Volume-9 ~ Issue-10 ~ October-2016

Abstract: The leather industry is one of the key agricultural sub-sectors in Kenya with a high potential towards contributing to economic growth, creation of wealth and employment. Tanneries however, are known to pollute the environment with hexavalent chromium metal (Cr6+). Cr6+ is non-biodegradable and is listed as a Class A human carcinogen by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The treatment of environmental pollution by bioremediation is an evolving and promising technology although the application of this technology is uncommon in Kenya and other developing countries. Physicochemical characteristics of tannery waste such as pH and fat content were analyzed. Bacteria DNA was extracted using CTAB protocol from bacteria isolated from tannery waste. Isolates CRB01, CRB02 and CRB03 showed the ability to reduce different concentrations of Cr6+ by different percentages and exhibited MIC levels of 60mg/l, 80mg/l and 80mg/l respectively..:.......
Keywords: Hexavalent Chromium, Remediation, Industrial waste.

[1] Ang, E. L., Zhao, H., & Obbard, J. P. (2005). Recent advances in the bioremediation of persistent organic pollutants via biomolecular engineering.Enzyme and microbial technology, 37(5), 487-496.
[2] APHA(1992). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste water, 18 Edition. American Public Health Association. American water works Association. Water Environmental Federation, Washington, DC.
[3] Calomiris, J.J., Armstrong, J.L.andSeidler, R.J. (1984). Association of metal tolerance with multiple antibiotic resistances of bacteria isolated from drinking water. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 47:1238-1242.
[4] Chuan, M. C., & Liu, J. C. (1996). Release behavior of chromium from tannery sludge. Water Research, 30(4), 932-938.
[5] Ejaz, S., Rizvi, F. Z., Anwar, S., & Faisal, M. (2013). Biotransformation potential of hexavalent chromium by Bacillus pumilus-S4, Pseudomonas doudoroffii-S5 and Exiguobacterium-S8 in association with hydrophytes.International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 10(4), 709-718.

Abstract: 2- Chlorophenol degradation was studied by using an Alkaliphile isolated from Salt Lake Lonar after adaptation to three months. 2- Chlorophenol degradation study was extended to observe the effect of additional carbon and nitrogen source on percent degradation. Marginal difference in percent degradation was noted. Metabolites of the degradation pathway were trapped by solvent extraction and characterized by GCMS. 2, 3,dihydroxy benzoic acid was confirmed by GCMS solution. Almost all experimental concentration [5 mM] of 2 Chlorophenol was found degraded at the end of 24 hr. Enzyme induction study showed activation of CYP450, Cat 1,2 dioxygenase and Cat 2,3 dioxygenase.

Keywords: Biotransformation, 2- chlorophenol, PCP, Bacillus badius D1.

[1] SE Murialdo, R Fenoglio, Degradation of phenol and chlorophenols by mixed and pure cultures, ISSN 0378-4738 ,Water SA Vol. 29, pp-457- 463, 2003
[2] Mohammad Malakootian, Alireza Mesdaghinia, Evaluation of removal efficiency of 2-chlorophenol in aquatic environments by modified fly ash, Environmental Health Engineering and Management Journal 2(4), pp 1-1, 2015.
[3] Krishnaswamy Veenagayathri, Namasivayam Vasudevan, Degradation of chlorophenolic compounds by Moderately halotolerant bacterial consortium isolated from saline environment. Int. J. Bioassays, 4 (07), pp 4102 -4108, 2015.
[4] Shail Singh, R. Chandra, Investigation of the biotransformation of pentachlorophenoland pulp paper mill effluent decolorisation by the bacterial strains in a mixed culture, Bioresource Technology 99, pp 5703–5709, 2008
[5] Santosh Kr. Karn, Shweta Kumari, Bio-Removal of Chlorophenols from Industrial Effluents in Open Bioreactor System, J Chem Applied Biochem.;2(1): 108,pp- 1-6, 2015..

