P.A, Ofoegbu, C.O, Morrison, T. 1989. Hydrogeochemical assessment of groundwater quality in parts of the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Environmental Geology, 14 (3): 195 – 202.
[10.] American Public Health Association: 1998. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 20th edition, APHA, AWWWA, WEF, Washington DC.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Isolation And Identification Of Bacteria Associated With Neonatal Septiceamia At The Specialist Hospital, Bauchi |
| Country | : | Malaysia |
| Authors | : | MoshoodA. Yusuf, Tengku Haziyamin Abdul Tengku Abdul Hamid |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0264548 |
Abstract : A prospective study of neonatal septicemia undertaken at the specialist hospital Bauchi between January – March 2008 in which 101 samples were collected and analyzed. Bacterial growth was observed in 51 of the blood samples representing 50.5%. Six genera of organisms were identified as possible causes of neonatal sepsis. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in 39.2% of the sample as the highest isolated while Pseudomonas aerogenosawas isolated in 3.9% of the samples as least isolate. A distribution of the organism according to age group indicated that 47.1% organisms were isolated during the early onset sepsis (0 - 7 days) with Escherichia coli having highest incidenceof 33.3%, 52.9% organisms were isolated during the late onset sepsis (8 – 28 days) with S. aureushaving high incidenceof 51.9%. A total of 45.1% of the organisms were isolatedin males while 54.9% organisms were isolated in females. The study indicates the neonatal septicemia is major causesof neonatal morbidity and mortality at the Specialist Hospital Bauchi
Key Word: neonatal sepsis mobility
Key Word: neonatal sepsis mobility
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[2] Ako-Nai, A.K.; Adejuyigbe J. Ajayi V. OnipedeM. (1999). The bacteriology of neonatal septicemia in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 45(3) 146-151.
[3] Al-Zwaini E.J.K. (2002) Neonatal septicemia in the neonatal care unit, Al-Anbar governorate, Iraq. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 7-20-29
[4] AzubuikeJ.C. NkanginiemeK.E.O (1999). Pediatrics and child health in a Tropical region pp.24. African Educational Service, Owerri Nigeria.
[5] Berhman R.E, Kligman R.M. Arvin A.M (2004) Textbook of Pediatrics 16th ed. W.B Saunders Company Toronto.
[6] Cheesbrough(2000): District laboratory practice in tropical countries. Part 2 pp. 124 – 125 Royal society forchemistry
[7] Cowan, S. T. & Steel, K. J.(1965).Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria. London: Cambridge University Press
[8] Dawodu, A.H and ALausa O.K (1997) Neonatal Septicemia in the tropics. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Science. 9:1-6
[9] Haque K.N, Chagai A.H, Saheed M.M (1990) half a decade of neonatal sepsis, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Journal of tropical pediatrics 36:20-3
[10] Mendel G.C, Benneth J.E, Dollin R. (2005) Principle and practiceOf infectious Disease 6th ed. London Churchill Livingstone