Volume-7 ~ Issue-11 ~ November-2014

Abstract: A very simple, rapid, highly selective and ultrasensitive fluorimetric method for the determination of Cobalt (II) has been developed. The method is based on the instantaneous quenching action of Cobalt(II) on the native fluorescence of Bathophenanthrolinedisulphonate (4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline disulphonate) having excitation and emission wavelength maxima at 288nm and 444.8nm respectively in the optimum pH range of 4.0-4.7.The fluorescence intensity versus Cobalt (II) concentration calibration graph was rectilinear for a total range of 0.001-1.0ppm Cobalt (II).The standard deviation and relative standard deviation for 11 replicate determinations of 50ppb Cobalt (II) were found to be 0.435 and 0.868% respectively.

Keywords: Bathophenanthrolinedisulphonate, Cobalt (II), Environmental samples, Quenchofluorimetry, Toxicity.

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Abstract:Ra te data of sedimentation are useful in designing sedimentation equipment and in modeling operations such as filtration, fluidization, two-phase flow operations, and in environmental engineering. This study was thus embarked on to obtain empirical data on the gravitational sedimentation rates of magnesium and calcium carbonates (non-transition alkaline-earth metal carbonates) by determiningthe effect of reactant concentration and size of settling vessel of these carbonates, in chemical precipitation,by a modified approach of the 'isolation method'.The results showed that the sedimentation behaviour varied with the ionic concentrations of the chemical species involved in precipitation. Initial settling characteristics also showed that the nature of the precipitates and the medium in which the precipitation occurred affected the sedimentation rates of the metal carbonates.When the metal ion concentration was varied,-0.87 and -1.1 were obtained as sedimentation orders and 9.92 x 10-4 cm s-1M-1 and 6.82 x 10-4 cm s-1M-1as sedimentation rate constants for magnesium carbonate and calcium carbonate respectively. On the other hand,when the carbonate ion concentration was varied, -0.79 and -1.8 were obtained as sedimentation orders and 9.87 x 10 -4 cm s-1M-1 and 6.92 x 10-5cm s-1M-1as sedimentation rate constants for magnesium carbonate and calcium carbonate respectively.Sedimentation rate constants of MgCO3 and CaCO3 also showed close dependence on their densities (r2 = 0.9963). The results of the sedimentation rates measured in cylinders of varying sizes showed that the sedimentation rate of the precipitates correlated positively with the internal diameter of the cylinders.
Keywords: Sedimentation, Sedimentation rate, Sedimentation order, Sedimentation rate constant, MgCO3, CaCO3, cylinder size.

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Abstract: The finding of this research work highlights the environmental impact of a building from its construction phase to the end of its life i.e. demolition. Where we have only considered the emission of CO2 responsible for environmental issues . As the global warming is most serious issue for environment. we are very much concern about the emission of CO2 from different industries, However emission from a building for its entire life cycle is seldom taken seriously. Since there are huge number of building already exist and number of buildings are being under construction in and around Singrauli district which are well known for its. coalmines and coal based industries like NTPC's. Hence if possible, any reduction in CO2 emission will make a great contribution to reduce overall CO2 emission and it could be achieved by using stone in place of bricks chips as a buildings material as the result obtained through Analysis , reveals the same. This research paper categorically estimates the CO2 emission from various building plans for its entire life, which hopefully guide us for reducing CO2 emission. Two multistoried residential buildings in Singrauli have been analyzed one with stone and another with bricks of same area of construction for assessing environmental impact considering their 60 years life time.
Key words: Environment, Carbon dioxide, Energy, Building material and Global warming.

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Abstract: A study on the thermal decomposition of the mixtures of lanthanum oxalate hydrate and transition metal nano oxide compounds(TMNOCs) viz. CuO, Fe2O3, TiO2 and Cr2O3 of 5 mole% ratio has been carried out employing Thermogravimetry, Differential Thermal Analysis and chemical analysis. The results reveal that other than CuO the oxides have a retarding effect on the decomposition rate. There is a competition of rate between Fe2O3 and TiO2 mixture up to 696K after which the trend is reversed and Fe2O3 becomes relatively more catalytic than TiO2. The best explanation for catalytic activities of the oxides is made by taking the former as a function of electronic configuration of the metal rather than the electronic properties of the oxides. Abnormal behaviour of Cr2O3 may be attributed to an irreversible change in oxidation state of Cr3+ during which it is oxidised to Cr6+ prior to decomposition. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters are evaluated in the light of F3 mechanism in two different regions of α's and the rate follows the order: S1 < S2 > S3 < S4 > S5 (0.1 < α < 0.5) S1 < S2 > S3 > S4 > S5 (0.5 <α < 0.9) Where S1 , S2 , S3, S4 and S5 stand for mixtures of different oxides with lanthanum oxalate.
Keywords: Lanthanum oxalate, transition metal oxide, catalyst effect, TG, electronic configuration, kinetic parameters.

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Abstract: The preparation of nano sized silicated hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)6-x(SiO4)x(OH)2-x (Si-HA) with three different silicon concentrations were investigated using a wet precipitation method. The effects of the Si substitution on crystallite size, lattice parameters and fraction of crystalline phase of the powders were discussed. The crystalline phase, chemical composition,and crystallite size of hydroxyapatite and silicon substituted hydroxyapatites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), inductively coupled plasma and transmission electron microscopy. The crystallite size and fraction of crystalline phase decreases with increase in silicon content and particle morphology spheroidal for pure hydroxyapatite changes to elongated ellipsoidalcrystals while silicon substitution increases. FTIR analysis reveals, the silicon incorporation to hydroxyapatite lattice occurs via substitution of silicate groups for phosphate groups. Substitution of phosphate group by silicate in the Si-HA structure results an increase in the lattice parameters in both a-axis and c-axis of the unit cell.
Keywords: Silicon-substituted hydroxyapatite, Biomaterials, FTIR, XRD.

