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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Cardio-respiratory changes among farmers and non-farmers in Rafi Local Government Area, Niger State, Nigeria.
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Tanko, Y., Eze, E. D. Jimoh, A.,Yusuf, M.,Mohammed, K. A., Balarabe,F., M. G. Magaji, Mohammed, A.
	:	10.9790/3008-0410103

Abstract:The study investigated cardio-respiratory functions in farmers and non-farmers in Rafi Local Government Area of Niger State. The parameters assessed were the blood pressure, pulse rate, peak expiratory flow rate, mean arterial blood pressure and body mass index. Two hundred apparently healthy subjects of ages between 15-50 years were divided into two groups of hundred subjects each. Group I served as the control (Non-farmers) and Group II were used as the experimental group. The results showed no significant change (P>0.05) in the systolic, diastolic, pulse rate and mean arterial blood pressure in the farmers when compared with the non-farmers. However, the peak flow rate decreased significantly (P<0.05) in the farmers when compared with the non-farmers. Also, as regards to the body mass index, there was a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the farmers when compared with the non-farmers. In conclusion, there was a decrease in the peak flow rate and basal metabolic rate in farmers.
Key words: Blood pressure, famer, body mass index, systolic, diastolic, peak flow rate

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Hill. 14, 2001) 442-444.
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(Delmar. 17, 2002) 443-454.
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Respiratory: Journal of the Canadian Thoracic Society 8(4), 2001, 289-91.
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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Effects of Orally Administered Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) on Blood Thrombocyte, Blood Coagulation and Bleeding in Rats.
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Meraiyebu Ajibola, Akintayo Christopher Oloruntoba, Uzoechi Adanma Chinomso, Okere Shekins
	:	10.9790/3008-0410408

Abstract :Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a food additive, commonly consumed as a flavor enhancer. However, both animal models and human clinical reports have established its harmful effects. This work was carried out to study the effects of monosodium glutamate on blood thrombocytes, coagulation and bleeding time in adult male rats. The rats were divided into four groups: group 1 serves as the control group; group 2 was treated with 13.28g/kg bw of MSG (0.88%); group 3 was treated with 6.64g/kg bw of MSG (0.44%); group 4 was treated with 4.40g/kg bw of MSG (0.29%) for a period of 14 days respectively. Blood was taken via cardiac puncture for thrombocytes count, clotting and bleeding time were also taken. The results showed that there was a significant increase (p<0.05) in the number of platelets, bleeding time and clotting time in rats treated with 13.28g/kg bw of MSG compared with their control counterpart which are indicative of thrombocytopenia and water retention.
Keyword: Bleeding time, Clotting time, Monosodium glutamate, Platelet count, Thrombocytopenia, Male rats.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Spectrophotometric Methods for the Estimation of Isoxsuprine Hydrochloride in Bulk and Oral Dosage Form
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Sekar A M, Jerad Suresh A and Niraimathi.V
	:	10.9790/3008-0410912

Abstract:Four new, simple, sensitive and reproducible spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the estimation of isoxsuprine hydrochloride in tablet dosage form. Method A involves the determination of isoxsuprine hydrochloride by Q-absorbance ratio method at 269nm and 274nm; the Beer's concentration range was found to be 20-100 μg/mL. Method B and Method C involves the determination of isoxsuprine hydrochloride by first derivative spectrophotometry and second derivative spectrophotometry respectively. The normal spectrum was derivatized to first and second order derivative spectrum and the linearity was found to lie within the Beer's range for isoxsuprine hydrochloride. Method D involves the determination of isoxsuprine hydrochloride by Area under curve method (AUC) and the linearity was established. The correlation coefficient for all the four methods were found to be 0.999 and the developed methods were analyzed for specificity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), linearity of response, precision and accuracy. Thus the proposed methods could be adopted for routine analysis of bulk drug and its formulation.
Key Words:Area under curve (AUC), Beer's law, Derivative Spectrophotometry, Isoxsuprine hydrochloride, Q-Absorbance ratio

