iosr-JRME   Volume-5 ~ Issue-2 ~ March-April 2015

Abstract: Learning anything by seeing others and repeating the behavior by one's self is called Modeling. Activity for daily life, which includes bathing, brushing, grooming etc, is learned mostly by seeing others either at home or anywhere else, by the normal children. But when a matter comes of the mentally challenged child, in special education, who is mild in retardation and cerebral palsy in physical condition, then learning and understanding becomes a challenge for the trainer as well as for the trainee. The present study is an experimental intervention in which, one of the activity in ADL behavior is taught. The selected activity is divided into many sub-tasks through task –analysis. Completion of each sub-task was the targeted behavior, for which variable –ratio schedule was maintained along with 'Primary reinforcement' and External Prompting'. Date of progress was recorded through routine chart. Each sub-task got completed in sequence, which led towards the completion of selected major task. Finally the targeted activity of ADL was learned by the case, which drawn the conclusion that behavior modeling can't only help a mentally challenged person to perform the ADL activity but also it can make a person self-dependent.

[1]. Activity of daily living.(n.d).Retrieved June 10,2014 from Wiki: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activities_of_daily_living
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[3]. Denise, W. (2014). What is Behavior Modeling? Retrieved from http: //Parenting teens.about.com/od/discipline 1/a/behaviormodel.htm
[4]. Lisa, F. (2014, june10).Behavior modeling: Written or Retrieved by a board-certificate physician. See About .com‟s Medical Review Board. Retrieved by a board-certificate physician. See About .com‟s Medical Review Board. Retrieved from http: //phobias.about.com/ad/glossary/9/Behaviour-Modeling.htm.

Abstract: One of the chief objectives of education is the development of desirable attitudes in the students. It is, there fore, observable that the teachers must understand the various dimensions of an attitude. It is also to be kept in view that we are required to develop several attitudes in the students like attitude towards studies, attitude towards self, attitude towards colleagues, attitude towards certain ideals, etc. Attitude is purely a psychological concept. From psychological point of view it is difficult to discriminate attitude from other psychological concepts like interest, aptitude or appreciation. Still, it is defined as the readiness of mind to respond to an object, person or a situation. It is something that is learned by an individual as he learns many other things in life. Attitude is an orientation or disposition or a sort of readiness to react in a certain way. Which an individual carries with him in a sort of latent form and it may become manifest in an individual's behavior only when an occasion arises. When an individual has to express his attitude he may react to them in a predetermined manner either favorably or unfavorably or in different manner. Hence this study attempts to know the relationship of achievement in science and scientific attitude among students and the found result from this study was that there is no significant relationship in achievement in science and scientific attitude.

Keywords: Science Attitude, Science Achievement, Secondary School Students, Government Schools, and Private Schools.

[1]. Aggarwal. Y.P. (1978) "Statistical Methods", Sterling Publication Pvt., Ltd., New Delhi.
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Abstract: Objectives: To compare lecture based learning (LBL) with problem based learning (PBL). Methods: A cross sectional prospective study was carried out among 145 3rd year MBBS students in Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College(JNMC), Aligarh. The study was performedfor a period of 60 days. Data was collected by means of structured questionnaire. Results: 65 (44.8%) students were girls while 80 (55.2%) were boys. 89 (61.4%) students liked only PBL followed by both LBL and PBL by 104(71.7%) students. 59(40.7 %) students claimed that PBL has led to better understanding of subject while 71(48.9%) respondents favored both LBL and PBL. 98(67.6%) respondents admitted that PBL has led to more clarification of their concepts while 105(72.4%) students appreciated both. Coverage of sufficient syllabus through PBL and both was claimed by 91(62.8%) and 105(72.4%) students respectively. Majority 94(64.8%) was satisfied with training of the teacher for traditional teaching while 106(73.1%) were satisfied with training of facilitator for PBL. 69(47.5%) students were satisfied with availability of resources for PBL while 71(48.9%) were for both methods combined together. 91(62.8%) respondents preferred present scenario (LBL parallel with PBL)in JNMC. Conclusion: LBL must be in symbiosis with PBL for better analytical approach and clarification of concepts. There is need to improve the information resources for PBL and enhancement of practical knowledge of students.

Keywords: concepts, facilitator, lecture, problem based learning, syllabus.

