Volume-8 ~ Issue-5 ~ May-2015

Abstract: The ferrite compositions of Ni1-xCdxFe2O4 with x=0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7,1 were synthesized at low temperature through the chemical co- precipitation method. The synthesized powders were characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) for crystallite size and lattice parameter calculation. It reveals the presence of cubic spinel structure of ferrites with crystallite size of 15-23nm. The lattice parameter is found to increase with increase in cadmium concentration obeying vegard's law. Scanning Electron micrograph (SEM) shows uniform distribution of ferrite particles with some agglomeration and Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) was used to determine the compositional mass ratio. Magnetic measurements of the samples were carried out by means of vibrating sample magnetometer and these studies reveal that addition of Cd2+ concentration greatly affects the magnetic properties.

Keywords: Ferrites, X-ray diffraction, Lattice parameter, Magnetic properties.

[1]. J.D. Adams, L.E. David, G.F. Dionne, E.F. Schloemann, S. Stizer, Ferrite devices and materials, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Technol,. 5, .2002, 721-737.
[2]. M.P. Horwath, Microwave applications of soft ferrites, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 215, 2000, 171-183.
[3]. S.W. Charles, R, Chandershekkar, K.O. Geady, M. Walker, Ionic magnetic fluids based on cobalt ferrite nanoparticles, J.Appl. Phy., 64, 1988, 5840-5844.
[4]. B.Viswanathan, V.R.K. Murthy, Ferrite Materials, Narosa Publications, 1990, P.11.
[5]. I.H. Gul, W. Ahmed, A. Maqsood, Electrical and magnetic characterization of nano-crystalline Ni-Zn ferrite synthesis of co-precipitation route, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 320, (3-4), 2008, 270-275.

Abstract: The molecular structure and vibrational spectra of 2-thiophene carboxylic acid (TCA) is calculated with the help of B3LYP density functional theory (DFT) using 6-31G** as basis set. The solid phase FTIR and FT-Raman spectra of TCA have been recorded in the range 4000 - 400 and 3500-50 cm-1 respectively. On the basis of B3LYP calculations, the normal coordinate analysis is performed to assign the vibrational fundamental frequencies according to potential energy distribution (PED). The over estimations of the calculated wave numbers are corrected by the aid of scaled quantum mechanical force field methodology (SQMFF). The computational frequencies are in good agreement with the observed results. The stability of the molecule is analyzed using NBO analysis.The calculated HOMO and LUMO energies show that charge transfer that charge transfer occurs within the molecule.

Keywords – TCA,FTIR, FT-Raman, DFT, NBO.

[1]. J. L. Reddinger, J. R. Reynolds, Advances in Polymer Science, 145, 1999, 57122 – 57135
[2]. D. T. McQuade, A. E. Pullen, T.M. Swager, Chemical Reviews, 100 , 2000, 2537- 2574.
[3]. I. C. Choong, W. Lew, D. Lee, P. Pham, M.T. Burdett, J. W. Laam, C. Wiesmann, T. N. Luong, B. Fahr, W.L. DeLano, R. S. McDowell, D. A. Allen, D. Erlanson, E.M. Gordon ,T. O'Brien T, J. Med Chem, 45, 2002 5005 -5022.
[4]. K. Dore, S. Dubus, H.A Ho, I. Levesque, M. Brunette, G. Corbeil, M. Boissinot, G.Boivin, M. G.Bergeron, D. Boudreau, M. Leclerc , Journal of the American Chemical Society, 126, 2004, 4240 -4244
[5]. D. K. James, J.M. Tour J M , Topics in Current Chemistry, 257, 2005, 33 – 62.

Abstract: Simple, sensitive and accurate methods for determination of four drugs viz., Ciprofloxacin, Pantoprazole Sodium Sesquihydrate, Atrovastatin Calcium and Rosuvastine Calcium have been developed. The methods depend upon the oxidation of the drug by a known excess Ceric Ammonium Sulphate in sulphuric acid medium and subsequent determination of unreacted Ce (IV) using Amaranth dye. The methods have been validated in terms of LOD, LOQ, precision accuracy, %RSD, robustness and ruggedness. Factors affecting the absorbance viz., concentration of H2SO4 and time of reaction are optimized. The effect of excipients has also been studied and found to have no effect. The calibration curves are found useful for determination of pure drug and can be applied to pharmaceuticals in bulk drug and pharmaceutical industries.

