Volume-8 ~ Issue-4
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Benefits of Percutaneous Ethanol Injection in the Palliative Treatment of Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma. |
| Country | : | Nigeria |
| Authors | : | Misauno M. A., Isichei M. W., Achinge G. I., Malu A. O. |
 |
: | 10.9790/3008-0840103  |
Abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a devastating disease in which survival is measured in months rather than years from the time of diagnosis. The aggressive nature of the tumour and the usual background chronic liver disease make the management difficult warranting multidisciplinary cooperation. Percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) was introduced ten years ago as palliative therapy for patients with inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma. Objective: This study was aimed at evaluating the benefits of percutaneous ethanol injection in the management of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Patients and methods: Consecutive patients who had percutaneous ethanol injection for hepatocellular carcinoma at Adoose specialist hospital from August 2008 to July 2012 were prospectively analysed and formed the basis of this study. Results :A total of 32 patients had (PEI) during the study period out of an initial 82 that presented with HCC. The mean age of the study population was 40.4+/- 14.2yrs with age range of 18 to 60yrs. There were 28(87.5%) males and 4(12.5%) females giving a male: female ratio of 7:1. Right hypochondrial pain and mass were the main symptoms seen in 28(87.5%). Pre intervention pain score ranges from 6-8 while post intervention pain score a week after treatment dropped to 1 or 2. The longest survivor at follow up with this treatment is 14months with mean survival duration of 8months.Conclusion: Percutaneous ethanol injection significantly reduces the pain of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma and prolongs survival.
Keywords: Hepatocellular carcinoma, Percutaneous Ethanol injection, Palliation, Benefit
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Synthesis of 5-Aryl-3-(5-Bromo-3-Benzofuran-2-yl)-1-Pyrazole as Antimicrobial Agent. |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Vrushali Patil, Ashish Asrondkar, Shantanu Pande, A.S.Bobade, A.S.Chowdhary |
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: | 10.9790/3008-0840108 |
Abstract: In this work, we evaluate the biological activities of some new derivatives of benzofuran which can be used as effective anti-microbial agents. The recent reviews of literature have highlighted the attention of medicinal chemists because of their diverse biological activities and profound efficacy. Clinically potent benzofurans generated interest to construct a system which possesses anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activity. Furan and benzofuran are associated with wide spectrum of biological activity. In the view of these, an effort was made to check some synthesized compounds for their anti-microbial activity. In present study, pyrazoline derivatives were synthesized; 5-bromo-3-methyl acetophenone undergoes ring formation in presence of chloroacetone to form benzofuran which further forms chalcone on treatment with substituted benzaldehyde. This intermediate on treatment with hydrazine hydrate results into pyrazoline. Further it reacts with various benzoyl chlorides to form the titled product. Synthesized compounds have been confirmed on the basis of spectral studies and analytical data. All the compounds were screened for their in-vitro anti-bacterial activity against Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC3750 and Gram negative Salmonella typhi NCTC786, anti-fungal strains of Candida albicans ATCC10233 and Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404 using tube dilution method showing moderate activity.
Keywords : Anti-microbial activity, Benzofuran, Pyrazole.
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[2] M. Kamal , A. K. Shakya ,T.Jawaid ;Benzofuran: A New profile of biological activities, International Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1(03),2011,1-15
[3] H. Patel, V. Ugale, A. Ingale, and S. Bari; Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of pyrazo-thiazoles, Letters in Drug Design & Discovery, 9, 2012, 840–847
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[6] H. Song, Y. Liu, L. Xiong, Y. Li, N. Yang, and Q. Wang,;Design, synthesis, and insecticidal activity of novel pyrazole derivatives containing α-hydroxymethyl-N-benzyl carboxamide, α-chloromethyl-N-benzyl carboxamide, and 4,5-dihydrooxazole moieties, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 60(6),2012,1470–1479.
[7] B. F. Abdel Wahab, A. Sediek, H. A. Mohamed, and G. E. A. Awad,; Novel 2-pyrazolin-1-ylthiazoles as potential antimicrobial agents, Letters in Drug Design & Discovery, 10(2), 2013, 111–118.