[1]. Neville, Alan J. (2009). "Problem-Based Learning and Medical Education Forty Years on". Medical Principles and Practice 18 (1): 1–9.
[2]. Barrows, Howard S. (1996). "Problem-based learning in medicine and beyond: A brief overview". New Directions for Teaching and Learning 1996 (68): 3.
[3]. Anwar MS, Shah SS. Problem Based Learning as an alternative to traditional lecture system: Its application in integrated undergraduate medical curriculum. JIIMC 2009;5:75-6.
[4]. Singaram VS, Dolmans DH, Lachman N, Van der Vleuten CP. Perceptions of problem-based learning (PBL) group effectiveness in a socially-culturally diverse medical student population. Edu Health (Abingdon) 2008;21:116.
[5]. Memon MA, Barakzai Q. Analysis of PBL performance of Batch Xi (3rd year MBBS) in three consecutive years. JIIMC 2009;5:47.
[6]. Sweller, J (1988). "Cognitive load during problem solving: Effects on learning". Cognitive Science 12 (2): 257.
[7]. Henry, H. R. ,Tawfik, A. A. , Jonassen, D. H. , Winholtz, R. A. , & Khanna, S. (2012). "I Know This is Supposed to be More Like the Real World, But . . .": Student Perceptions of a PBL Implementation in an Undergraduate Materials Science Course. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning, 6(1).

Abstract: This paper will discuss about the performances in Electrochemistry Final Examination (EFE) for some Form 4 students from three schools at LMS, Perak. The students first were sitting for pre-tests- Motivational Level (ML), Puzzle Cards (PC), Logical Thinking (LT), Scientific Reasoning Skills (SRS), and Electrochemistry Final Exam (EFE). Three manuals were used- Illustrations (I), Explanation using Sentences (EuSM), and Ministry of Education Chemistry Textbooks (T). After the treatments using these manuals, students were sitting for post-tests- ML, -PC, - LT, -SRS, and -EFE. The data were then analyzed with One-Way ANOVA Test (Repeated) using IBM SPSS Statistics Software 21.0 to determine whether there will be improvements in the post-tests after using these manuals.

Keywords: Electrochemistry Form 4; Logical Thinking (LT); Motivational Level (ML); Scientific Reasoning Skills (SRS); Electrochemistry Manuals (IM, EuSM & T)

[1]. Downloaded from http://apps2.moe.gov.my/kurikulum/v2/ on 9th March 2014
[2]. Thorsten Bell, Detlef Urhahne, Sascha Schanze and Rolf Ploetzner, International Journal of Science Education, Vol. 32, No. 3, 1 February 2010, pp. 349–377
[3]. M. A. Yahaya, A. N. Mohd Zin, IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSR-JRME), Volume 3, Issue 5 (Nov. –Dec. 2013), PP 26-32
[4]. Juliette Lantz and Mary Walczak, The Chemical Educator, Vol . 1, No. 6, pp. 1 – 22
[5]. Munawaroh, IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSR-JRME), Volume 3, Issue 5 (Nov. –Dec. 2013), PP 38-44
[6]. Elizabeth A. Linnenbrink and Paul R. Pintrich, Reading & Writing Quarterly, 19: 1197137, 2003
[7]. Piaw, C. Y., Statistik Penyelidikan Lanjutan (KL, McGraw-Hill M'sia Sdn. Bhd.: 2009), 46

Abstract: English Language teaching and learning is faced with myriads of challenges ranging from overpopulation to inadequate human power, government inconsistent policies, lack of essential teaching facilities, students' laissez –faire attitude; mother tongue interference and many others. The highlighted problems are not only common scenarios of the government owned schools but also exist in private institutions although with little variance. Lack of adequate language specialistsas well as interlingua problem are some common features of schools in Nigeria and most parts of Africa. To solve these and many other problems, the paper opines that English learners must be extensive readers; teachers must reward efforts of learners so as to motivate their struggle to acquire the language skills; government as a matter of priority should make available necessary facilities that will empower teaching and learning of English and also school management should arouse the interest of English learners by providing relevant equipment and facilities for effective English teaching and learning.

Keywords: English language, challenges, teaching, learning, higher education

[1]. Adedimeji M.A. Language Functions and Conflict Management in Nigeria:A functional Linguistic Approach Department of English, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria, Accessed on 17th March, 2014.
[2]. Adedimeji, M.A. (1998). ―Humanities: Providing Antidotes for Societal Maladies‖. The Humanist (3) pp. 8 – 9. Accessed on 17th March, 2014.
[3]. Adedimeji, M.A. (2004). ―Language in Guidance and Counselling: A Psychotherapy for Combating Anti-Social Behaviours in Nigeria‖. Unpublished Module 6. Accessed on 17thMarch, 2014.