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Abstract: Nano-crystalline zinc-substituted cobalt ferrite powders, Co 1-xZnxFe2O4(X=0.0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 and 1.0), havebeen synthesized by the Co-precipitation method. The structural and magnetic properties ofthe products were determined and characterized in detail by X-ray diffraction (XRD), High Resolution -Transmission Electron Microscope (HR-TEM) , Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)and vibrating sample magnetometer(VSM). X-ray analysis showed that the samples were cubic spinel. The increase in zinc concentrationresulted in an increase in the lattice constant, X-ray density, ionic radii, the distancebetween the magnetic ions and bond lengths on tetrahedral sites and octahedral sites of cubic spinelstructure.The HR-TEM and XRD shows that crystallite size within therange of 6–24 nm. The FTIR measurements between 400 and 2000 cm-1 confirmed the intrinsic cationvibrations of the spinel structure.The variation of saturation magnetization (Ms) value of the samples was studied and Magnetic coercivity.The magnetic measurements show that the saturation magnetization and coercivity decrease by increasing the zinc content. Furthermore, the results reveal that the sample with a chemical composition of Co 0.3 Zn0.7Fe2O4exhibits the super-paramagnetic behavior.
Keywords: Nano size, Co-precipitation method, Co 1-xZnxFe2O4, XRD, TEM, VSM, FTIR.

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Abstract: Iron is an essential element for most life on Earth, including human beings by participating in a wide variety of metabolic processes, including oxygen transport, DNA synthesis, and electron transport. Iron is needed for a number of highly complex processes that continuously take place on a molecular level and that are indispensable to human life, e.g. the transportation of oxygen around your body. Iron is required for the production of red blood cells (a process known as haematopoiesis), but it's also part of haemoglobin (that is the pigment of the red blood cells) binding to the oxygen and thus facilitating its transport from the lungs via the arteries to all cells throughout the body. About 70% of the body's iron is bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells. The rest is bound to other proteins (transferrin in blood or ferritin in bone marrow) or stored in other body tissues. When red blood cells die, their iron is released and carried by transferrin to the bone marrow and to other organs such as the liver and spleen. In the bone marrow, iron is stored and used as needed to make new red blood cells. Once the oxygen is delivered the iron (as part of haemoglobin) binds the carbon dioxide which is then transported back to the lung from where it gets exhaled. Iron is also involved in the conversion of blood sugar to energy. Metabolic energy is crucial for athletes since it allows muscles to work at their optimum during exercise or when competing.The production of enzymes (which play a vital role in the production of new cells, amino acids, hormones and neurotransmitters) also depends on iron, this aspect becomes crucial during the recovery process from illnesses or following strenuous exercise or competing.

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Abstract: The pollution of the natural environment is a universal problem. The heavy metals released in the environment as the result of human activities, atmospheric depositions and erosions would finally enter in to the aqua systems. Since, heavy metals are toxic, stable in the environment and are highly potential to combine with the nutritive continuum. Thus, they are considered as one of the most significant pollutant in aqua systems. In the present study, the distribution of heavy metals in the sediments of the Kortalaiyar river in the Chennai region from the Poondi Lake is evaluated. The Kortalaiyar River forms a main source of agriculture and domestic purpose along its flow area. It is assessed that this river is contaminated with the heavy metals like Cr, Ni, Cu, Mn, Zn, Ti, Co, Pb and Cd.Though the concentrations of the Co, Pb and Cd are below detectable levels in few locations, the other heavy metals exhibit their existence in significant levels.The distribution of these heavy metals in the Pre-Monsoon and the Post- Monsoon seasons have been studied and it has been analyzed using the dendrograms of the cluster analysis.
Key Words: Kortalaiyar River, Sediments, Ennore Creek, Heavy Metals, Dendrograms, Cluster Analysis.

[1]. I.R Santos, E.V Silva-Filho, C.E Schaefer, M.R Albuquerque-Filho, Campos LS. Heavy metal contamination in Coastal sediments and soil near the Brazilian Antartic Station, King George Island. Marine Poll. Bulletin 50, 2005, 185–194.
[2]. Anna Nikulina, Wolf-Christian Dullo. Eutrophication and heavy metal pollution in the Flensburg Fjord: A reassessment after 30 years. Marine Poll. Bulletin 58, 2009, 905–915.
[3]. V Cuculic, N Cukrov, Kwokal Z Mlakar. Natural and anthropogenic sources of Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn in water and sediment of Mljet park, Croatia. Estu. Coastal and Shelf Sci. 81(3), 2009, 311–320.
[4]. M.I Abubakr. Combining multivariate analysis and geochemical approaches for assessing heavy metal level in sediment from Sudanese harbour along the Red Sea coast. Microchem J. 90(2), 2008, 159–163.
[5]. Vlado Cuculic, Neven Cukrov, Z eljko Kwokal, Marina Mlakar. Natural and anthropogenic sources of Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn in seawater and sediment of Mljet National Park, Croatia. Estu. , Coastal and Shelf Sci. 81, 2009, 311–320.