Abstract: Indonesia's aviation industry is rapidly growing towards meeting its enormous potential. With more 250 million people living on 17,000 islands across 5,200 km East to West and nearly 2,000 km North to South, this is a country suitable for air transport expansion. As growing numbers of Indonesians are discovering, air transportation is the most efficient option for getting around. With 70% of visitors arriving by air, the importance of aviation to the lucrative tourism industry is undeniable. It may be less obvious, but even more important to note, that aviation connectivity connects Indonesian businesses to markets around the world........

[1]. Matte N.M.,Ed.,Annal of Air and Space Law, Vo.II-1977. Toronto : The Carswell Limited Ltd, 1977.
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[4]. Amad Sudiro & Martono K., Indonesian Air Transport (2016) : A Critical Analysis of the Idul Fitri Holidays, AARJSH Volume 3 Isssue 7 (July 2016), ISSN : 2278-859X Asian Academic Research Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities www.asianacademicresearch.org page 25
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Abstract: Density, ρand viscosity, η, of DL-serineaqueous solutions have been determined at (288.15, 295.15, 302.15, 309.15, and 316.15) K. The measured values of density and viscosity have been used to estimate some important parameters, such as apparent molal volume,𝜑𝑣 , limiting apparent molal volume, 𝜑𝑣 0, experimental slope, Sv, second derivative of limiting apparent molal volume, 2 0 v   / 2 T , viscosity A and B coefficients, free energy of activation, ΔG≠, enthalpy of activation, ΔH≠, entropy of activation, ΔS≠.

Keywords: DL-serine, Apparent molar volume, activation parameters, viscosity A and B coefficients, solutesolute and solute-solvent interactions.

[1] Structure and Stability of Biological Macromolecules, (Eds. SN Timasheff; GD Fasman; Marcel Dekker, New York, 1969).
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Abstract: The sorption capacity of immobilized Grewia mollis (IGM) for the removal of metal ions (Pb2+, Zn2+and Cu2+) was investigated using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The sorption capacity was performed by batch experiments as a function of experimental parameters like effect of pH, contact time, ionic strength, initial metal ion concentration and temperature on sorption of metal ions from aqueous solution. The metal ion sorption capacity of immobilized Grewia mollis increases with increase in metal ions concentration and pH values but decreases with increase in ionic strength. The sorption rate was rapid and reached equilibrium within 30 minutes for Pb2+ and Zn2+ and 1hr for Cu2+. The maximum sorption capacity for Pb2.....

Keywords: Immobilized Grewia mollis (GM), sodium alginate, metal ions, sorption.

[1] Oyedeji O. Abdulrasaq and Osinfade G. B (2010).Removal of copper (II), iron (III) and lead (II) ions from Mono-component Simulated Waste Effluent by Adsorption on Coconut Husk.African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 4(6), pp. 382-387
[2] Mona Karniba,AhmadKabbanib, HanafyHolaila, ZakiaOlamaa* (2014). Heavy Metals Removal Using Activated Carbon, Silica and Silica Activated Carbon Composite. Energy Procedia 50( 2014 ) pp 113 – 120
[3] Khalil Ahmad1,*, Ijaz A Bhatti2 ,Majid Muneer3 , Munawar Iqbal2 and Zafar Iqbal4(2012)
[4] Removal of heavy metals (Zn, Cr, Pb, Cd, Cu and Fe) in aqueous media by calcium carbonate as an adsorbent. International Journal of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences .IJCBS, 2 p.48-53 [5] Omar E. Abdel Salama, Neama A. Reiadb, , , Maha M. ElShafeib (2011) A study of the re.

Abstract: Synthesis and structural characterization of polyiodide and mixed polyhalide complex of copper (II) having formula [Cu(phen)3](I4Br4)0.5(IBr2) ,Reaction of CuBr2 ,1,10-phenantroline , iodine and bromine ,have been described . Reaction of 1: 3 :2 :5 ( of CuBr2 , 1,10-phenantroline, iodineand bromine ) produce complex in 72 % yield The complex was characterized by analytical spectroscopic and molecular structure of the complexwas determined by X-ray crystallography .......

