IOSR-JAP   Volume-7 ~ Issue-4 ~ July-August 2015

ABSTRACT: This paper compares the prediction of three empirical models for estimating the global radiation at Jos with values obtained by measurement using 5years data collected from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET). Two of these models, Angstrom's and Reitveld's, related the global radiation to the sunshine duration. The third model, due to Monteith, related the global radiation to the maximum irradiance at solar noon. Mean daily values of insolation, H , were computed and averaged over the 5-year period. Mean bias errors (MBE), root-mean-square errors (RMSE) and correlation coefficients (R) were also computed.

[1]. J.L. Monteith, Principles of Environmental Physics Edward Arnold (Publishers) Limited, London.1975.
[2]. N. Halouani, C.T. Nguyen and D. Vo-ngoc, Calculation of monthly average global solar radiation on horizontal surfaces using
hours of bright sunshine, Solar Energy, 50 (3), 1993, 247-258.
[3]. M.J. Gelshik, Estimation of solar radiation using metrological parameters: sunshine hours, relative humidity and maximum air
temperature, thesis, University of Jos, 1970.
[4]. P.T. Cooper, Absorption of solar radiation in solar stills, Solar Energy, 12 (3), 1969.
[5]. A. Musa, Estimation of average insolation and the radiation balance of the earth-atmosphere system at Jos, thesis, University of Jos,
Nigeria, 2010.
[6]. A. Angstrom, Solar and terrestrial radiation, Quarterly Journal of Royal Meteorological Society, 50, 1924, 121-125.

ABSTRACT: The Bromine derivative of phenyl hydrazine has been studied for its insecticidal properties1. It has also found numerous applications in analytical chemistry2-4, chemotherapy5-8 and as chromogenic reagents9. It has been synthesised byDr A Sahay and his co-workers as part of their project to study the crystal structure of a series of phenylhydrazones and their stereochemistry the crystal structure of the title compound has been determined 10-13. Earlier I reported the structure of ―2-[(p-Bromophenyl) hydrazono]-3-ethoxy-3-oxo-propanoic acid‖ (SINHA K et al., 2012).

[1]. M.N. rotmistrov, G.V.Kulik, E.M.Shrymik, A.N.Bredikhina, (1974) Microbial Zh (kiew), 36, 2hh); Chem. Abst.81,115180 y(1974).
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ABSTRACT: A precise method for determination of penetration depth of β-radiationin paraffin wax and mica is described in this paper.The measurements have carried out using Gamma-Scout with Tl-204 and Cs -137 sources. The Gamma Scout is very sensitive, portable and reliable instrument. We have used paraffin wax of density 0.9 g/cm3 and mica of density 2.8g/cm3.The penetration depth of β-particles strongly depends on energy of incident β-radiation and the density of the intervening material. The paraffin wax is low density material its density is nearly equal to density of flesh and hence determination of penetration depth of β-radiation in the paraffin wax is helpful in understanding the interaction of β-particles with low density materials.

[1]. Little,J. B. Radiation carcinogenesis, Carcinogenesis, 21 (3), 2000, 397-404. (8)
[2]. David J. et al., Cancer risks attributable to low doses of ionizing radiation: Assessing what we really know, Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences, 100 (24), 2003, 13761–13766. (6)
[3]. C Y Yi, HS Han, JS Jun, HS Chai. Mass attenuation coefficients of β+-particles, Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 51, 1999, 217-227. (10)
[4]. Chocyk D, R Burek, A. method of calculating mass absorption coefficient of beta-particles,Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 209(1),1996. 171-180. (10)
[5]. Gurler O, S Yalcin, A practical method for calculation of mass-attenuation coefficients of β particles,Annals of Nuclear energy,32, 2005, .1918-1925.(8)
[6]. J Nagpal, S Gupta, S Supe, Application of beta transmission for quality assurance of TLD tape dosemeters, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 44(3), 1993, 537-540.(4)

ABSTRACT: Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor (MIS) characterization is performed utilizing two n-channel Si MOSFET devices that provide both the electron tunneling current and the substrate hole current. The characterization results in parabolic electron and hole effective mass values in thermal SiO2 of 0.42m and 0.58m respectively, the bandgap of SiO2 of 8.9 eV and the conduction and valence band offsets of 3.2 eV and 4.6 eV. The characterization technique called BOEMDET is suited for insulators with or without bulk traps and exhibiting only Fowler-Nordheim (FN) type conduction at high electric fields.