[8] A.G Yadav, V.N Patil, A.S Bobade, S.V Athlekar, L.S Patil, A.S Chowdhary; Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some Benzimidazolyl Pyrazolone Derivatives, Asian Journal of Reasearch in Chemistry, 2(4), 2009, 516.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Prevalence, Management And Percieved Psychological Impact Of Leprosy Disease In National Tuberculosis And Leprosy Training Centre,Saye Village,Zaria (2005-2010). |
| Country | : | Nigeria |
| Authors | : | B. L. Ajibade, Okunlade, J. O., Olawale, Femi |
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: | 10.9790/3008-0840912 |
Abstract: Leprosy is a medico-social problem with a declining in its medical form due to the prescence of effective treatment (MDT) but its social aspect in term of stigmatization,disability,deformities,loss of self-respect and loss of self-esteem and ostracizing of affected ones and misconception of the disease by the community have been well identified as a major threat , therefore , making patients more vulnerable to destitution and social isolation . The study was carried out to determine the prevalence,management of leprosy disease and perceived psychological impact of the disease among residents of leprosy training centre,Saye, Zaria, Kaduna State between January, 2005 and December, 2010 .The study revealed that social isolation (94%), Anxiety 90%, shame 84.4%, depression 81.8%, emotional disturbances 71.4%,loss of self-respect, loss of self-esteem and emotional disturbances associated with disfigurement were some of psychosocial disorders . It was concluded that health education and information should be paramount when caring for the patient with leprosy because of the psychological disorders.
Key words : Prevalence ,Perceived Psychological impact , Saye, leprosy
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Comparative Analysis of Airborne Microbial Concentrations in the Indoor Environment of Two Selected Clinical Laboratories |
| Country | : | Nigeria |
| Authors | : | Shiaka, G. Peter, Yakubu, S. E. |
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: | 10.9790/3008-0841319 |
Abstract: The airborne microbial concentrations of two clinical Laboratories located in the main campus of Ahmadu Bello University (LBU) and Sarkin-pawa Street (LBS) in Samaru-Zaria town were investigated within a period in the dry season (January-march) and a period in wet season (July-September) 2007. Bacterial counts in the dry season ranged from 1.8 × 103cfu/ml to 0.03 × 103cfu/ml with the highest count in LBS in the third week of sampling while those of wet season ranged from 8.0 to 0.01 × 103 cfu/ml with the highest in LBS. The fungal count ranged from 3.6 to 0.08 × 103 cfu/ml in the dry season and 0.54 to 0.04 × 103 cfu/ml in the wet season. The highest fungal count occurred in LBS and LBU in dry and wet seasons respectively. There was no statistical difference between the bacterial concentrations of the laboratories using paired sample t-test. In fungal counts, there was also no significant difference between the laboratories. The correlation between the sum total of bacterial and fungal concentrations at 0.05 level of significance (2-tailed) using Kendall's tau_b, and Spearman's rho was significant. The predominant bacteria and fungi isolated from investigated air samples included Staphylococcus spp, Proteus spp, Streptococcus spp, Micrococcus spp, Aspergillus spp, Rhizopus spp, E. coli, Bacillus spp. This comparative information could be useful for the medical and public health practitioners on common airborne bacteria and fungi, and their roles in the indoor air quality of clinical laboratories.
Keywords: Airborne, bacteria, fungi, laboratory, season
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Determination of Nitrogen Fixing capacity of Bacteria Isolated from the Rhizosphere soil of Crotolaria pallida from the Valley Districts of Manipur, India. |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | R.K. Suraj Singh, P.B.Mazumder, M.K.Bhattacharjee, Prof.G.D.Sharma |
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: | 10.9790/3008-0842024 |
Abstract: In the current study an attempt was made for separation of bacteria having nitrogen fixing potential from the rhizosphere of wild leguminous plant Crotolaria pallida. Single spot each from the four valley districts of Manipur viz. Imphal east, Imphal west, Bishnupur and Thoubal was selected for the collection of soil sample. A total of six (6) bacterial isolates were isolated using Burk's nitrogen free medium from the rhizosphere of the plant. Preliminary physiological tests and biochemical tests were being carried out for the isolates for assessment of their nature. Also, "Nitrogenase activities" of the isolates were also determined by performing the "Acetylene Reduction Assay". Five bacterial isolates out of the six showed some nitrogenase activity even though the amounts shown were little.
