Volume-8 ~ Issue-2 ~ February-2015

Abstract: Sugar has long been known for farmers as economically valuable crop. But the input of science and technology onarenga is still minimum until now compared with the coconut and oil palm, the arenfamily plants. If there are one hundred mature arenga plants in one hectare of land, the production of ethanol per hectare per day is 125 liters, this value is quite large and economically attractive. The production ofyeast ethanol is influenced by environmental factors in which the yeast grows and evolves, including temperature, pH, sulfate content, Na ion, acetic acid, lactic acid, sugar and ethanol. It also includes the source of carbon, nitrogen, minerals and vitamins which are needed to produce high ethanol by examining the effect of yeast on CO2 gas produced.Data analysis techniques in this research usedANOVA and Tukey test as further testing. ANOVA or Analysis of Variance, and commonly known as the F-test was used to test the comparison of a value on a wide range of groups (or treatment).

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[6]. Lantemona, H. A.L. Abadi, A. Rachmansyah, and J. Pontoh. 2012. The Effect ofAmmoniumSulphate, CalciumChloride, Magnesium Chloride,pHandTemperatureon Ethanol, Carbon Dioxide and Fermentation Efficiency from Aren sap. Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research. ISSN: 2090-4304. www.textroad.com.

Abstract: Density (ρ) and Viscosities (η) of tetrapropylammonium iodide (Pr4NI) in N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF), ethylmethyl ketone (EMK) and DMF + EMK solvent mixtures containing 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mol % of DMF at 298, 308 and 318K have been reported. The experimental values of Density (ρ) and Viscosities (η) were used to calculate the values of the apparent molar volume (ϕv), partial molar volume (ϕvo) at infinite dilution. The viscosity data have been analysed in terms A- and B- viscosity coefficients of the Jones Dole equation. Both A- and B coefficients have found to be positive over the entire solvent composition range at all temperatures. The activation parameters have been examined as a function of solvent composition to interpret the solution behaviour of tetrapropyl ammonium bromide (Pr4NI) in binary mixture of DMF-EMK. The behaviuor of these suggests strong ion-solvent interactions in these systems and that Pr4NI act as structure-maker in EMK+DMF mixed solvents.

[1]. Aminabhavi T.M., Benerjee K. & Balundgi; Indian J. Chem.38A(1999)768.
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Abstract: The corrosion inhibition behavior of Polyalthia longifolia (PL) leaves on mild steel in 1N H2SO4 medium was investigated by gravimetric, polarization, electrochemical impedance measurements and temperature studies. Effect of temperature (35-750C) on the corrosion behavior of mild steel in the presence of plant extract was studied. The inhibition efficiency of PL showed an improvement with increasing concentration of the extract. Adsorption of extract molecules on mild steel surface obeyed the Langmuir, Temkin, Freundlich adsorption isotherms. The results obtained prove that the leaves of Polyalthia Longifolia act as a good corrosion inhibitor having efficiency of 92% at 1.5% inhibitor concentration. The surface adsorbed film was analyzed by scanning electron microscope technology with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX).

Keywords: Mild steel, acid corrosion, Polyalthia Longifolia, H2SO4 medium.

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Abstract: In recent times sedimentation data have become increasingly relevant in modeling sedimentation operations such as filtration, fluidization, two-phase flow operations and in environmental engineering. In this study, the effects of reactants concentrations and size of settling vesselson the sedimentation rates of strontium and barium carbonates, in aqueous medium, were studied by a modified approach of the 'isolation method'. We systematically varied the interactions and chemical environment of the resulting precipitates by successively varying the concentrations of ions in excess in the mixtures. This variation affected the kinetic behaviour of the precipitates in the suspension medium and the results obtained showed a relationship between the sedimentation behaviour of the insoluble metal carbonates and the ionic concentrations of the reactants. Initial settling behaviour also showed that, for the colloidal precipitates, increasing excess of metal ions in reaction mixture had more significant effect than increasing excess carbonate ions.

[1]. Armfield. (2011). W2 sedimentation studies apparatus. Retrieved Novermber 4, 2011, from http://www.armfied.co.uk/discoveramfield.com
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Abstract: A new, simple, inexpensive and sensitive method for the simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of Cu(II) and Co(II) by H-Point Standard Addition method has been reported . 3-Hydroxy-3-(4-Methyl Phenyl) -1-(3-Chloro, 2- Methyl Phenyl) Triazene (HMCPT) was used as reagent at pH 6.7-7.2. This method is based on the difference in the absorbance of yellow complexes of above reagent with Cu(II) and Co(II) at different wavelength pairs. The result showed that Cu(II) and Co(II) can be determined simultaneously with concentration ratio of 3:1 and 1:3. This method was successfully applied to the determination of these metals in synthetic samples. Keywords: H-point standard addition method, Copper, Cobalt, HMCPT.

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Abstract: Leafy vegetables occupy a very important place in the human diet, but unfortunately constitute a group of foods which account for high dietary nitrate ingestion by human beings. Samples of spinach, rapes, kale chomolia, chomolia, 5-years, and cabbage highly traded in Katima Mulilo Open market were purchased directly from farmers and analysed for consumers' nitrate exposure. Samples were prepared for laboratory analysis using the in-house method LPFC-126 of the Health Protection Branch Laboratories, Bureau of Chemical Safety. Aqueous extracts of the vegetable sample were anaylsed for nitrate concentrations using MERCK reflectometer (RQflex) and each result reported in mg/kg. The concentrations of nitrate in the vegetables varied widely between 644.30 to 6,463.37 mg/kg wet weight basis.