[1]. B. Eitan and A. Kolodny, "Two components of tunneling current in metal-oxide-semiconductor structures", Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 43, pp. 106-108, Jul. 1983.
[2]. M. Rasras, I. DeWolf, G. Groeseneken, B. Kaczer, R. Degraeve, and H.E. Maes, "Photo-carrier generation as the origin of Fowler-Nordheim-induced substrate hole current in thin oxides", IEEE, Trans. On Electron Devices, vol. ED-48, pp. 231-238, Feb. 2001.
[3]. C.M. Tanner, Ya-Chuan Perng, C. Frewin, S.E. Saddow, J.P. Chang, "Electrical performance of Al2O3 gate dielectric films deposited by atomic layer deposition on 4H-SiC", Appl. Phys. Letters, vol.91, 203510-1 to -3, Nov. 2007.
[4]. E. Bersch, S. Rangan, R.A. Bartynski, E. Garfunkel, E.Vescovo, "Band offsets of ultrathin high-K oxide films with Si", Physical Review B, vol. 78, pp.085114-1 to 10, 2008.
[5]. R.K.Chanana, K.McDonald, M.Di Ventra, S.T.Pantelides, L.C.Feldman, G.Y.Chung, C.C.Tin, J.R.Williams, R.A.Weller, "Fowler-Nordheim hole tunneling in p-SiC/SiO2 structures", Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 77, pp. 2560-2562, Oct. 2000.
[6]. M. Lenzlinger and E.H. Snow, "Fowler-Nordheim tunneling into thermally grown SiO2", J. of Applied Physics, vol. 40, pp. 278-283, Jan. 1969.

ABSTRACT: Adiabatic compressibility(β) and free length (Lf) and free volume(Vf), internal pressure(πi) have been determined from the measurement of ultrasonic sound velocity(U) and densities (ρ) viscosity (η) for the binary mixtures .The separate efficiency of aniline in the binary Aniline+1-pentanol,1-hexanol,1-heptanol have been analyzed in ultrasonic techniques at 303k.The excess adiabatic compressibility has predicted of ideal heat isothermal compressibility (KTid) and ideal isobaric expansibility (αPid) and molar heat capacitance(σ) have been interpreted interms of possible molecular interaction between the molecules.

Keywords: Binary mixture, Molecular interaction, Sound velocity, polar molecules, Excess adiabatic compressibility.

[1]. C.Reichardt, Solvents and solvent effect in organic chemistry, Weinheim, Germany,1998 (Chapter5 and 7).
[2]. R.W.Gurney, Ionic process in solutions, Mc Graw-Hill, New York,1952.
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[4]. C.R.Reid,B.E.Poling,The properties of gases and liquids, McGraw-Hill, New York,1998 (Chapter 1).
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[6]. R. Jasinki,High energy batteryplenam,New York,1967.

ABSTRACT: Trends and variations of monthly mean wind speed data in Nigeria were analyzed. The data used were obtained from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Oshodi, Lagos. 20 land anemometer stations across various ecological zones and climatic belts in Nigeria were selected for the analyses. The data length spanned from 1951–2012 with some variations in data length across the stations. Statistical techniques used for the analyses are Mann-Kendall's rank correlation tests, simple linear regression, Pearson's product moment correlations, time series plots, descriptive statistics and bar charts.

[1]. Abhishek, A., Lee, J.Y., Keener, T.C. and Yang, Y.J. (2010). Long-term wind speed variations for Three Midwestern U.S cities. J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 60, 1057 – 1064, doi:10.3155/1047 – 3289.60.1057.
[2]. Abiodun, B.J., Salami, A.T. and Tadross, M. (2011).Climate Change Scenarios for Nigeria: Understanding the Bio-Physical Impacts. Climate Systems Analysis Group, Cape Town, for Building Nigeria's Response to Climate Change (BNRCC) Project, Ibadan, Nigeria.
[3]. Amadi, S. O., Udo, S. O. and Ewona, I. O. (2014). Trends in Monthly Mean Minimum and Maximum Temperature Data over Nigeria for the Period 1950-2012. International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Physics, 2(4), 1-27.
[4]. Bichet, A., Wild, M., Folini, D. and Schar, C. (2012). Causes for decadal variations of wind speed over land: sensitivity studies with a global climate model. Geophysical Research Letters, 39, L11701, doi:10.1029/ 2012GL051685.
[5]. Cabezudo, B., Recio, M., Sanchez-Laulhe, J., Del Mar Trigo, M., Toro, F.J. and Polvorinos, F. (1997). Atmospheric transportation of Marihuana Pollen from North Africa to the southwest of Europe.Atmos. Environ, 31, 3323 – 3328.

