Volume-15 ~ Issue-3 ~ March 2022

Abstract: Radiative cooling is an ecofriendly cooling method that has been deemed to be a possible solution for global warming. Recent works have created costly nanophotonic radiators that can bring considerable temperature reduction but are not suitable for mass production. Herein, we report the results of inexpensive PDMS films with patterns of rose petals and lily petals. Similar to artificial regular patterns, these films inspired by the nature can enhance the radiative cooling effect. The results show that the geometric structure of the petals can help promote radiative cooling, creating a maximum temperature difference of 6 °C with the bare metal plate. Further, the inspired films might not only perform daytime radiative cooling but also serve as useful resources in desertification. The results of this manuscript are essential as they add to the existing pool of knowledge in mechanical engineering, potentially having a significant impact on global energy consumption.

[1]. Catalanotti S, Cuomo V, Piro G, Ruggi D, Silvestrini V and Troise G (1975) The radiative cooling of selective surfaces. Solar Energy 17(2): 83–89.
[2]. Comlekcioglu, Nuray, and M. Kemal Soylu. "Determination of high temperature tolerance via screening of flower and fruit formation in tomato." Yyu J Agr Sci 20.2 (2010): 123-130.
[3]. Dai S, Zhu Y, Gu Y and Du Z (2019) Biomimetic fabrication and photoelectric properties of superhydrophobic ZnO nanostructures on flexible PDMS substrates replicated from rose petal. Applied Physics A 125(2): 1–11.
[4]. Hossain MM, Jia B, and Gu M (2015) A metamaterial emitter for highly efficient radiative cooling. Advanced Optical Materials 3(8): 1047–1051.
[5]. Isaac M and Van Vuuren DP (2009) Modeling global residential sector energy demand for heating and air conditioning in the context of climate change. Energy Policy 37(2): 507–521.

Abstract: In the present study, the electrochemical degradation of Methylene blue dye from its aqueous solution by synthesized Sn/graphite modified electrode. The comparison between the kinetics of degradation by graphite and Sn/graphite modified electrode has been studied systematically. The effects of various parameters like dye concentration, pH, current density and different temperature, degradation rate is to be studied. UV-Visible spectra before and after degradation of dye was measured. The anodic oxidation by Sn/graphite modified electrode showed the complete degradation of aqueous solution methylene blue, which is confirmed by UV-Visible and COD measurements. This process.....

Keywords: Methylene Blue, Stannous graphite modified electrode (Sn/GME)

[1]. .M.R. Samarghandi et al. Electrochemical degradation of methylene blue dye using graphite doped PbO2anode: Optimization of operational parameters, degradation pathway and improving the biodegradability of textile wastewater. Arabian Journal of Chemistry (2020)13,6847-6864
[2]. Marco Panizza ∗, Antonio Barbucci, Rico Ricotti, Giacomo Cerisola. Electrochemical degradation of methylene blue. Separation and Purification Technology 54 (2007) 382–387.
[3]. A. Bousher, X. Shen, R. Edyvean, Removal of coloured organic matter by adsorption onto low-cost waste materials, Water. Res. 31 (1997) 2084–2092.
[4]. D.H. Bache, M.D. Hossain, S.H. Al-Ani, P.J. Jackson, Optimum coagulation conditions for a coloured water in terms of floc size, density and strength, Water Supply 9 (1991) 93–102.
[5]. Emmanuel Onyekachi Nwanebu et.al. Electrochemical Degradation of Methylene Blue Using a Ni-Co-Oxide Anode. Catalysts 2021, 11, 793.

Abstract: The isotopic elements obviously have no location in "the Periodic Table of the Chemical Elements". To resolve the ranking location of isotopes' place in the periodic table, to Constructing "Element's Periodic Law of Three-dimensional (solid)" becomes inevitable. The author summarizes the formation and development of the periodic law of chemical elements forms four stages: single→1D→2D→3D.

Keywords: Chemical element periodic table in plane; SNP; DNP; Isotopic center; 3DPeriodic System of Elements

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Abstract:Background: This study was carried out to investigate the level of heavy metals using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) and to also carry out health risk posed to adult men by heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni) in goat meat organs sold within Kaduna Metropolis. The concentrations of these heavy meals were assessed on the basis of variation of heavy metals localization in different organs of goat (heart, liver, kidney and muscles) and the calculation of risk assessment parameters such as estimated daily intake of heavy metals (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ) and target cancer risk (TCR). Material and Methods: Fresh samples of (heart, liver, kidney and muscles) of 20 different slaughtered goats were collected from Zango Abattoir within Kaduna....