[1] Kalsang k Tharpa , kanakapura k basavaiah, Hosakere Doddarevanna HD Revanasiddappa, kanakapura Basavaiah KB Vinay ,Spectrophotometric determination of isoxsuprine hydrochloride using 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone hydrochloride in spiked human urine. Pubmed 81 (4-5):1216-23 i5 Jun 2010.
[2] Revanasiddappa HD,Manju BG Spectrophotometric determination of ritodrine and isoxsuprine hydrochlorides using 4-aminoantipyrine. Journal of AOAC International [2000, 83(6):1440-5]
[3] J M Bosken, A F Lehner, A Hunsucker, J D Harkins, W E Woods, W Karpiesiuk, W G Carter, J Boyles, M Fisher, andT Tobin Direct MS-MS identification of isoxsuprine –glucuronide in post administration equine urine.Arzneimittelforschung,2010 : 60(7):415-20. [4] J.M. Bosken†, A.F. Lehner, C.G. Hughes, W.E. Woods, F.C. Camargo,J.D. Harkins,J. Boyles,T. Tobin A GC-MS Method for the Determination of Isoxsuprine in Biological Fluids of the Horse Utilizing Electron Impact Ionization
[5] Priyadarshini J, Giji GP, Niraimathi V, Jerad Suresh A UV spectrophotometric estimation of metaxalone in bulk and tablet dosage form. Int. Journal of Chemical Sciences 2010; 8(2):1041-1045.
[6] Niraimathi V, Jerad Suresh A, Nanjappan K Spectrophotometric estimation of Nislodipine in bulk and tablet dosage formulation. Acta Ciencia Indica 2010; xxxvi C(4):393.
[7] Pharmacopeia: Vol 2; 2010. p.1527-1529s
[8] Jeffery GH, Bassett J, Mendham J and Denney RC. Vogel's Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis. Fifth edition, New York, Longman Scientific & Technical with John Wiley & Sons, p 668-670.
[9] Beckett AH and Stenlake JB. Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Part two. Fourth edition, New Delhi, CBS publisher., p 296-300.
[10] Smita T.Kumbhar, Swapnil D. Jadhav, Neela M. Bhatia, Manish S. Bhatia. Development and validation of derivative spectrophotometric method for estimation of atorvastatin calcium and amlodipine besylate in tablet dosage form. Int J Pharmacy and Pharm Sci 2011; 3(4): 195-197.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Effect of Plant Extracts on the Growth of Wilt Causing Fungi Fusarium oxysporum
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Shweta Minz, C. O. Samuel, & S. C. Tripathi
	:	10.9790/3008-0411316

Abstract:Antifungal potential of aqueous extracts of forty plants of different families were tested against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri causal agent of wilting of chick pea. Among forty plant species tested aqueous extract of Chenopodium ambrosioides has recorded significant antifungal activity against the test fungi. Solvent extracts viz. petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, and methanol and ethanol extracts of Chenopodium ambrosioides was tested for the antifungal activity. Among the solvent extract tested methanol extract recorded maximum antifungal activity against the plant pathogen tested. Whereas, other plant extracts showed moderate to minimum antifungal activity
Key words::Antifungal potential, Fusarium oxysporum, Chenopodium ambrosioides, plant extracts.

[1] Barnard, C; Padgitt, M. and Uri, N.D. (1997). Pesticide use and its measurement. International Pest Control 39:161-164.

[2] Gottlieb, O.R; Borin, M.R. and Brito, N.R. (2002) Integration of ethnobotany and phytochemistry: dream or reality? Phytochemistry 60:145-152.

[3] Perez C, Paul M, Bazerque P, (1990). Acta Bio Med Exp 15:113-115.

[4] Singh, J and Tripathi, N.N. (1999). Inhibition of storage fungi of blackgram ( Vigna mungo) by some essential oils. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 14: 1-4.

[5] Verma, J. and Dubey, N.K. (1999). Prospectives of botanical and microbial products as pesticides of tomorrow. Current Science 76; 172-179.