Keywords: Acetylene Reduction Assay, Crotolaria pallida, Nitrogen, Nitrogenase, rhizosphere.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Prognostic and Predictive Markers in Early Detection of Different Types of Cancers for Selected Organ Sites |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Dr. Swaroopa Marella |
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: | 10.9790/3008-0842542 |
Abstract: Background: Tumor markers are substances that are produced by cancer or by other cells of the body in response to cancer or certain benign (noncancerous) conditions. Tumor markers are used to help detect, diagnose, and manage some types of cancer. Although an elevated level of a tumor marker may suggest the presence of cancer. Aim: The aim of this review is to compare and analyze the present and newer oncogenic markers which help in diagnosis of different types of cancers. Material & Methods: An extensive literature survey was done aiming to compare and compile cancer tests makers required in diagnosis of diseases. Results: Cytoplasmic Proteins, Cell Surface Antigens, Oncofetal Antigens, Receptors, Oncogenes and their metabolic products, Acute-Phase Proteins, Enzymes, Hormones or Tumor associated antigens such as Carcino-Embryonic Antigen (CEA) and Alpha Feto Protein (AFP) are makers for routine analysis whereas several studies have confirmed and consolidated the usefulness of markers such as AFP: Alfa fetoprotein; β-hCG: Beta human chorionic;gonadotropin; CA: Carbohydrate antigen; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; ER: Estrogen receptor; HIAA: Hydroxy indole acetic acid; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; PLAP: Placental alkaline phosphatase; PR: Progesterone receptor; PSA: Prostate-specific antigen. Conclusion: There is no ―universal‖ tumor marker that can detect any type of cancer. Further investigation is necessary to define these biomarkers in terms of usefulness in assessing diagnosing various types of cancers.
Keywords: Monitoring; Recurrence; Screening; Prognosis; Diagnosis; Response to therapy.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Assessment of the Phytochemical, Proximate, Mineral and Heavy metal constituents of some grass straws used in cultivating Pleurotus ostreatus var florida Eger. |
| Country | : | Nigeria |
| Authors | : | Okwulehie, Ikechukwu Cyriacus, Okoro Chibueze E. |
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: | 10.9790/3008-0844349 |
Abstract: The proximate, phytochemical, mineral and heavy metal contents of the straws of Andropogon gayanus, Panicum maximum, Pennisetum purpurea and Oryza sativa were investigated. The straws contained different levels of crude alkaloids, (0.25 ± 0.03-0.05 ±0.014), flavonoids, (0.25±0.024-0.09±0.024), Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) (4.18 ±0.03%-2.59±0.09%) phenols, (0.16±0.001%-0.013±0.007%), saponins, (0.37±0.014% - 0.13± 0.014% and tannins, (0.27±0.002%-0.137±0.001%). The nutrient content of the straws also varied and ranged as Carbohydrate (CHO), 30.13±13 in Andropogon straw ( ANS), to 27..49±1.26 in Panicum straw (PAS), Protein, 17.74 ± 0.47 in ANS to 13.07 ± 0.22 in PAS, Fats, 1.86 ± 0.02 in ANS to 0.53 ± 0.02 in Oryza straw (ORS), ASH, 5.49 ± 0.097 .in Pennisetum straw (PES) to 3.83 ± 0.12 in PAS, Fibre, 49.74 ± 1.97 in PAS to 41.33 ± 0.15 in PES, Moisture, 9.33 ± 0.02 in PES to 5.15 ± 0.03 in PAS to 5.0 ± 0.09 in ORS. The mineral composition of the straws (mg/100g) ranged as follows, Calcium: 305.94 ± 2.35 in ANS to 203.072±2.32 in ORS' Magnesium: 27.2± 2.8 in ORS to 8.8 ±1.39 in PAS, Potassium: 352.3 ± 2.32 in ORS to176.1 ± 0.54 in PAS, Sodium: 12.67 ±0.58 in ORS to 9.2 ± 02 in ANS, Phosphorus: 233.47 ± 1.63 in PES to 158.09 ± 05 in ANS. For heavy metals Andropogon traw contained the highest ppmCadmium (7.18), Zinc, (25.08), Lead, (8.44), and copper, (9.96), than the other straws. Oryza straw contained next highest of zinc, but lead was not present. The result of the investigations were discussed in relation of the usefulness of the straws in the cultivation of the edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus var florida.