Key Words: Spectrophotometry, Drugs, Ceric Ammonium Sulphate, Amaranth Dye, Validation

[1]. The Merck index. An encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and biologicals. 2006;14th ed., 6291.
[2]. Balfour JAB, Lamb HM. Drugs. 2000;59:115–39.
[3]. Muijsers RBR, Jarvis B. Drugs. 2002;62:967–73.
[4]. Cazedey, Edith Cristina Laignier; Salgado, Herida Regina Nunes, Spectrophotometric determination of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride in ophthalmic solution, Advances in Analytical Chemistry (2012), 2(6), 74-79, 6 pp.
[5]. The Merck index, 13th edn., Merck and Co Inc., White house station, N.J., USA ,779.

Abstract: Substantial amount of leaves as biomass residue is produced from Pongamia pinnata (karanj) plantations which has no commercial value and remains underutilized. Feasibility of utilization of this biomass residue for development of protein concentrate as a food/ feed supplement was examined. A process for isolation of leaf protein concentrate (LPC) was optimized through investigating the influence of various process parameters on the yield and protein content of the LPC. The parameters optimized were ratio of fresh leaves to water (1:9), coagulation temperature (90ºC) and duration (11 minutes), and pH (4.0).

[1]. VA Aletor; OA Fasuyi. Nutrient composition and processing effect on cassava leaf (Manihot esculenta, Cranzt) anti-nutrients. Proc. 2nd Ann. Conf. Anim. Sci. Ass. Nig. (ASAN). Airport Hotel, Lagos, 1997; 231-242.
[2]. I Amadou; MT Kamara; A Tidjani. Physicochemical and nutritional analysis of fermented soyabean protein meal by Lactobacillus plantarum LPC. World J Dairy and Food Sci, 5(2), 2010, 114-118.
[3]. B Loubna; AA Nacer. Nutrition Education: Development of a Guide for Children. World J Dairy and Food Sci, 6(1), 2011, 55-60.
[4]. V Zanin. A new nutritional idea for man: lucerne leaf concentrate. In: Maj, R., Z., Kowalczuk-Vasilev, E (eds). Positive health impact of alfalfa's leaves extract in human nutrition. Stow. Rozwoju Regionalnego i Lokalnego " Progress" Dzierdziowka-Lublin, 2009, 4,15-46.
[5]. ER Pariser; MB Wallerstein; CJ Corkery; NL Brown. Fish Protein Concentrate: Panacea for Protein Malnutrition. ISBN-10: 0262160692, 1978, pp: 256.
[6]. MP Ferrianti; A Fiechter. Production and Feeding of Single Cell Protein. Applied Science Publications, London, 1983.

Abstract: Soils samples were collected at different depths (from 0 to 120 cm) from tree sites of Tunisia (Chott Mariem, Enfidha and Kondar). The minerals and physicochemical properties were analyzed. Then the capacity sorption of phosphorus and ammonium was carried only in the samples collected from the surface depth (0- 25cm) using the batch processes. The results showed that most soil samples have a clayey texture. The available of nutriment and heavy metals was different and varied with the sites and depths. The sorption of phosphorus and ammonium was rapid initially and gradually diminished to attain equilibrium. The equilibrium was reached after 72 h for phosphorus sorption and 300mn for ammonium sorption. Also the levels of P adsorbed were; 6.27, 6.84 and 6.92 mg P g−1 and ammonium adsorbed were 5.83, 6.5 and 6.3 mg NH4+g−1 respectively from the soil Chott Mariem, Enfidha and kondar.

[1]. Y.Wang, A.Shen, J. Niu J and R. Liu, Adsorption of phosphorus on sediments from the Three- Gorges Reservoir (China) and the relation with sediment compositions. Hazard Mater J, 162, 2009, 92–98.
[2]. S.Zare, M. Jafari, A.Tavili, H. Abbasi and M. Rostampour, Relationship between environmental factors and plant distribution in arid and semi-arid area (Case Study: Shahriyar Rangelands, Iran). American-Eurasian J Agric and Environ Sci, 10(1), 2011, 97-105.
[3]. E. Ekundayo, Suitability of waste disposal sites for refuse disposal in Benin City, Nigeria. Nig. J. Soil Sci, 13, 2003, 21-27.
[4]. E.Haller, Effect of the germinating seed environment on crop yields. I. Effect of soil acidity at germination on yields of sweet clover and alfalfa. Experimental Agric, 19, 1983, 55-56.
[5]. FAO, Forest policy in Tunisia. By Chakroun, M.L. Rome, 1989, 27.