Keywords : [Cu(phen)3](I4Br4)0.5(IBr2) ,X-ray crystallography .

[1] Popov, A. I.; Gutmann, V. Halogen Chemistry, Academic Press, London, 1967, 1, 225; (b) Down, A. J.; Adams, C. J.; Bailer, J. C.; EmeleÂus, H. J.; Nyholm, R.; Trotman-Dickenson, A.F. Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, Pergamon, Oxford, 1973, 3, 1476; (c) Coppens, P.; Miller, J. S. Extended Linear Chain Compounds, Plenum, New York, 1982, 333.
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[5] Easton, M. E.; Ward, A. J.; Hudson, T.; Turner, P.; Masters, A. F.; Maschmeyer, T. Chem. Eur. J. 2015, 21, 2961.

Abstract: DFT implemented in ADF 2012.01 was applied to 9 bi-nuclear transition metal carbonyls: [M2(CO)10], (M=Mn,Tc,Re), [Co(CO)4MCo(CO)4], (M=Zn,Cd,Hg), [Fe2(CO)9], [terminal Co2(CO)8] and [bridged Co2(CO)8] to obtain the Shielding Constants (σ M, σ 13C, σ 17O), Chemical Shifts (δ M, δ13C, δ17O), two diamagnetic and four paramagnetic contributing terms in the σ values of constituents. The software was also run with Frequencies and Raman full to obtain frequencies of the normal modes of all the (3n-6) Fundamental vibration bands of the carbonyls. Neither of two metals nor any two carbonyls (Cos) were found to be both spatially and magnetically equivalent........

Keywords: Chemical Shift, Shielding Tensor, Paramagnetic Tensor, Effective Spin Hamiltonian, Magnetic Equivalence

[1] Holmes, N. J.; Levason, W.; Webster, M. Triphenylstibine substituted manganese and rhenium carbonyls: synthesis and multinuclear NMR spectroscopic studies. X-ray crystal structures of ax-[Mn2(CO)9(SbPh3)], [Mn(CO)5(SbPh3)][CF3SO3] and fac-[Re(CO)3Cl(SbPh3)2]. J. Organomet. Chem. 1998, 568, 213-223.
[2] Jia, R.; Wang, C.; Qiong, L.; Li, Q.-S.; Xie, Y.; King, R. B.; Schaefer, H. F. Major Differences Between Mononuclear and Binuclear Manganese Carbonyl Cyanides and Isoelectronic Binary Chromium Carbonyls Arising from Basicity of the Cyanide Nitrogen Atom*. Aus. J. Chem. 2014, 67, 1318-1323.
[3] Zeng, Y.; Wang, S.; Feng, H.; Xie, Y.; King, R. B. Highly Unsaturated Binuclear Butadiene Iron Carbonyls: Quintet Spin States, Perpendicular Structures, Agostic Hydrogen Atoms, and Iron-Iron Multiple Bonds. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12, 2216.
[4] Xu, B.; Li, Q.; Xie, Y.; King, B.; Schaefer III, H. Heptacarbonyldiosmium and Hexacarbonyldiosmium: Two Highly Unsaturated Binuclear Osmium Carbonyls. Croatica. chemica. acta. 2009, 82, 207-218.
[5] Xu, B.; Li, Q.-S.; Xie, Y.; King, R. B.; Schaefer, H. F. Homoleptic Mononuclear and Binuclear Osmium Carbonyls Os(CO)n(n = 3−5) and Os2(CO)n (n = 8, 9): Comparison with the Iron Analogues. Inorg. Chem. 2008, 47, 3869-3878..