Keywords: Grain crop straw, Nutrient composition, bioactive composition, cultivation of mushrooms. Abbreviations: ANS= Andropogon gayanus, PAS: = Panicum maximum, PES= Pennisetum purpurea, ORS= Oryza sativa, CHO= Carbohdrate.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus in Bukuru Metropolis of Plateau State |
| Country | : | Nigeria |
| Authors | : | Patricia Oluchukwu Okonkwo, Z. S. C. Okoye, Christopher Isichei |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0845056 |
Abstract: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and its associated risk factors in Bukuru Metropolis in jos south L.G.A of Plateau state. Personal and demographic data were obtained through the use of questionnaire. Blood samples were collected from participants after an overnight fast. Weight, height, and blood pressure (BP) measurements were taken. Results were analysed statistically by t-test, Chy square test, and analysis of variance. A total of 998 individuals aged 25-70 years comprising of 487(48.8%) men and 511(51.2%) women were recruited for the study. Subjects were classified into diabetic and control groups based on the laboratory findings. DM was defined according to 1999 WHO criteria. Individuals who were previously known to have diabetes based on history and laboratory data were classified as having diabetes without oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Thirty-six subjects were found to be diabetic for a prevalence of 3.6%, made up of 2.2% previously known cases and 1.4% newly diagnosed, majority being asymptomatic. The prevalence rates were 1.9% and 1.7% for males and females respectively. There was no significance difference (p>0.05) in the prevalence between the sexes. Body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/ m2, BP >140/90 mm Hg, family history of diabetes, physical inactivity and older age were associated with significantly (p<0.05) higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes. The asymptomatic nature of diabetes recorded in this study points to the need to improve health services and awareness in the general population.
Key Words: Body mass index, diabetes mellitus, diabetes risk factors, fasting glucose
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Post-operative antibiotic usage at Benghazi Medical Center, Libya between 2009 and 2012 |
| Country | : | Libya |
| Authors | : | Nouh M H. Aljarari, Jagannadha Rao Peela |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0845760 |
Abstract: Surgical site infections are the most common hospital-acquired infections among surgical patients,1 and are frequent and serious complications of surgical procedures.2 According to the United States Canters for Disease Control (CDC) National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance (NNIS) system, 14-16% of hospital-acquired infections were contributed by surgical site infections and were the third most common hospital-acquired infections.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Microbiological Quality Assessment of Vitamin B Syrups and Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of the Isolated Escherichia coli |
| Country | : | Bangladesh |
| Authors | : | Md. Shahinur Kabir, Mohammad Dulal Hossain |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0846164 |
Abstract: The microbiological quality of 15 different vitamin B syrup samples of 7 pharmaceutical companies was assessed. The total aerobic microbial count (TAMC) varied between 1.0×101 CFU/ml and 6.0×103 CFU/ml. The total yeast and mold count (TYMC) ranged from 1.0×101 CFU/ml to 5.3×102 CFU/ml. In general, all the samples tested were contaminated with microorganisms. Our findings revealed that 10 (66.67%) out of the 15 samples exceeded the microbiological acceptance limit of USP. Moreover, presence of Escherichia coli was detected in 2 samples. The E. coli isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility test against 7 antibiotics. All the E. coli isolates showed resistance against ampicillin and 2 (33.33%) of the isolates showed resistance against cefaclor. None of the isolates demonstrated resistance against ciprofloxacin, kanamycin, meropenem, streptomycin and tetracycline. Presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in pharmaceutical products is very alarming for the consumer. The presence of high level of microbial contamination highlighted the need to reevaluate the production process of the pharmaceutical companies involved in production of non-sterile products and take necessary steps to prevent microbial contamination.