[6] Vishwadhar, Gurha SN (1998). Integrated management of Chickpea diseases. Integrated pest and disease management. Rajeev, k; Upadhyay, K.G; Mukerji, B.P; Chamola and Dubey, O.P. (eds.) APH Publishing Co; New Delhi. (India). P.249.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Preliminary phytochemical analysis of leaf of Garcinia gummi-gutta from Western Ghats.
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Madappa M.B, A.K.Bopaiah
	:	10.9790/3008-0411727

Abstract:Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the secondary metabolites in the leaf of Garcinia gummi-gutta collected from various regions of Western Ghats was carried out. The location of these plants was tagged with the longitude and latitude co-ordinates on Google maps using i-touchmaps software on androidphone. G.gummi-gutta plants having broad leaves and narrow leaves were collected from Western Ghat regions of Kodagu, Dakshina Kannada, Uttara Kannada and parts of Kerala. Data on the Ethnobotanical properties of G.gummi-gutta were collected from indigenous people and households practicing medicines for animals and humans in these regions. The presumptive compound bringing out the action in other plants is also reported to understand the correlation. The fluorescent characteristic features of leaf of G.gummigutta in various extracts were conducted under UV light at 366nm. The leaf extracts of both broad and narrow types were prepared with distilled water, methanol, ethanol, acetone, chloroform, di-ethylether, petroleum ether and hexane. Qualitative analysis of phytochemicals in these extract were analysed. The investigation revealed that the leaf of G.gummi-gutta does contain medicinally active phytochemicals. The preliminary qualitative chemical tests showed that leaves collected from Western Ghats regions of Kodagu and Kerala have high content of alkaloids, tannins, phenolic flavonoids, flavonoids, carbohydrates and proteins. This justifies that environmental features do have variation in phytochemical content accumulation in plants. Steroids, terpenoids, phlobatannin and Cardiac glycosides were found in small quantities. Saponins, anthraquinones and anthocyanides were absent. This study provides a location key and scientific detail to investigate the phytochemicals in the leaf of G.gummi-gutta. The type of extraction solvents used in the investigation will help researchers decide on solvent compositions for further work on the above mentioned phytochemicals. The study also justifies the need for further research work on the leaf of Garcinia gummi-gutta.
Key Words:Ethnomedicinal properties, Garcinia gummi-gutta, location, phytochemical analysis, secondary metabolites.

[1] Marjorie Murphy Cowan, Plant products as antimicrobial agents, Clinical Microbiol. Rev, vol. 12 no. 4,1999, 564-582
[2] Rajasab, A.H.2004, Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge.vol.3(4). Mopr.Niscair.res.in

[3] R. Hegnaijer,Chemical characters in plant taxonomy:some possibilities and limitations, laboratoriuin voor experimentele plantensystematiek, leiden, Netherlands.
[4] Dmitriy Obolskiy, Ivo Pischel, Nisarat Siriwatanametanon, Michael Heinrich, Phytotherapy research, Vol 23, Issue 8, 2009, 1047–1065.

[5] J. S. Kayembe, K. M. Taba, K. Ntumba, M. T. C. Tshiongo and T. K. Kazadi In vitro anti-malarial activity of 20 quinones isolated from four plants used by traditional healers in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 4(11), 2010, 991-994.

[6] Ramesh BR, Pascal JP. Atlas of endemics of the Western Ghats (India): distribution of tree species in the evergreen and semi-evergreen forests. Institut Francais de Pondichery iv, 1997, 403.
[7] Carlos A. R. Vasques,Simone Rossetto, Graziele Halmenschlager, Rafael Linden, Eliane Heckler, Maria S. Poblador Fernandez, José L. Lancho Alonso , Evaluation of the pharmacotherapeutic efficacy of Garcinia cambogia plus Amorphophallus konjac for the treatment of obesity, Phytotherapy Research,Volume 22, Issue 9, 2008, 1135–1140.
[8] M. Hemshekhar, K. Sunitha, M. Sebastin Santhosh, S. Devaraja, K. Kemparaju, B. S. Vishwanath, S. R. Niranjana, K. S. Girish , An overview on genus garcinia: phytochemical and therapeutical aspects.Phytochemistry Reviews, Volume 10, Issue 3, 2011, 325-351.