Abstract: The tremendous explosion of information without commensurate wisdom, and immense power not tempered with compassion, tolerance, ethics or humility has made today's education a potential source of disaster. Today a moving storehouse of information is more encouraged than cultivated humanity. Swami Vivekananda (12.01.1863-04.07.1902) was an Indian social reformer with an India-centric global vision. He amalgamated Western Humanism (the ideas of personal liberty, social equality, justice and respect for women) with Indian ethos. His views of education are rooted in traditional Indian philosophy that nurtures the ideals of harmony, compassion, tolerance and peace. For him, religion and spirituality was the core of education. It makes spirituality the highest and noblest pursuit - the pursuit of supreme emancipation, supreme knowledge, and supreme bliss. Today, the degradation of man has been going on apace, as witnessed by the enormous increase in broken homes, immorality, violence, religious conflicts, wars, addiction, crime etc.

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Abstract: This paper focused at the pedagogy of constructivism and computer programmed instruction, and explained their meaning and concept as learner-centered and individualised way of teaching and learning processes respectively, aimed at putting learners in the fore of instruction delivery. Using content analysis the constructivist and computer programmed instruction approach to instruction was viewed as a means to minimize the teacher-centered manner to instruction in which the teacher controls the whole instructional processes. Relevant conclusion was made as constructivism and computer programmed instruction pedagogy is becoming increasingly popular in education, therefore it was recommended that this pedagogy be the main focus in the course of instruction delivery. Keywords: Pedagogy, Constructivism, Computer Programmed Instruction, Teaching, and Learning.

[1]. Abe T.O & Adu E.I (2013).Gender Differences and School Location on Development and Assessment of Computer Programmed Instructional Package Energy Concept in Upper Basic Technology. Ikere: Journal of Education and Policy Review Vol 5, No 1 2013, Retrieved from www.ceresinpub.org 25/7/13.
[2]. Adegbija, M.V., (2006). The Influence and Utilization of some Aspects of Programmed Instruction by Teachers. Ilorin: Department of teacher education, University of Ibadan.
[3]. Adu, E.I (2011). Development and Assessment of Computer Programmed Instructional Package on Energy Concept by Upper Basic Technology Teachers in Ekiti State. Ilorin: Unpublished M.Ed research dissertation.
[4]. Ajelabi, A. (2005). Essentials of Educational Technology. Nigeria: Raytel communications Ltd.
[5]. Alice, S. (2007). Treasure Trove for Constructivist Classroom Project. Arizona: Generation Yes Blog, Retrieved from http://www.alicachristie.org/pub/assets 26/7/13.

Abstract: The foundation of engineering education has its root in the basic sciences. The knowledge of basic science is the backbone of all technical education. It is the base on which the building of innovations, ingenuity and research stands. The first introduction of engineering is always through sciences i.e. through physics, chemistry and mathematics. Engineering is the bridge between the sciences and humanities. It is observe that engineers apply scientific principles to advance the human condition, but their success relies as much upon an understanding of physics and mathematics as an appreciation of history and psychology. The main objective of this paper is to emphasize the importance and pertinence of basic science in engineering programs, not with the objective of providing a cultural complement but with the idea of giving the students a strong basis in this area, in order to provide them with adequate continuity along with engineering and applied engineering. This will allow them to adapt better to technological changes and advances.

[1]. Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, [online] available: www.abet.org [Accessed 10Mar. 2013]
[2]. E. Conlon, 2008. The new engineer: between employability and social responsibility. European Journal of Engineering Education, 33:2,151-159
[3]. E.D. Graaff, Ravesteijn, 2001. Training complete engineers: global enterprise and engineering Education. European Journal of Engineering Education .26(4), 419-427.
[4]. Gary Gereffi,Vivek Wadhwa,Ben Rissing ,Ryan Ong, "Getting the numbers right: International engineering education in the United States,China,and India," Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 97.no.1,ppp. 13-25, 2008.
[5]. Grimson J., 2002. Re-engineering the curriculum for the 21st century. European Journal of Engineering Education.27 (1), 31-37.
[6]. Institution of Engineers, Australia, Changing the Culture: Engineering Education into the Future. Bardon, ACT: Institution of Engineers, Australia, 1996.