Key words: Antibiotic resistance, Microbial contamination, Non-sterile pharmaceutical product, Vitamin.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Prescription writing error in general practice: A cross sectional study at tertiary care hospital in Hyderabad, Pakistan |
| Country | : | Pakistan |
| Authors | : | Raheela Saleem, Abdullah Dayo, Muhammad Ali Ghoto, Muhammad Akram, Mudassar Iqbal Arain, Abbas Ali |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0847277 |
Abstract: Prescription is an instruction written by a medical practitioner to pharmacist which contains drug name, dose, frequency, directions for compounding, advices for drug consumption etc. Drug induced morbidity is an important problem in ambulatory care patients and its one of the major factor is prescription error. Therefore, the present study was performed to assess the current prescription writing trend for identifying frequent errors and proposing the ways by which these can be overcome. A cross sectional study was conducted by collecting 2120 prescriptions written in outpatient department (OPD) of tertiary care hospital. The prescribing errors were identified on the basis of WHO guidelines for prescription writing and current guidance published in British National Formulary. Most of the prescriptions evaluated did not follow the proper guidelines. Patient's weight, prescriber's contact, duration of therapy and drug generic name were missed in more than 90% of prescriptions. A significant number of prescriptions were also found to be illegibly written. Overall, prescription wring trend was worse and there is a need of training for proper prescription writing. Implementation of computerized order entry system and participation of pharmacists at all points of medication process may also substantially improve prescription writing trend.
Key words: Prescription; error; WHO Standards; BNF; General practice
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Antibiotic Activity of Streptomyces Isolates Collected From Soil of Kogi Central, Nigeria |
| Country | : | Nigeria |
| Authors | : | Bello E.Kizito., Nwankwo E.O. |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0847884 |
Abstract: A total of 62 Streptomyces were isolated from the farm land and waste land of Kogi central and screened for their antimicrobial activities. They were evaluated for their antagonistic activities on seven test organisms. Eighteen Streptomyces isolates which exhibit antimicrobial activity against at least 5 of the test organisms were characterized by conventional methods. The cultural characteristic was then studied. The result indicates that 9 (nine) isolates were highly active against Gram-positive bacteria. 6(six) isolates were highly active against a fungus with a zone of inhibition greater than >14mm in diameter. Most of the isolates inhibited growth of the Gram negative bacteria tested. All the antibiotic producing Streptomyces were isolated at different location from agricultural and non-agricultural waste land. Eighteen isolates shows antimicrobial effect against six bacteria and a fungus. With these findings, it is suggestive that Kogi central soil and it environ is a good source to explore potent antibiotics against clinically resistant pathogens.
Keywords: Antimicrobial activity, Microorganism, Streptomyces, Drug resistance.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | The prevalence of bacterial organisms on toilet door handles in Secondary Schools in Bokkos L. G. A., Jos, Plateau Sate, Nigeria |
| Country | : | Nigeria |
| Authors | : | *Lynn Maori, Vivian Okemena Agbor, Wasa Alibe Ahmed |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0848591 |
Abstract: The prevalence of bacterial organisms on toilet door handles in secondary schools in Bokkos Local Government; Jos Plateau State, Nigeria was evaluated. This work was carried out in March 2011. A total of 120 samples were collected and cultured for bacterial isolates, 40 from each of the schools (Government Secondary School Bokkos, All Nation Academy and Government secondary School Mushere). The following organisms were isolated Staphylococcus specie 26(43.3%), Candida specie 6(10%), Escherichia coli 10(16.7%), Citrobacter specie 1(1.7%), Klebsiella specie 12(20%), Proteus specie 4(6.7%) and Salmonella specie 1(1.7%). Out of the 120 samples that were collected 60(50%) yielded growth and 60 showed no growth at all. The result showed that G. S. S. Bokkos has the highest contamination with a total number of 29(48.3%) organisms isolated followed by All Nations Academy with 18(30%) organisms isolated and then G. S. S. Mushere with 13(21%). The result of this study indicates high prevalence rate of bacteria on toilet door handles in Secondary Schools in Bokkos L. G. A.