Abstract: The crystal structure of cimetidine has been determined using ab-initio method from X-ray powder diffraction data by Cernik and Vincent Favre-Nicolin with' parallel tempering' Monte-Carlo algorithm.We have re-employ this work by using two programs that work in direct space with different Monte Carlo algorithms: Respectively EXPO program works with 'simulated annealing' (SA) and FOX program works with 'parallel tempering'(PT). In the first, the obtained spectra were decomposed and indexed to obtain the unit cell with DICVOL program. The research of the best space group is undertaken in CHEKCELL program. In the following step, the geometry of a molecule described using AVOGADRO program to obtained a Fenske -Hall z-matrix. After we use the two softwares EXPO and FOX to resolve the crystal structure of cimetidine. We compare the results obtained by the two programs

Keywords: Ab-initio, DICVOL program, CHEKCELL program, EXPO program, FOX program , Monte-Carlo algorithm, Simulated annealing algorithm , parallel tempering algorithm

[1] Akito Sa Saki , Akihir himeda , Hisashi Konaka and Norihiro Muroyana , Ab initio crystal structure analysis Based on powder diffraction data using pDxL.
[2] Espoir , Le Bail ,2001,www.cristal.org
[3] Falcioni and Deem,199,www.mwdeem.rice.edu/zefsaII
[4] Grosse –Kunstleve et al,1997,www.crystal.mat.ethz.ch.
[5] FOX. Favre –Nicolin and R.Cerny : fox program for ab initio structure solution from powder diffraction data..

Abstract: In this study, the Monte Carlo approach was successfully applied to solve the framework of LTA zeolite from X-Ray powder data. In this work the samples of LTA zeolite were synthesized from the two precursors of aluminate and silicate. The characterization was accomplished by using X-Ray diffraction powder. Then the obtained spectra were indexed to obtain the unit cell using DICVOL (1), ITO (2), and TREOR (3) programs. The research of the best space group is come up with CHECKGROUP (4) program. Afterward, the structure modeling of LTA zeolite was made in direct space by the Monte Carlo approach using rigid and soft restrictions, by means of FOX(5), EXPO(6) and ESPOIR(7) programs .

Keywords: Zeolite, DICVOL program, ITO program, TREOR program, CHECKGROUP program, FOX program , EXPO program, ESPOIR program .

[1]. A.Boultif :Dicvol:A.program For the automatic indexing of powder diffraction patterns
[2]. By the successive Dichotomy method , laboratoire de cristallographie , departement de physique Faculte des sciences Exactes.
[3]. ITO14 program for powder pattern indexing ,www.ccp14.ac.uk/solution/indexing /.
[4]. TREOR 90 program for powder pattern indexing , www.ccp14.ac.uk/solution/indexing /.
[5]. J.Laugier and B.Bochu :CHECKGROUP :A software performing Automatic Cell /Space Group , determination , Collaborative Computational Project Number 14 (ccp14) Laboratoire des Matériaux et du genie physique de L‟Ecole Supérieure de physique de genoble , France ,2000...

Abstract: Writing comprises writing tools to make documentation. With the advancement of technology, writing instruments have been developed in a phase wise manner and brought changes in ink chemistry. Recipes for formulation of inks have been modified over the years. Ink designed for use in different writing instruments or printing media have quite dissimilar components. There are occasions when documents used in criminal activities or in the course of civilization either alludes or created specifically for the purpose of deception. These kinds of many cases have been reported in the world of document examination. To solve this problem it is necessary to utilize some techniques chartering the document creation and history. The challenge faced by document examiners in such cases is to search for any clues that suggest that a particular ink entry was placed on the document some time other than indicated.

Keywords: TLC, UV, Vis, IR, NMR, SEM, GC/MS, SERRS

[1]. Sakayanagi M., Komuro J., Konda Y., Watanabe K., Harigaya Y., (1999) Analysis of ballpoint pen inks by field desorption mass spectrometery, J. for. Sci., 44(6) 1204-1214.
[2]. Mahely, Andreas and Stromberg, Lars, (1981) Chemical Criminalistics, 1st Edn., Springer-Verlag, New York, 215.
[3]. Klallitrakas-Kontos N.G. and Hatzistavros V.S., (2007) Trace Element Ink Spiking for Signature Authentication, Nuc.Chem., 277 399-404.
[4]. Gambaro A., Ganzerla R., Fantin. M., Cappelletto M., Piazza R. and Caims W.R.L., (2008) Study of 19th Century Inks from Archives in the Palazzo Ducale (Vanice, Italy) Using Various Analytical Techniques, J. Micro Chem. 91 202-208.
[5]. Vila A., Ferrer N., Garcia J.F., (2007) Chemical Composition of Contemporary Black Printing Inks Based on Infra red Spectroscopy: Basic Information for the Characterization and Discrimination of Artistic Prinst, J. AOAC, 591 97-105..