[9] V. N. Neelakandan, C. N. Mohanan , B. Sukumar. A bio-geographical information system. Centre for earth science studies2010.www. incaindia.org

[10] C. MohananGeorge Mathew,Plantation technology for selected indigenous trees in the Indian peninsula , Bois et forêts des tropiques(3), 2005, 285.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Metabolic Syndrome in Hypertensive Nigerians: Risk Factor Analysis
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Innocent S. I. Ogbu, Emmanuel Ike Ugwuja
	:	10.9790/3008-0412832

Abstract:Objectives: To determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and adequacy of the National Cholesterol Education Programme/ Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) criteria for the diagnosis of the MS in hypertensive Nigerians. Materials and Methods: Four hundred and thirty six hypertensive patients, (men 49 %), aged ≥ 35 years who were randomly recruited from Medical Outpatient clinics of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria were studied. Waist circumference (WC) and blood pressure (BP) were measured in addition to fasting plasma glucose (FPG), Triglyceride (TG) and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) using standard laboratory techniques. Results: MS prevalence of 45.6% was recorded with more women (54%) than men (36.4%) having the syndrome. Sex-specific and significant differences were recorded only in waist circumference (WC) (<0.05) of the subjects with the female subjects recording higher mean value (98.9 ±13.3 cm) than the male patients (93.2±12.9 cm). The ATP III criterion for WC (>102cm) gave sensitivity of 69.4%, specificity (71.6%), positive predictive value (PPV) of 67.2% and odd ratio (OR) of 5.7 among the males-plus-females patients. There were improvement in these indices when a WC ≥ 93cm was used with values of 79.9%, 62.9%, 72% and 6.7 for sensitivity, specificity, PPV and OR respectively and MS prevalence of 54.4% with improvement most significant among the male subjects. The ATP III criterion for female WC (>88cm) gave a low specificity (41.7%), which improved (46.1%) when WC ≥ 93cm was used. While the ATP III criterion for HDL-C gave low predictive indices for male, but improved when 1.3mmol/l was used, it was adequate for the female subjects. However, while the ATP III criterion for TG was adequate in all the groups, it gave low predictive values for FPG, with better results among the males than in the females
Key Words:Metabolic syndrome, ATP III criteria, dyslipidaemia, hyperglycaemia, hypertensive Nigerians.

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[8] Sakkinen, P. A., Wahl, P., Cushman, M., Lewis, M. R. and Tracy, R. P. Clustering of procoagulation, inflammation and fibrinolysis variables with metabolic factor in insulin resistance syndrome. Am J Epidemiol 2001; 152: 897 – 907.
[9] Chen, W. Srinivasan, S. R. Elkasabany, A. and Berenson, G. S. Cardiovascular risk factor clustering features of insulin resistance syndrome, (Syndrome X) in a biracial (blck-white) population of children, adolescents and young adults: The Bogahisa Heart Study. Am J Epidemiol 1999; 150: 667 – 674.
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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Fabry Disease: from Diagnosis to Therapy
Country	:	Pakistan
Authors	:	Ifrah Shafqat and Dr. Shaheen Shahzad
	:	10.9790/3008-0413338