Key word: Staphylococcus, Candida, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Proteus, Salmonella
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | A Study on the Effect of an insecticide "Encounter"(Herbal Plant Extract) on the Haematology of the Freshwater fish "Labeo rohita" |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Binukumari.S, Anbalagan.M, Vasanthi.J |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0849294 |
Abstract: The onset of the industrial revolution has led to massive exploitation of a vast amount of our natural resources within a period of a few hundred years at unimaginable rates.Large amounts of wastes generated seriously damaging its natural processes.Fishes are aquatic and poikilothermic animals and perform best under a narrow range of optimum environmental conditions.A slight diversion from these,results in stress leading therby to diseases. The acute and sublethal toxicity of the insecticide "Encounter‟ on the fingerlings of Labeo rohita was evaluated to determine its effect on the haematological values.The fish was exposed to varying levels of the toxicant concentrations using static bioassay to determine the median lethal concentration. The LC50 value is 0.11 ppm.The fish was exposed to different hours (24,48,72 and 96) in sublethal concentration 0.11ppm and parameters like RBC,WBC,Hb,MCV,MCH,MCHC,PCV has been analysed.All haematological parameters except WBC were found to be decreased from control and the WBC was increased in all exposure periods.The values were statistically analyzed and most values were found to be significant at 5% level.
Keywords: haematological,insecticide,lethal toxicity,sublethal,WBC.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | In vitro Antioxidant activity of ethanol and aqueous extracts of Eugenia operculata Roxb. |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Yumnam Romila Devi, Pranab Behari Mazumder |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-08495100 |
Abstract: Eugenia operculata Roxb. also known as Cleistocalyx operculatus Roxb., or Syzygium nervosum belongs to the myrtaceae family is a well known perennial tree, commonly known as tom heinou in Manipur, India. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the antioxidant capacities of E.operculata. The ethanol and aqueous extracts were used in the present study. The extracts were screened for the presence of phytochemical constituents. Antioxidant properties were determined by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and reducing power method.IC50 values of ethanol and aqueous extracts were found to be 52.96±0.94 and 41.73±0.4 for DPPH assay. Reducing assay reveals dose dependent reducing power. The extract showed potent antioxidant activity when compared with standard ascorbic acid and gallic acid. Total phenolic content for ethanol and aqueous extracts were found to be 58.6 and 88.1mg/gm GAE.The ethanol and aqueous extracts of E.operculta posses significant antioxidant activity.
Keywords: Antioxidant, DPPH, Eugenia operculata; Manipur; Phytochemicals
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Drug Resistance due to Mutation in UL 97 and Certain Other Specific Genes in Cytomegalovirus Strains: An Overview |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Sunil Kumar and Sanjay Mishra |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-084101112 |
Abstract: The study of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) antiviral drug resistance has enhanced knowledge of the virological targets and the mechanisms of antiviral activity. The currently approved drugs, ganciclovir (GCV), foscarnet (FOS), and cidofovir (CDV), target the viral DNA polymerase. The widespread use of ganciclovir (GCV) to treat cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections in immuno-suppressed patients has led to the development of drug resistance.GCV anabolism also requires phosphorylation by the virus-encoded UL97 kinase. GCV resistance mutations have been identified in both genes, while FOS and CDV mutations occur only in the DNA polymerase gene. Confirmation of resistance mutations requires genotypic assays based on sequencing provide more rapid results but are dependent on prior validation by phenotypic methods. Recombinant phenotyping methods performed in a few research laboratories have resolved some of the conflicting results. Treatment options for drug-resistant HCMV infections are complex and have not been subjected to controlled clinical trials, although consensus guidelines have been proposed.
Keywords: Cytomegalovirus, antiviral activity, drug-resistance, ganciclovir, foscarnet, cidofovir, viral DNA polymerase.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | A Study of in-vitro interaction of Ketotifen Fumarate with Desloratadine at different gastric and intestinal pH |
| Country | : | Bangladesh |
| Authors | : | Mohammed Aktar Sayeed, S. M. Anisul Islam, Md. Ikram, Saiful Alam Siddique, Md. Nurul Islam, Md. Ariful Islam, Fuad Mohammed Farhad |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-084113120 |
Abstract: The prime object of this project was to elucidate the possible importance of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) as a contributing factor towards drug safety.The main focus of the project was to identify whether there is any interaction between Ketotifen Fumarate (antihistamine) and Desloratadine (antidopaminergic drug) present or not at different pH. From Job's continuous-variation analysis we found the view of drug-drug interaction at different concentration ratio atl pH (0.4, 1.2, 2.0,6.0) except 2.8, 6.8.7.4 . If both Ketotifen and Desloratadine will be administered concurrently, complex will be formed after reaction, which will reduce the pharmacological activities of both drugs in short grade.
Key words: Drug interaction, Desloratadine, job's plot, Ketotifen, pH, Spectral pattern.
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