ABSTRACT: In this paper, a microscopic theory of low temperature resistivity of a metal containing localized magnetic impurities is presented utilizing the method of second quantization and the time-dependent perturbation theory up to second order in the spin-exchange Hamiltonian. The transition rate of scattering is calculated both in the first and second order approximations considering non-spin-flip and spin-flip processes. The Kondo effect is revealed in the second-order spin-flip calculation. The results are in very good agreement with the experimental observations.

Keywords: Second quantization, Fermi's golden rate, transition rate of scattering, spin-exchange interaction

[1]. W. J. De Hass, De Boer, and G. J. Van Den Berg, Physica, vol. 1, 1934, p 1115-1124.
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ABSTRACT: The electrical properties of theas prepared amorphous thin film system having the composition, Se85Ge15-xInx, where (x = 0, 5, 10, 15 at%), werestudied, then the same study was performed on the same system of samples after being thermally annealed at 380 K, and 490 K, for one hour each. The results showed that the activation energy of the annealed samples decreases as the In content and the annealing temperature increase, and consequently the electrical Conductivity increases.

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ABSTRACT: In this study, evaluation of antibacterial activity of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles treated with gamma radiations of different dosages on Kliebsiella pneumonia (K pneumonia) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P aeruginosa) bacteria has been carried out. The ZnO nanoparticles have been synthesized by solution combustion method, and these synthesized samples were irradiated with gamma radiation of different dosages from 0 to 200 kGy. All the samples were characterized using Powder X-ray Diffractometer (Powder XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR), Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometer (UV-Vis), and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM).

[1] Z. Ibupoto, K. Khun, M. Eriksson, M. AlSalhi, M. Atif, A. Ansari, and M. Willander, Hydrothermal growth of vertically aligned zno nanorods using a biocomposite seed layer of ZnO nanoparticles, Materials, 6(8), 2013, 3584-3597.
[2] S. Hussain, Y. Khan, V. Khranovskyy, R. Muhammad, R. Yakimova, Effect of oxygen content on the structural and optical properties of ZnO films grown by atmospheric pressure MOCVD, Progress in Natural Science: Materials International, 23(1), 2013, 44-50.
[3] Z. Bai, X. Yan, X. Chen, K. Zhao, P. Lin, Y. Zhang, High sensitivity, fast speed and self-powered ultraviolet photodetectors based on ZnO micro/nanowire networks, Progress in Natural Science: Materials International, 24, 2014, 1-5.
[4] Y. T. Prabhu, K. V. Rao, V. Sesha, S. Kumar, B. S. Kumari, Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles by a novel surfactant assisted amine combustion method, Advances in Nanoparticles, 2, 2013, 45-50.
[5] R. Srivastava, Investigation on temperature sensing of nanostructured zinc oxide synthesized via oxalate route, Journal of Sensor Technology, 2, 2012, 8-12.

ABSTRACT: This paper presents the fabrication of the Co doped TiO2 film for studying the optical properties. In this case, at first Co/TiO2 multilayer films were prepared by e-beam evaporation in a vacuum better than 10-5 Torr. The optical properties of the as deposited Co, TiO2, Co/TiO2 films had been studied. The surface morphology had been studied by Atomic Force Microscopy. In the multilayer, the thickness of Co and TiO2 is kept same. Each layer thickness was varied from 5nm to 15 nm and repeated three times. In this research paper the deposition rate of the Co and TiO2 thin films are about 1.33 nm/sec &.1.25 nm/sec respectively.

[1]. S.A. Chambers, S. Thevuthasan, R.F.C. Farrow, R.F. Marks, J.U. Thiele, L..Folks, M.G. Samant, A.J. Kellock, N. Ruzycki, D.L. Ederer and U. Diebold,Epitaxial growth and properties of ferromagnetic co-doped TiO2 anatase, American Institute of physics,79(21),2001, 3469.
[2]. T.Fukumura, Y. Yamada, K.Tamura, K. Nakajima, Exploration of oxide semiconductor electronics of epitaxial thin films, in Y Fujikawa(Ed),Frontier in materials Research, (German: Springer- berlin,2008) 923-541.
[3]. H.Ohno, Making Nonmagnetic Semiconductors ferromagnetic, Science Magazine, 281(5379), 1998, 951-956.
[4]. S. A. Chambers, C. M. Wang and A. S. Lea,Transition from granular to dilute magnetic semiconducting multilayers in ion-beam-deposited ZnO/Co, American Institute of physics,83(21),2003, 4357

ABSTRACT: In this paper, a microscopic theory of low temperature resistivity of a metal containing localized magnetic impurities is presented utilizing the method of second quantization and the time-dependent perturbation theory up to second order in the spin-exchange Hamiltonian. The transition rate of scattering is calculated both in the first and second order approximations considering non-spin-flip and spin-flip processes. The Kondo effect is revealed in the second-order spin-flip calculation. The results are in very good agreement with the experimental observations.