Abstract:Fabry disease (FD) is an accelerating, X-linked hereditary disorder of glycosphingolipid metabolism which occurs due to improper lysosomal α-galactosidase A activity. Its pan-ethnic and the annually reported occurrence may underestimate the true frequency of the disease. Classically affected hemizygous males, with no residual α-galactosidase A activity may display all the characteristics like cardiovascular (cardiomyopathy), cutaneous (angiokeratoma), renal (kidney failure), neurological (pain), cerebrovascular and cochleo-vestibular signs of the disease while heterozygous females have similar symptoms ranging from very mild to severe. Incomplete action of lysosomal α-galactosidase A results in gradual increase of globotriaosylceramide within lysosomes, supposed to set off a flow of cellular events. Enzyme analysis may occasionally help to detect heterozygote but in females results are often questionable because of random X-chromosomal inactivation that obligates the molecular testing (genotyping). Due to ethical reasons determination of enzyme activity through prenatal diagnosis is carried out only in male's fetus. The subsistence of atypical variants and the unavailability of a specific therapy complicate the genetic counseling. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is the only specific therapeutic option that introduced recombinant human α-galactosidase A. End stage renal disease and critical cardiovascular or cerebrovascular complications limit the life-expectancy of untreated males and females. Oral therapy drives the research forward into active site specific chaperones. Adjunctive therapy of ERT with chemical chaperone therapy can arrest disease succession.
Key Words:α-Galactosidase A (AGAL), chaperon therapy, fabry disease, glycoshingolipids, lysosomal storage disease

[1] K.D. MacDermot, A. Holmes, and A.H. Miners, Anderson-Fabry disease: Clinical manifestations and impact of disease in a cohort of 98 hemizygous males, Journal of Medical Genetics, 38(11), 2001, 750–760.
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[3] M. Ries, U. Ramaswami, R. Parini, B. Lindblad, C. Whybra, I. Willers, A. Gal, and M. Beck, The early clinical phenotype of Fabry disease: a study on 35 European children and adolescents, European Journal of Pediatrics, 162(11), 2003, 767-772.
[4] D. Hajioff, Y. Enever, R. Quiney, J. Zuckerman, K. Mackermot, and A. Mehta, Hearing loss in Fabry disease: the effect of agalsidase alfa replacement therapy, Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease, 26(8), 2003, 787-794.
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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effects of Processing Method on the Nutrients' Composition of Maize/Soya Complementary Food
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Ademulegun Temitope Isaac, Koleosho A.T.
	:	10.9790/3008-0413943

Abstract:To improve the physical characteristics, nutritional composition and reduce the anti-nutritional content of complementary food, different processing methods had been used. This study was carried out with a view of comparing the effect of three processing methods on the nutrient composition of maize/soy complementary food. Flour of fermented, sprouted and toasted maize and toasted soybean was separately produced. The three maize flours were separately blended with the toasted soybean in the ratio 70:30 to produce three blends of maize/soya complementary foods labeled A (toasted soybean + toasted maize), B (toasted soybean + fermented maize and C (toasted soybean + sprouted maize). The resulting blends were subjected to proximate, vitamin C and mineral analysis. The energy, protein, vitamin C and some mineral contents of the blends were compared with that of commercial maize/soy complementary food (Nutriend). The result showed that the three processing methods gave complementary food that contained protein (19.64% to 21.60%) and energy (430.15kcal/g to 451.27kcal/g) that were higher than that of the commercial complementary food 17% protein and 400kcal/g. The blends also contained significantly higher (P< 0.05) levels of phosphorus and vitamin C than nutriend. However nutriend contains significantly higher (P< 0.05) level of calcium than the processed blends. The three processing methods gave weaning food with adequate amount of protein, energy, phosphorus and vitamin C. However, the cheapest and least time consuming process is toasting. Further biological study on the utilization of the nutrient needs to be carried out.
Key Words:Maize/Soya, Complementary Food, Processing, Nutrients.

[1] AOAC (1990): Official Methods of Analysis (15th Edition). Association of official Analytical Chemist. Washington DC. USA.
[2] Akinrele, I. A. and Edward, C. (1971): An assessment of the nutritional value of maize soy mixture Soya Ogi as a complementary food in Nigeria Br. J. Nutrition 26: 172 – 185.
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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Anticonvulsant Activity of Methanol Stem Bark Extract of Securinega Virosa (Euphobiaceae) in Mice.
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Tanko, Y., 1eze, E. D. jimoh, A.,1yusuf, M.,mohammed, K. A., balarabe,F., m. G. Magaji And mohammed, A.
	:	10.9790/3008-0414447