Keywords: Health Risk Assessment, Heavy Metal, Goat, AAS, THQ, EDI, TCR

[1]. Anderson, B.A. (1998). Composition and Nutritional Value of Edible Meat By-products in Edible Meat By-products, Advances in Meat Research. 5th Edition. A.M Pearson and T.R. Dutson Elsevier Applied Science, 1545.
[2]. Sadiku S.O. E and Oladimeji A. A (1991). Relationship of proximate composition of Latesniloticus and Synodontisschall and Sarotherodongalilaeus (Trewavas) from Zaria Dam, Nigeria. Bioscience Research Commitee, 3(1):29-40.
[3]. Ivanović S., Pavlović I. (2015). Meso koza - bezbedna namirnica. Naučni institut za veterinarstvo Srbije, Beograd, pp 245.
[4]. Madruga M.S., Bressan M.C. (2011). Goat meats: Description, rational use, certification, processing and technical developments. Small Ruminant Research, 98:39–45.
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Abstract: This study worked on a lesser known plant Oxystigma mannii and report herein the isolation and characterization of a new Phenanthrene ester, phenyl 8-((3-hydroxy-13-methyl-7,8,9,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-decahydro-6H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl)oxy)octanoate from Oxystigma mannii, a medicinal plant used by the Herbalists of Central Africa for the treatment of different ailments. The structure of the new compound was determined based on the IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, DEPT, COSY, HMBC and HSQC spectra. The presence of the isolated compound may be responsible for some of the biological activities exhibited by the plant.

Keywords: Oxystigma mannii, Phenanthrene ester, Ailment

[1]. Breteler, F.J. (1999). A Revision of Prioria, Including Gossweilerodendron, Kingiodendron, Oxystigma, and Pterygopodium (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae-Detarieae) With Emphasis On Africa (Wageningen Agricultural University papers; No. 99-3).
[2]. Echeme, J.O., Ahuchogu A.A. and Uchegbu, R.I.(2014). Isolation and Characterization of Estra-17-propoxy,3/, 4/–dimethoxy – 3yl benzoate from the leaves of Spondias mombin linn. Journal of Natural Sciences Research Vol.4, No.19.
[3]. Gurib-Fakim, A. (2006). "Medicinal plants: traditions of yesterday and drugs of tomorrow," Molecular Aspects of Medicine, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 1–93.
[4]. Kwofie M.A and Gupta, M. (2021). Phenanthrene: A versatile Molecule; A Review. Plant Archives 21(1).
[5]. Peyeino, J.H., Tabekoueng, G.B., Djomkam, H.L.M. Langat, M.K. Sadgrove N., Prescott, T. . Siddique, H. Mas-Claret,E., . Isyaka, M.S Wansi, J.D. Vardamides, J.C. Waffo, A.F.K. (2021). Terpenoids from Cameroonian Oxystigma mannii (Baill.) Harms, Volume 12..

Abstract: Benzalkonium chloride is a quaternary ammonium antibacterial and disinfectant with properties and applications comparable to cationic surfactants. Because of their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities against bacteria, fungi, and viruses, benzalkonium chlorides (BKCs) are widely used compounds. The goal of this work was to create an effective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for determining and quantifying benzalkonium chloride in a cleaning solution quickly and accurately. On a Waters Spherisorb® CN (4.6x150 mm) column packed with 5 m particles, the analyte was chromatographed. The mobile phase was a 40:60 (v/v) mixture of Sodium acetate....

Keywords: (Benzalkonium chloride, Detection, Test method Validation, General purpose Disinfectant cleaner, Isocratic High performance liquid chromatography, Mobile phase)

[1]. Liu, J.; Deng, W.; Yu, M.; Wen, R.; Yao, S.; Chen, B., Rapid determination of benzalkonium chloride using paper spray mass spec-trometry. J. Pharmaceut. Biomed. 2017, 145, 151–157.
[2]. el Hage, S.; Lajoie, B.; Stigliani, Je.; Furiga-Chusseau, A.; Roques, C.; Baziard, G., Synthesis, antimicrobial activity and physico-chemical properties of somen-alkyldimethylbenzylammonium halides. J. Appl. Biomed. 2014, 12, 245–253.
[3]. Pornchai Rojsitthisak, Wisut Wichitnithad, Ongart Pipitharome, Kingkan Sanphanya, and Peeracha Thanawattanawanich, ; Simple HPLC determination of Benzalkonium Chloride in Opthalmic Formulations Containing Antazoline and Tetrahydrozileine. ; PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; September 2015, Volume 59, No.5, 145, 151–157.
[4]. Georgeta Ramona Ivan, Rusandica Stoica, Elene Radu, Luiza Capra, and Michaela Manolache,; Determination of Benzalkonium chloride from Biocide Products, Selectivity study;. MDPI, Oct 2017. Proceeding 2019, 29, 94
[5]. Irene Jiménez, Eduardo Perogordo, Natividad Andrés and Begoña Galíndez. Spain's National Food Centre. Spanish Agency for Consumer Affairs, Food Safety and Nutrition; Validation of an analytical method for analyzing residues of quaternary ammonium compounds in animal and plant samples by LC-MS/MS; Journal of AOAC International, 86, pp: 412-413.