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to identify the job competency in the field of electricity that was taught in Vocational School (SMK). This research used research and development method. Based on conceptual and procedures, this research and development was carried out referring to the model of SCID. It was summarized in four stages: initial assessment, design, realization and evaluation. The development procedure started with a need analysis of the competence of electricity in workforce and evaluated in several schools to get a response about their learning needs. These results were then validated conceptually by experts. It showed that the job competence profiles that were developed by Dacum identification technique were valid and reliable to be used because it was practical and effective. Keywords: Dacum, Competence Based, High Vocational Education

[1]. Dikmenjur,Trans-SKN. (2006). Information about National Standard Competency. Jakarta. Presented in Workshop "Socialization of Competence Standard and Certification.
[2]. Wardiman Djojonegoro. (1998). Pengembangan sumber daya manusia melalui SMK. Jakarta: PT.Jayakarta Agung Offset.
[3]. Sukamto. (2001). Perubahan Karakteristik Dunia Kerja dan Revitalisasi Pembelajaran dalam Kurikulum Pendidikan Kejuruan. Pidato pada Rapat Terbuka Senat Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta.
[4]. Finch, Curtis R., & Crunkilton, John R. (1984). Curriculum development in vocational and technical educational: Planning, content, and implementation. Fourth Edition. Virginia: Polytechnic Institute and State Univercity.
[5]. Borich, Gary D.(2007). Effective teaching methods: Research-Based Practice. Sixth Edition. New York: Pearson Prentice Hall.
[6]. Sukamto. (1988). Perencanaan & Pengembagan Kurikulum Pendidikan Teknologi & Kejuruan. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan & Kebudayaan.
[7]. Riana T. Mangesa. (2012). Pengembangan Model Pembelajaran berbasis kompetensi kerja bidang kelistrikan di SMK. Yogyakarta: Universitaas Negeri Yogyakarta.
[8]. Norton, E. Robert. (2008). Developing a Curriculum Handbook. Third Edition. Columbus, Ohio: The Ohio State University, Center on Education and Training for Employment College of Education & Human Ecology.

Abstract: This study was designed to identify child mortality among teenage mothers in Oju metropolisin Benue State, Nigeria, specifically, the study determined (i) the cause of child mortality among teenage mothers, and (ii) rate of child mortality among teenage mothersand (iii) possible ways of reducing child mortality rate, and it answered three research questions to guide the study. The population of the study comprised of all medical personnel in Oju metropolis. The sample was purposively selected from medical personnel in the area of study (Oju metropolis). The instrument of the study was a four-point scale questioner which was dully validated prior to utilization. Mean was used for data analysis, the findings include seven causes of child mortality, seven rates of child mortality and eleven possible ways of reducing child mortality rate, based on the findings, six recommendations were made, which include among others, parent should be made to be aware of the crisis associatedwith early motherhood through public enlighten programmessuch as counseling agents, workshops, seminars and radio jingles.
Key words: Child, Mortality, Childmortality, Teenage, Mother, Teenage mother

[1]. Adedoyin, M. A. and Adetro, O. (1989).Pregnancy and its outcome among teenage mothers in Nigeria.African medical journal.Vol. 66 (7). 448-452
[2]. Federal Office of Statistics (2000).Government Publication.
[3]. Child Health Research Report (1999). Reduce prenatal and neonatal morality Battimore, Maryland. Vol 3 (1) page 10-12.
[4]. National Population Census (2004) National Population Commission. Abuja. May. 2004.
[5]. The Allan Guttmacher institute (2007) US. Teenage pregnancy statistics.NewYork.

Abstract: This paper focuses and provides an insight into the current scenario of today's engineering graduates; the careers opted by various engineering students, either jobs or higher education. The role of these young and dynamic students with potential in entrepreneurship is been focused and given a broader aspect. Attention is also given on the current challenges that are faced by the young entrepreneurs and what opportunities lay for them in entrepreneurship. Some suggestions on possible roles of government, educational and financial institutes are also listed. Along with this, a case study on Aspiring Young Entrepreneurs is discussed where undergraduate students of Walchand College of Engineering, Sangli mutually endeavor to gain entrepreneurial skills collectively.
Keywords: youth entrepreneurship, challenges, opportunities, Aspiring Young Entrepreneurs, Reserve Bank of India, economic development

[1]. Lipsey R.G, K.I. Carlaw and C.T. Bekar, Economic Transformations: General Purpose Technologies and Long-Term Economic Growth.
[2]. Dr. N. Santhi and S. Rajesh Kumar, Entrepreneurship Challenges and Opportunities in India.
[3]. Prof. K. Kumar, Research on Business and Entrepreneurship History of India– Reflections on the State of the Art and Future Directions.
[4]. ‟ENTREPRENEURSHIP‟, a study by National Knowledge Commission, Government of India.
[5]. Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Developing Countries, by United Nation‟s University.