[1]. European Food and Safety Authority, EFSA. Nitrate in vegetables; Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food chain, The EFSA Journal 2008, 689, 1-79 [2]. Santamaria P. Review – Nitrate in vegetables: toxicity content, intake and EC regulation. Journal of Food Agriculture 2006, 86, 10-17.
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Abstract: Conductivity, density measurements have been used to study the physical and thermodynamic properties of different molar concentrations of lithium perchlorate salt (LiClO4) in binary mixed solvents of varying proportions of propylene carbonate (PC) and 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME)at 25 0C.The variation of conductivity with solvent compositions and salt concentrations has been explained based on the changes in viscosity and dielectric constant of the binary mixed solutions. These changes have been attributed to ion-ion, ion-solvent or solvent-solvent interactions in the mixed solutions. The results also show that the viscosity and conductivity of pure and mixed solvents of PC and DME in the presence and absence of LiClO4 electrolyte are significantly different. However, those of the mixed PC-DME solutions are intermediate between those of the single pure solvents. The conductivity of the mixed solution increased as the concentration of PC with much larger dielectric constant increased, implying greater dissociation of LiClO4 ions. The calculated values of A and B parameters from Jones-Dole equation indicate that ion-solvent interactions are much stronger than ion-ion and solvent-solvent interactions in the various solutions of LiClO4 in the binary mixtures of PC and DME solvents. We also established that the mixing ratio of PC-DME system for optimum battery performance is between 63-68% of DME and of the different salt concentrations studied, 0.1 M LiClO4(lowest value) solution had the highest molar conductivity.

Keywords: Viscosity, dielectric constant, conductivity, lithium perchlorate, propylene carbonate.

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Abstract: The interest in nuclear safeguards is constantly growing, as more nuclear programs are being exposed all over the world. In this work, a simple, rapid and reliable method has been applied for the determination of uranium content in aqueous media based on using potentiometric sensor. The developed tool was found to be capable of verifying the operator declarations in a wide concentration range with a considerable accuracy and precision. The developed tool offers the advantage of field verification of uranyl concentration rather than taking samples for further analysis. Effect of temperature of the test solution was investigated and the isothermal temperature coefficient of the electrode was estimated. The results obtained applying this potentiometric electrode is comparable with the data obtained using UV-Visible and ICP-OE spectrometers.

Keywords: Nuclear safeguards; Potentiometric electrodes; Non-Destructive assay; Uranyl ions.

[1]. S.Balsley, Destructive nuclear material analysis for safeguards: importance and future trends, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna IAEA-CN-184/278.
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[3]. Patricia Horan, Leonard Dietz and Col Asaf Durakovic, The quantitative analysis of DU isotopes in British, Canada and U.S Gulf war veterans, Military Medicine,167(), 2002, 620-627.
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[6]. A. Vesterlund, T. Ulvsand, K. Lidström, G. Skarnemark, C. Ekberg and H. Ramebäck, On the categorization of uranium materials using low resolution gamma ray spectrometry , Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 72(1), 2013, 54-57.

Abstract: Ultrasonic velocity, viscosity and density studies on solution of tetrapentylammonium iodide (Pen4NI) in Dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) andDimethylsulphoxide + Acetone solvent mixtures containing 50,60,70,80,90 and 100 mol % of DMSO at 298 and 308K have been reported. From the velocity, viscosity and density data values, various parameters namely, the adiabatic compressibility (β), apparent molar compressibility(ϕk), apparent molar volume (ϕv), limiting apparent molar compressibility (ϕko), limiting apparent molar volume (ϕvo), free volume (Vf), internal pressure (πi), relaxation time (τ) and viscosity B-coefficient have been calculated. All these parameters have been discussed separately to throw light on the solute-solvent and solvent-solvent interactions. Keywords: Adiabatic compressibility, apparent molar compressibility, apparent molar volume, free volume, B-coefficient.

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Abstract: Nano photocatalysts namely zinc oxide nano particles (nano ZnO), super paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs). The were synthesized synthesized catalysts were characterized using various physicochemical techniques like X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), Diffuse reflectance UV-Visible spectroscopy (DRS-UV), Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The particle size of the synthesized catalysts obtained from the TEM photographs were in the nano meter range. The photocatalytic degradation of one of the pollutant namely mordant black commonly known as eriochrome black T (EBT) was carried out under solar light using TiO2 and synthesized nano photocatalysts nano ZnO and SPIONs. Among the tested catalysts TiO2 exhibited high activity with 61% degradation of the pollutant. Reaction time has been optimized for the complete degradation of EBT. In addition, the effect of pH and influence of on the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 have been studied.

Keywords: photodegradation, SPIONs, nano ZnO, eriochrome black T, solar light

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Abstract: A DFT (B3LYP) with basis sets 6-31G, 6-31+G*, 6-311++G** and cc-pVTZ were incorporated to study tetrazole and its substituted tautomers. The results predict 2H-tautomer to be more energetic over 1H-tautomer. E1H–2H between unsubstituted tautomers compares fairly well with experimental value, 6.95 ± 1.50 kJ mol−. Activation barrier for all the species were predicted as 60.0±6.0kcal mol-1. Geometry based degree of aromaticity show 62.38 to 98.35 for ground state and -99.0 to 79.17 for transition state isomers.

[1]. Klapotke, T.M.; Piercey, D.G., 1,1`-Azobis(tetrazole): A Highly energetic nitrogen-rich compound with a N10 Chain,
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[3]. Frija, L.M.T.; Ismael, A; Cristiano, M.L.S., Photochemical Transformations of Tetrazole Derivatives:Applications in Organic Synthesis, Molecules 2010, 15, p3757-3774.
[4]. Paul, K.W.; Hurley, M.M.; Irikura, K.K., Unimolecular Decomposition of 5-Aminotetrazole and its Tautomer 5-Iminotetrazole: New Insight from Isopotential Searching, J. Phys. Chem. A, Vol. 113, No. 11, 2009.
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