Abstract: The use of chemometric methods such as response surface methodology (RSM) based on statistical design of experiments (DOEs) is becoming increasingly widespread in several sciences such as analytical chemistry, engineering and environmental chemistry. The optimization of the hydrolysis degradation of the neurotoxic organophosphorus pesticide methyl parathion (MP) was carried in presence of aqueous solution decontaminant containing Monoethanolamine (MEA).For the optimization,an experimental design was used based on the surface response methodology; it was applied to assess the individual and interaction effects of several operating parameters (Temperature, pH and ratio R [MEA]/[MP]) on the yield of hydrolysis degradation of methyl parathion.

[1]. M. M. HURLEY, Chemico -Biological Interactions, CBI-5195, 1-5 (2005).
[2]. A. BARET, V. DANEL, Chemical warfare agents, EMC-Toxicology Pathology 1 (2004) 117-123.
[3]. R. Grover, A.J. Cessna (Eds.), Environmental Chemistry of Herbicides, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1991.
[4]. Myers RH, Montgomery DC. Response surface methodology: process and product optimization using designed experiments. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons;2002.

Abstract: This study was aimed at assessing the health risk of metals in vegetables grown along the bank of Tungan Kawo Dam. Different vegetables; Atarugu, Tomatoes, Onion bulb, Onion leaves, Fresh okro, Spinnach, Karkashi and Ayoyo were collected from across the farmland in cool and dry, hot and dry, warm and wet, and warm and dry seasons. The samples were analysed for Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The levels of metals in all the vegetable samples recorded high concentration of Cd, Cu (with few exceptions), Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn above the standard recommended limits by WHO. Evaluation of health risk index indicated as hazard quotient (HQM) revealed highest for Cd and Ni above 1. This indicates that consumer of these vegetable might be at risk. Hence, it is concluded that vegetables harvested from the bank of Tungan Kawo Dam are dangerous to the consumers.

Keywords: Hazard Quotient, Vegetables, heavy metals, Tungan Kawo Dam

[1]. Akan, J. C. Abdulrahman, F. I. Ogugbuaja, V. O. and Ayodele, J. T. (2009). Heavy Metals and Anion Levels in Some Samples of Vegetable Grown Within the Vicinity of Challawa Industrial Area, Kano State, Nigeria. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 6(3): 534-542.
[2]. Codex Alimentarius Commission (1995). Doc. no. CX/FAC 96/17. Joint FAO/WHO food standards programme. Codex general standard for contaminants and toxins in foods.
[3]. Ekeanyanwu C. R., Opia E. E. and Etienajirhevwe O. F. (2010). Trace Metals Distribution in Some Common Tuber Crops and Leafy Vegetables Grown in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 9(10): 957-961.
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[5]. El-Shaikh, K., Nada, A. S. and Yousief, Z. A. (2005). Assessment of Cadmium and Lead in Water, Sediment and Different Organs of Procamarus Clark II (Girard, 1952) in the River Nile. Medical Journal of Islamic World Academy of Sciences, 15(4): 161-167.

Abstract: Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) is known in Africa as the tree of life because there are many traditional uses for every part of it, from the leaves to the roots. This study carried out the proximate analysis of baobab leaves, screened the phytochemicals present and determined the leaves' aqueous extract antimicrobial activity to suit the traditional way of preparation and use. Phytochemicals screening was carried out on the ethanolic, methanolic and aqueous extracts of the leaves. The phytochemicals screened were reducing sugar, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, anthraquinones, steroids, resins, phenols, cardiac-active glycosides.

[1]. Afolabi O.R, Popoola, T.O.S. (2005). The effects of baobab pulp powder on the micro flora involved in tempe fermentation. Eur. Food Res.Technol., 220: 187-190.
[2]. AOAC (1990) Official Methods of Analysis, 15th ed. Washington, DC: Association of Official Analytical Chemists.429-434.
[3]. Barminas, J.T., Charles, M.; Emmanuel, D. (1998). Mineral composition of non-conventional leafy vegetables.Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 53, 29-36.
[4]. Beckers, B. (1993). The contribution of wild plants to human nutrition in the Ferlo(Northern Senegal). A text book of Agroferestry system, Donal Publisher2nd Edition, page 205-220.
[5]. Belewu, M. A. ; Ojo-Alokomaro, K. O.(2007). Haematological indices of West African Dwarf goat fed leaf meal based diets. Bulgarian J. Agric. Sci., 13: 601-606

Abstract: The waste water from the textile industries generate serious problems for environment by the presence of color compounds such as dyes and these are resistant to the natural and conventional treatment. Present work incorporates the photocatalytic degradation of Azure-B dye using tungsten containing semiconductors (WO3, BaWO4 and Ba3Y2WO9) and solar light. The degradation of dye in aqueous solution was examined spectrophotometrically. It was observed that concentrations of dye, pH, amount of semiconductor, intensity of light were significant parameters whose influence is directly related to changes in the concentration of OH and O2 free radicals.

