IOSR-JAP   Volume-17 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jan. – Feb. 2025

ABSTRACT: In this paper, an improved hybrid model is proposed for signal loss prediction in Urban Macro (UMa) environments. The model combines the strengths of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks and exponential functions (EXP) to address limitations in both approaches. The exponential function captures the general trend of signal loss in UMa environments, while the LSTM network learns complex underlying temporal patterns in the data. The proposed hybrid model is evaluated using real-world data collected from drive tests in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. The results show significant improvements over the standalone EXP and LSTM models, achieving a 48% reduction in Mean Squared Error (MSE) compared to the EXP model and a 73% reduction compared to the LSTM model on unseen testing data. This underscores the strength and superiority of the hybrid approach over conventional signal loss models in UMa environments.

Keywords: LSTM, Signal, Prediction, Machine Learning, Wireless, Communication.

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[5] I. Risi, C. Ogbonda, J. Isabona, S. E. Olukanni, And P. Harcourt, "A Wavelet Genetic Algorithm Based Signal Path Loss Model For Evolved Nodeb Cell Sites Planning And Effective Coverage Of Wireless Communication System," Int. J. Innov. Eng. Sci. Technol., Vol. 12, No. 2, 2023.

ABSTRACT: This study presents the synthesis and characterization of gadolinium-doped bismuth borate glasses (80 B₂O₅ + 10 Bi₂O₃ + 5 CdO + (5−x) Li₂O + x Gd₂O₃) using the melt-quenching method. Optical properties were analysed using UV-Vis spectroscopy, determining the energy gap (Eg) and Urbach energy (Eu), providing insights into the electronic structure and disorder in the material. The amorphous nature of the glasses was confirmed through SEM and EDAX analysis. Density was measured using Archimedes' principle. FTIR spectra were recorded to investigate the vibrational modes, and photoluminescence properties were studied to explore potential optical applications. The results offer valuable information for the potential use of these glasses in optoelectronic and photonic applications.......

[1] Zhang, X., Et Al. (2023). "Optical Properties Of Bismuth-Based Borate Glasses For High-Power Applications." Journal Of Materials Science.
[2] Liu, Y., Et Al. (2022). "The Influence Of Bi₂O₃ On The Radiation Shielding Of Borate Glasses." Radiation Physics And Chemistry.
[3] Yao, J., Et Al. (2022). "Gamma Ray Attenuation Of Bi₂O₃ Doped Glasses For Nuclear Applications." Materials Chemistry And Physics.
[4] Wang, M., Et Al. (2021). "Thermal And Optical Properties Of Bi₂O₃-Li₂O-B₂O₃ Glasses." Journal Of Non-Crystalline Solids.
[5] Lee, H., Et Al. (2020). "Optical Glasses Based On Bismuth Oxide For High Performance In Fiber Optics." Journal Of Applied Physics.

ABSTRACT: As part of experimental measurements by the ATLAS collaboration during 2015 and 2018 years of light-on-light scattering in Pb+Pb collisions, at an integrated luminosity of 2.2 𝑛𝑏−1 and energy of 5.02 TeV, we modeled the cross sections of the axion-like particle (ALP) production, candidates for dark matter, with subsequent decay into gamma quanta. The obtained calculations showed the dependence of the cross section on the number of ALPs events, on the energy in the center of mass system in proton-proton and Pb-Pb collisions and on the mass region of the ALPs......

Key Word: Axion-like particle, Good-Walker eigenstates, production cross section, number of events, the single and diffractive dissociation.

[1]. Atlas-Conf-2019-002. Observation Of Light-By-Light Scattering In Ultraperipheral Pb+Pb Collisions With The Atlas Detector.
[2]. Atlas Collaboration. Search For An Axion-Like Particle With Forward Proton Scattering In Association With Photon Pairs At Atlas. Jhep07 (2023) 234, Arxiv:2304.10953v1 [Hep-Ex].
[3]. Roderik Bruce Et Al. New Physics Searches With Heavy-Ion Collisions At The Lhc. Journal Of Physics G: Nuclear And Particle Physics 47 (2020) 060501, Arxiv:1812.07688v2 [Hep-Ph]
[4]. Lucian Harland-Lang. Superchic V4.2 A Monte Carlo For Central Exclusive Production. Url:
Https://Superchic.Hepforge.Org/Superchic4.2.Pdf
[5]. The Atlas Collaboration. Measurement Of Light-By-Light Scattering And Search For Alp With 2.2 Nb?1 Of Pb+Pb Data With The Atlas Detector. Jhep 03 (2021) 243..

ABSTRACT: A detailed study of light speed is presented based on Newtonian physics in which photon is treated as a particle having inertia properties in both photon generation and propagation processes. With a clear understanding of the definition of light speed and the reference of observation, on one hand, Wu’s Spacetime Shrinkage Theory based on a hypothetical Yanton and Yington Theory can be applied successfully in interpretation of physical phenomena of photon associated with Absolute Light Speed observed at light source (also at stationary reference point), such as Cosmological Redshift, Gravitational Redshift, Light Deflection, Anisotropic light speed, as well as Hubble’s......

Key Word: Light Speed, Absolute Light Speed, Vision of Light, Principle of Vision, Transformation of Vision, Photon Inertia Transformation, Equation of Relative Velocity, Equation of Light Speed, Michelson and Morley Experiment, Redshift, Gravitational Redshift, Cosmological Redshift, Doppler Effect, Equations of Doppler Shifts, Axial Doppler Shift, Acceleration Doppler Shift, Transverse Doppler Shift, Even Horizon, Yangton and Yington Theory, Wu’s Spacetime Shrinkage Theory, Principle of Parallelism, Wu’s Spacetime Equation, Deflection of Light, Expansion of Universe, Hubble’s Law, Special Relativity, Velocity Time Dilation, Length Contraction.

[1] Edward T. H. Wu. “Vision Of Object, Vision Of Light, Photon Inertia Transformation And Their Effects On Light Speed And Special Relativity.” IOSR Journal Of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP), Vol. 9, No. 5, 2017, Pp. 49–54.
[2] Edward T. H. Wu. “Equation Of Relative Velocity And Its Correlations To Equation Of Light Speed, Dynamic Graviton Flux And Equations Of Doppler Shifts.” IOSR Journal Of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP), 16(2), 2024, Pp. 21- 28.
[3] Edward T. H. Wu. "Equation Of Light Speed." IOSR Journal Of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP), 14(02), 2022, Pp. 47-59.
[4] Edward T. H. Wu. “Gravitational Constant, Gravity Dependent Physical Constants, Wu Constant, Wu’s Spacetime Constant And Absolute Light Speed.” IOSR Journal Of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP), 16(3), 2024, Pp. 41- 47.
[5] Edward T. H. Wu. “Static Graviton Flux And Dynamic Graviton Flux.” IOSR Journal Of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP), 15(3), 2023, Pp. 53-59..