Abstract: Crude Palm oil has been an essential constituent of human diet in many homes in Nigeria and it is essential in human nutrition but can be contaminated by environmental contaminants such as microorganisms and heavy metals. This study was carried out to determine the physicochemical properties of crude palm oil purchased from three local government local markets in Lagos state, Nigeria and to determine some selected toxic and trace heavy metals present in the crude palm oil. The palm oil samples were subjected to acid digestion process before analysis. Physicochemical parameters of the crude palm oil samples were measured and the digested oil samples were analysed for....

Keywords: Palm oil, physicochemical analysis, digestion, heavy metals, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy

[1]. Gourichon, H. (2013). Analysis of incentives and disincentives for palm oil in Nigeria.
[2]. Tan C-H., Ghazali HM, Kuntom A, Tan C-P., Ariffin AA. (2009). Extraction and physicochemical properties of low free fatty acid crude palm oil. Food Chem 113: 645–650.Charity Osei-Amponsa (2013). Improving the quality of crude palm oil: Trans disciplinary research on artisanal processing in Kwaebibirem district Ghana.
[3]. Abd Al-Wali Japir, Jumat Salimon, Darfizzi Derawi, Murad Bahadi, Salah Al-Shuja' and Muhammad Rahimi Yusop (2017). Physicochemical characteristics of high free fatty acid crude palm oil. Oilseeds & fats Crops and Lipids, 24(5), D506. DOI: 10.1051/ocl/2017033
[4]. Minh, T.N. (2006). The effect of temperature on the growth of bacteria. Saint Martin's University Biology Journal, 1: 87-90
[5]. White, J.P., (2000). Fatty Acids in Oil Seeds. In: Fatty Acids in Foods and their Health Implications, Chow, C.K. (Ed.). Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, USA., ISBN: 0824767829, pp: 209-238.

Abstract: Ophthalmic drug delivery is one of the most interesting and challenging endeavors facing the pharmaceutical scientists. The anatomy, physiology and biochemistry of the eye render this organ exquisitely impervious to foreign substances. The challenge to the formulator is to circumvent the protective barriers of the eye without causing permanent tissue damage. The development of newer, more sensitive diagnostic techniques and therapeutic agents renders urgency to the development of more successful ocular delivery systems. Potent immunosuppressant therapy in transplant patients and the developing epidemic of AIDS have generated an entirely new population of patients suffering virulent uveitis and retinopathies.
Background: Ophthalmic drug delivery...

Keywords: Milligram Level Determination, Ophthalmic Drugs

[1]. Draize, J. H.; Woodard, G.; Calvery, H. O., Methods for the study of irritation and toxicity of substances applied topically to the skin and mucous membranes. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1944, 82 (3), 377
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Abstract: A Green, low-cost, and reproducible biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using milk whey is reported. The silver nanoparticles were synthesized using milk whey proteins as the reducing agent. It is a novel method of synthesis of silver nanoparticles using most common kitchen waste (milk whey) in order to suggest that it as an eco-amenable and economically viable approach. Silver nitrate (0.25M) solution was used as the source of silver nanoparticles. The optimized condition for the synthesis of silver was found pH-9. This novel green synthesis mechanism was changed their material properties to enhance the utility of that material. The green synthesis was performed in the laboratory ambience........

Keywords: Biosynthesis; Green approach; Milk Whey; Nanobiotechnology; Nanomaterial; Silver nanoparticle; Antimicrobial activity.

[1]. D. S. Goodsell, Bionanotechnology: Lessons from Nature, Wiley-Liss, Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2004.View at: Publisher Site.
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[5]. Narayanaswamy Krithiga,Athimoolam Rajalakshmi, and Ayyavoo JayachitraGreen Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Leaf Extracts of Clitoria ternatea and Solanum nigrum and Study of Its Antibacterial Effect against Common Nosocomial Pathogens, Journal of Nanoscience Volume 2015, Article ID 928204, 8 pages, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/928204.