Keywords: Photocatalyst, Scavenger, Pseudo first order reaction, Intensity of light.

[1]. A. Bianco Prevot, C. Baiocchi, M. Brussino, E. Pramauro, P. Savarino, V. Augugliaro, et al., Photocatalytic degradation of Acid Blue 80 in aqueous solutions containing TiO2 suspensions, Environmental Science & Technology, 35, 2001, 971–976.
[2]. I. M. Banat, P. Nigam, D. Singh, and R. Marchant, Microbial decolorization of textile-dye-containing effluents: A review, Bioresearch Technology, 58, 1996, 217–227.
[3]. A. S. Ozcan, B. Erdem, and A. Ozcan, Adsorption of Acid Blue 193 from aqueous solutions onto Na-bentonite and DTMAbentonite, Journal of Colloid Interface Science, 280, 2004, 44–54.
[4]. S. S. Tahir and N. Rauf, Removal of a cationic dye from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto bentonic clay, Chemosphere, 63, 2006, 1842–1848.
[5]. W. G. Kuo, Decolorizing dye wastewater with Fenton's reagent, Water Research, 26, 1992, 881–886.
[6]. H. Lachheb, E. Puzenat, A. Houas, M. Ksibi, E. Elaloui, C. Guillard, Photocatalytic degradation of various types of dyes (Alzarin S, Crocein Orange G, Methyl Red, Congo Red, Methylene Blue) in water by UV-irradiated titania, Applied Catalysis B, 39, 2002, 75–90.

Abstract: Plastic wastes contribute to a significant part of the overall waste volume in municipal landfills and represent a serious environmental concern for the resistance of most synthetic plastics to microbial attack. Plastics represent, however, an integral part of contemporary life and their share in both commodities and high-tech applications is expected to increase in future. Conventional polymers such as polyethylene and polypropylene persist for many years after disposal. Built for long haul, these polymers seem inappropriate for applications in which plastics are used for short time periods and then disposed. Furthermore, plastics are often soiled by food and other biological substances, making physical recycling of these materials impractical and generally undesirable. In contrast, biodegradable polymers disposed in bioactive environments degrade by the enzymatic action of microorganisms such as bacteria,

[1]. M Rutkowska, A Heimowska, K Krasowska and H Janik, Polish J. of Environ. Studies, 11(2002) 267.
[2]. R Jayasekara, I Harding, I Bowater and G Lonergan, J. Polymer Environ., 13(2005) 231.
[3]. A C Albertsson, Eur. Polymer J., 16(1980) 623.
[4]. R Chandra and R Rustgi, Polymer Degrad. Stabil., 56(1997) 185.
[5]. C Huang, A S Shetty and M S Waug, Polymer Technol., 10(1990) 23.

Abstract: The term 'environment' refers to all elements, factors, and conditions that have an impact on an organism's growth and development. Environment includes both biotic and a-biotic factors that have influence on them. Environment is very important for human existence; hence it is our responsibility to protect it. Some laws and regulations are established to protect the environment while also targeting the control of environmental degradation further. Management and conservation are the two most important aspects of environmental laws. This study deals with several aspects of India's environmental protection laws and acts. This research also sheds light on the necessity and significance of environmental legislation, as well as several international environmental protection organizations that aim to conserve and manage the environment.

Keywords: Environmental pollution, conservation, management, environmental laws

[1]. Pollution Control Law Series: Pollution Control Acts, Rules and Notification Issued There under, Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of India
[2]. www.moef.nic.in
[3]. Dasgupta, Partha, 1993. Poverty and the Environmental Resource Base, Chapter 10 in An Inquiry into Well-being and Destitution, Clarendon Press.
[4]. Gupta, S., 1996. Environmental Policy and Federalism in India, National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, New Delhi.
[5]. Jha, B.K. (2013) Environmental Sustainability for Sustainable Development, Kunal Books, New Delhi.