Abstract: The study investigated the effects of game and poem enhanced instruction on pupils' knowledge of mathematics concepts in mathematics (Fractions and decimals, Volume of, cylinder; triangular prisms and sphere; Capacity and Weight). A total of 344 pupils from twelve (12) public primary schools of Ogbia and Yenagoa Local Government Areas of Bayelsa State, Nigeria were involved in the study. A pretest-posttest control group quasi-experimental design was adopted in the research. The moderating effects of gender were also examined on the independent and dependent variables. Using ANCOVA statistics, the results revealed that pupils exposed to game and poem enhanced instruction have better mean score in knowledge of mathematics concepts than the control groups. Poem was found to be more effective in improving pupils' knowledge of mathematics concepts than game and a non-significant gender difference existed in the mean scores in knowledge of mathematics concepts. There was no significant interaction effect of gender on pupils' knowledge of mathematics concepts. The implication of the findings was discussed and appropriate recommendations were made.
Key Words: Game and Poem instructional methods, Pupils' mathematical concepts.

[1]. Abubakar, B. and Bawa, M. 2006. Effect of the use of number base game on senior secondary school students' achievement in number bases. ABACUS: Journal of Mathematical Association of Nigeria 31.1:103-114
[2]. Agwagah, U.N.V. 2001.Mathematical Games for Primary Schools.Nsukka: Mike Social Press.
[3]. Agwagah, U.N.V. 2008. Mathematics beyond calculation: Aesthetic values. ABACUS. Journal of the mathematical Association of Nigeria 33. 1: 70-79.
[4]. Akinsola, M.K. (1999): Factors Inhibiting the Learning of Mathematics. In Obemeata, J.O., Ayodele, S.O. and Araromi, M.A. (Eds.). Evaluation inAfrica. Book of Reading in Honour of Prof. Ayodele Yoloye. Ibadan, Stirling-Horden Publisher Company, pp 175-184
[5]. Akinsola, M. K. (2000). Enriching Science, Technology and Mathematics Education. Effect of Resources Utilization on Students' Achievement in Geometry. 41st Annual Conference Proceeding of the Science Teachers Association of Nigeria (STAN). Pp. 289 – 291.

Abstract: The use of grammar teaching in the field of second language acquisition has been extensively studied, but there is a lacuna in the literature, regarding the students' perception of its importance. To investigate this aspect, the study was conducted on a group of 15 students studying in Semester Five, in the English Language Department of Misurata University, Libya. The students were interviewed in groups of three with nine specific questions, and the responses were audio-taped and transcribed verbatim. The findings revealed that although they all came from the same cultural, linguistic and educational backgrounds, they had different perceptions regarding the form focused instruction of grammar. The information gathered is of considerable significance to ESL teachers who intend to meet students' needs as well as reduce conflicts caused by different perspectives between teachers and students regarding whether or not grammar teaching should be encouraged in the classroom.

[1]. Brooks, N. (1960). Language and language learning: Theory and practice. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World.
[2]. Celce-Murcia, M., Dörnyei, Z., & Thurrell, S. (1997). Direct approaches in L2 instruction: A turning point in Communicative Language Teaching? TESOL Quarterly, 31(1), 141-152.
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[5]. Ellis, R. (2006). Current issues in the teaching of grammar: An SLA perspective. TESOL Quarterly, 40(1), 83-106.

Abstract: Bibliometrics is the quantitative analysis of academic literature. It is a valuable tool for assessing academic contributions, it should be complemented with qualitative evaluations to ensure a comprehensive understanding of research impact. Bibliometrics, the quantitative analysis of academic literature, plays a crucial role in understanding the impact and dissemination of research within scientific communities. This analysis offers critical insights....

Keywords: Bibliometrics, information, citation analysis, publication analysis, laws, behavior studies.

[1]. Astrom,Fredrik and Hansson,Joacim(2013).How Implemantation of bibliometric practice affects the role of academic libraries. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science.V.45, 4.P. 316-322. [2]. Hood, W. W., and Wilson, C. S. (2001). The Literature of Bibliometrics, Scientometrics, and Informetrics. Scientometrics V52.P. 291–314. [3]. Cronin, B. (2001). Bibliometrics and beyond: Some Thoughts on Web-Based Citation Analysis. Journal of Information Science.V. 27.P. 1–7. [4]. Chellappandi, P., and Vijayakumar, C. S. (2018). Bibliometrics, Scientometrics, Webometrics/Cybermetrics, Informetrics and Altmetrics - an Emerging Field in Library and Information Science Research. International Journal of Education.V.7.P. 107–115. [5]. Corrall, S., Kennan, M. A., and Afzal, W. (2013). Bibliometrics and research data management services: emerging trends in library support for research. Lib..