Abstract: The levels of chloride (Cl-), fluoride (F-) and iodide (I-), in amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus and Amaranthus cruentus) leaves at different stages of maturity (25 days, 50 days and 75 days) and seeds from four counties (Kiambu, Kericho, Bungoma and Kisii) of Kenya were quantitatively determined. The levels were determined using potentiometric and titrimetric methods. The mean levels of Cl-, F- and I- in leaves of A. hypochondriacus and A. cruentus were not significantly different. The mean levels in leaves of the two species indicated that amaranthus grown in Kiambu had Cl- and F- at 673.81 and 7.61 mg/100 g respectively while I- was at 4.29 mg/ kg. Leaves from amaranthus grown in Kericho county had mean levels of Cl- and F- of 635.24 and 7.22 mg/100 g dry weight, respectively while I- was 3.41 mg/kg. The mean I- level in amaranth leaves grown in Bungoma was 2.54 mg/kg while Cl- and F- were 503.74 and 9.67 mg/100 g respectively.

Keywords: Tonui , Amaranth, Iodine, Fluorine, Chlorine

[1]. CBS/MOH/ORC (2004). Kenya demographic and health survey, Calverton, Maryland. Pp 114-168.
[2]. Tagwira, F. (2009). Why grain amaranth in Zimbabwe. Mutare: African University (pp 1-4).
[3]. GOK/MOH (2006). Kenya national guidelines on nutrition and HIV/AIDS, Nairobi; Pp 1-6.
[4]. Tagwira, M., Tagwira, F.D. and Okum, B. (2006). Using grain amaranth to fight malnutrition. RUFORUM working document. 1: 201- 206.
[5]. Kauffman, C.S. and Weber, L.E. (1990). Grain Amaranth file://C:/Documents%20and % settings/Jackie-Chan/Desktop/grain%20 Amaranth.htm. Accessed on 3rd July, 2008...

Abstract: Isolation of methyl eugenol from cloves leaf oil using acid and based chemicals reactions has been done. Cloves leaf oil was isolation from cloves leaf using steam distillation (Step 1). Eugenol was synthesis from cloves leaf oil using sodium hydroxide (NaOH 5%) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4) 5% at pH 3 (Step 2). Methyl eugenol was synthesis from eugenol from step 2 using dimethyl sulphate (Step 3). The result is dried with anhydrous Na2SO4 and n-hexane is separated by the rotary evaporator. The result of the synthesis was analysis using GC-MS and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). The results of the study showed that the methyl eugenol yield is 99.14%. Methyl eugenol produced from this research according to market needs with a minimum purity of 98.0%. As a conclusion, this method is extremely simple and inexpensive for isolation of methyl eugenol from cloves leaf oil.

Keywords: eugenol, methyl eugenol, acid, based

[1] Widayat, B. Cahyono, Hadiyanto and Ngadiwiyana, Improvement of Clove Oil Quality by Using Adsorption-distillation Process, Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 7(18), 2014, 3867-3871.

[2] NTP, Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Methyleugenol in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1Mice (Natl Toxicol Program Tech Rep Ser, 2000).

[3] K.H. Tan, and R. Nishida, Methyl eugenol: Its occurrence, distribution, and role in nature, especially in relation to insect behavior and pollination, Journal of Insect Science, 12, 2011, 56, 1-74.
[4] G.M. Williams, M.J. Iatropoulos, A.M. Jeffrey, and J.D. Duan, Methyleugenol hepatocellular cancer initiating effects in rat liver, Food and Chemical Toxicology, 53, 2013, 187-196.

[5] HSDB, Methyleugenol In: Hazardous Substances Data Bank (Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2010).