Abstract:The anticonvulsant property of methanol stem bark extract of Securinega virosa was evaluated in Pentylenetetrazole and 4-aminopyridine-induced seizure in mice. To achieve this aim twenty five animals were grouped into five groups of (n=5) each. Group I served as a negative control and receive distilled water, Group II to IV were administered with 12.5, 25.0 and 50mg/kg bw of the extract while Group V received standard drug Valproic acid 200mg/kg b w respectively intraperitoneally. The onset of convulsion and mortality were determined. The results of this study showed that stem bark extract of Securinega virosa offered protections (80 and 20%) at the doses administered (12.5 and 25mg/kg b w) and (20%) at a tested dose (50mg/kg b w) in Pentylenetetrazole and 4-aminopyridine induced seizure, implying that 12.5mg/kg bw exhibited a higher protective activity. This suggests that then plant extract possesses bioactive constituents that may be beneficial in the management of epilepsy and lend credence to the traditional use of this plant in management of epilepsy.
Key Words:Convulsion, Epilepsy, Mice, Pentylenetetrazole, Securinega virosa, seizure

[1] M.L.Scheuer and T. A. Pedley, The evaluation and treatment of seizures. New Engl J Med.; (323), 1990, 1468–74. [2] P. Kamboj, I. Singh, N. Mahadevan and G. Chaudhary, Anticonvulsants from nature. Phcog Rev.; 3(5), 2009, 108–17. [3] C. G. Goet and E. J. Pappert, Text book of clinical Neurology 2nd ed. (Philadelphia, pa: Saunders, 2003). [4] K. Suresh, M. Reecha, B. Gundeep, J. Anupam and S. Anupam, Plants and Plant Products with Potential Anticonvulsant Activity – A Review. Pharmacognosy Communications Volume (2), 2012, Issue (1) Suppl. [5] X. Lin, R. Nicholas, Y. Xiao-Feng, X. Z. Hai, L.T. Liu, M.R. Steven, E.W. Aryan, W. Michael and A.Y. Kelvin A. Y, Leptin inhibits 4-aminopyridine– and pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures and AMPAR-mediated synaptic transmission in rodents. Journal of Clinical Investigatio, .118 (1), 2008, 272–280.
[6] A. Atif, J.A. Farhan, K .P. Krishna, and V. Divya, Amiloride protects against pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling in mice, British Journal of Pharmacology; 145(7), 2005, 880–884. [7] J. Engel, A proposed diagnostic scheme for people with epileptic seizures and with epilepsy: report of the ILAE Task Force on Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia, (42), 2001, 796-803. [8] P.O. Fabeku, Traditional Medicine: the art, ways and practice. In: Odugbemi, T, editor, Outlines and Pictures of Medicinal Plants from Nigeria, (University of Lagos Pres, .2006) 13-24. [9] J.D. Neuwinger, Translated from by Porter A. African ethnobotany poison and drugs, (Chapman and Hall, Weinheim, 1996) pp. 495-499. [10] Y. Tanko, M.A. Okasha, G. M. Magaji, M. Yerima, A.H. Yaro,M.I.A. Saleh and A. Mohammed, Anti-diabetic properties of Securinega virosa (Euphorbiaceae) leaf extract. African Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 7 (1), 2008, pp. 022-024.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Haemoprotective and nephroprotective potentials of aqueous extract of Jussiaea nervosa leaf in cadmium exposed albino rats.
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Ibiam, U. A., Ugwuja, E. I ., Ejeogo, C. , Aja, P. M., Afiukwa, C., Oji, O. U. and Uraku, A. J.
	:	10.9790/3008-0414853