Keywords: Second quantization, Fermi's golden rate, transition rate of scattering, spin-exchange interaction

[1]. Introductory Nuclear Physics, Keneeth S. Krane, Johnwiley and Sons,( 1988).
[2]. An Introductory to the Physics of Nuclei and Particles, R.A.Dunlop, Thomson, 2004.
[3]. An Introduction to the Engineering Aspects of Nuclear Physics, SantanuGhose,( I.K. International Publishing House Pvt Ltd., 2009).
[4]. Nuclear and particle physics, by Jenny Thomas ( university London ,2000).
[5]. Beiser . concept of modern Physics ,(Mc Hill company ,New York ,1990) .

ABSTRACT: Identification of elements is very important in mineral exploration. The change of conductivity with frequency shows resonance values for different matter. At these values the conductivity is minimum, this resonance frequency is shown experimentally to be related to the matter density and atomic number beside the magnetic field. These emprical relations can be explained theoretically on the basis of new statistical laws derived from plasma equations beside Zeeman Effect law. Key Words: matter density, resonance, frequency, equilibrium statistical, Zeeman Effect.

[1]. Andrei Chtchedrine& Yuri Kolokolov, Frequency Meter Metal Detector, Circuit Cellar, May 2001.
[2]. John Clarke, Fortune Finder, Silicon Chip, Dec 1999.
[3]. Gavin Cheeseman, Metal Detectors (Part 2), Electronics and Beyond, June 1999.
[4]. Popavic S. Grover and G. Moddel, "Engineering the current–voltage characteristics of metal–insulator–metal diodes using doubleinsulator
tunnel barriers," Solid-State Electronics , 2012.

ABSTRACT: Mineral Exploration is very important for industry. There are many spectral techniques used for identification of elements. Un fortunately these techniques are complex and expensive. There is a need for simple technique for exploration. This work utilizes simple technique based on electrical conductivity. The experimental work shows variation of conductivity with frequency, with line shape similar to absorption line. There is a minimum frequency for each element, which can be used as a finger print characterizing it.

[1]. M .A. Sons, Inc Quantitative Applications of Mass Spectrometry, New York, 2000.
[2]. L. M. Schwartz, Anal. Chem, Nanofabricated optical antennas, 2011.
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ABSTRACT: Relaxation time plays an important role in nuclear excitation .This is because excitation energy is related to the relaxation time according to the uncertainty principle. This relation between relaxation time and energy excitation was deduced from classical and quantum laws of harmonic oscillator. It resembles that of uncertainty principle , except that existence of imaginary term which is related to the energy lost by excitation and friction .This relation is used to find the wave function for frictional media .This wave function is used to derive radioactive decay law . Key wards:Radioactive Decay Law, Quantum Tunneling, Frictional Force, Harmonic Oscillator , Relaxation Time , Nuclear Excitation ,quantum Tunnelling.
I. I

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ABSTRACT: The mass of a photon [1] is most important for creation of all types of particles and thus the universe. This article totally unknown to the scientists from the view of new idea. According to present presentation of physics, the characteristics and properties of particles setups which we call traditional process. Here we can adopt new idea to classify the Rydberg's constant to classifying the structure of Hydrogen atom which is more interesting and we will entire into unknown microscopic field. This field will explain particle`s birth that in what way all these particles are interlinked beautifully. The field is very vast; here we will discuss this part only.

Keywords: Classification of atom, why electron and positron, gamma rays, φ and φ′ photons, spectrum analysis, hydrogen structure.

[1]. Nirmalendu Das, Mass of a photon, International Journal of Science and Research, Volume 3 Issue 6, June 2014. www.ijsr.net
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ABSTRACT: Shear zones are tabular and usually elongate zones of strain produced by shearing forces on a rock. They are microscopic to regional scale domains across which displacement has taken place. They contain foliation sub-parallel to the principal plain of the strain ellipsoid. Their occurrences enhance rock permeability for ground water accumulation and flow. They also serve as avenues for accumulation of mineralizing fluids. Economically they are often exploited in quarrying and blasting operations..

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