Abstract:In this study, the hemoprotective and nephroprotective potentials of aqueous extract of Jussiaea nervosa leaves on cadmium-exposed rats were evaluated. In the first experiment, 24 Wister albino rats divided into 6 groups: A-F of 4 rats per group were used for the evaluation of Cd toxicity. While group A rats received water and feed only and served as negative control (NC), groups B-F received in addition to water and feed, 1, 2, 4, 8 & 12 mg/kg body weight of Cd, respectively for 6 weeks. Based on the significant effect of Cd at 12mg/kg body weight in the first experiment, additional group (G), exposed to 12mg/kg body weight of Cd was established for the assessment of the haemoprotective and nephroprotective potentials of J. nervosa in Cd-exposed rats. This group (n = 12) was subdivided into four subgroups (G1, G2, G3 and G4) of 3 rats each. Subgroup G1 was maintained on normal feed and water and served as the positive control (PC) while G2, G3 and G4 were given 20, 50 and 100 mg/kg doses of aqueous Jussiaea nervosa extract, respectively. All feedings and treatment also lasted for six weeks. At the end of the experiment, the animals were sacrificed and blood and kidney samples were collected for laboratory analyses. Biochemical and histological analyses were done using standard laboratory techniques. Exposure to cadmium was observed to cause significant (p < 0.05) decreases in packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin concentration (HBC), and total white blood cell count (TWBC) and increases in plasma urea, creatinine & electrolytes. However, administration of aqueous extract of J. nervosa ameliorated these Cd-induced effects in a dose-related manner, with higher doses (50 mg/l & 100 mg/l) almost restoring the parameters to the levels in non-exposed rats. Additionally, the Cd-induced changes in the histology of the kidneys were almost restored by administration of Jussiaea nervosa extract. We conclude that J. nervosa may possess haemoprotective and nephroprotective potentials and its regular consumption may protect against cadmium toxicity.
Key Words:Jussiaea nervosa, Cd-intoxication, haematoprotection, nephroprotection

[1] International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 1993. Berylium, cadmium, mercury and exposures in Glass Manufacturing Industry in Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk. Human Scientific Publications (58): 119-237

[2] Bem, E.M., Piotrowski., J.K., and Turzynska., T. 1993. Cadmium, zinc and copper levels in the kidneys and liver of the inhabitants of North-Eastern Poland Journal of Occupational Medicare and Environmental Health (6):133-141.

[3] World Health Organization. 1992. Environmental health criteria, 134, cadmium. Geneva: World Health Organization; Pp 111–2

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[5] Sofowora, A. 1986. The State of Medicinal Plants in Nigeria. University of Ibadan Press, Ibadan. Pp 419.

[6] Sadiq, D., Ezi-Ashi, T., and Onuaguluchi, G. 2003. Checklist of medicinal plants of Nigeria and their uses. 1st edition. A publication of the Association Conservation and Utilization of Medicinal Plants in Nigeria, Asicumptipn Enugu, Nigeria Pp 64-73.

[7] Sofowora A. (1997). The State of Medicinal Plants 1st edition. University of Ibadan, Press Nigeria, Pp 286.

[8] National Research Council (NRC). 1985. Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. Publication No. 8523 (Rev), National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD.

[9] Dacie JV and Lewis SM. 1995. Practical haematology 8th edition Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone

[10] Jung D, Briggs N, Erickson J, Ledyard P. 1975. New colorimetric reaction for nd-point continuous flow, and kinetic measurement of urea. Clin Chem 21: 11-36.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Screening of Microbes producing extracellular hydrolytic enzyme from corporation waste dumping site and house hold waste for the enhancement of bioremediation methods
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Emimol .A, Ganga.G, Parvathy. R, Radhika.G, Nair G.M
	:	10.9790/3008-0415456

Abstract:Search for microorganisms capable of biodegradation is one of the extensive areas of research. Screening and Identification of extra hydrolytic enzyme producing microbes from soil samples of landfill area and households of Trivandrum city was carried out. The ability of the bacterial isolates to produce various hydrolytic enzymes was determined using the plate assay. Result showed that the collected sample contains microbes capable for producing such enzymes and those strain can be further utilised for the enhanced bioremediation methods.
Key Words:Bioremediation, microorganisms, extracellular hydrolytic enzymes, enzyme assay

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