IOSR-JAVS   Volume-15 ~ Issue-4 ~ April 2022

ABSTRACT: Cocoa plants in North Kolaka Regency are primarily old, many of which are 25 years old or more. This condition may decrease cocoa productivity in the area. The phenomenon motivated researchers to study the financial feasibility of cocoa farming in the North Kolaka Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia, from January 2018 to February 2020. The population in this study was all cocoa farmers in North Kolaka Regency (26,332 farmers). The samples (76 farmers) was obtained using the Slovin formula with a 7% margin of error. The data used was cross-sectional data obtained directly from farmers, starting from 0-year-old to 25-year-old cocoa plants.......

Key words: Feasibility, Financial, Cocoa

[1]. Astrini, C., Djuwendah, E., Karyani, T., & Wiyono, S. N. (2018). Analisis Kelayakan Finansial Jambu Biji (Psidium guajava L.) Varietas Cristal. Jurnal AGRISEP, 17(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.31186/jagrisep.17.1.1-10
[2]. Datundugon, S. P. S., Elly, F. H., & Kalangi, J. K. J. (2020). Analisis Kelayakan Finansial Usahatani Jambu Biji Kristal (Psidium guajava L.) (Studi Kasus: Petani Jambu Biji Kristal di Desa Warisa Kecamatan Talawan Kabupaten Minahasa Utara). Agri-Sosio Ekonomi Unasrat, 16(3), 469–478.
[3]. Dwijo, S., Supardi, S., & Marwanti, S. (2020). Analisis Kelayakan Finansial Pengusahaan Kayu Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria) Dengan Pola Tanam Agroforestrydi Kabupaten Magetan. Jurnal Penelitian Sosial Dan Ekonomi Kehutanan, 17(1), 29–37. https://doi.org/10.20886/jpsek.2020.17.1.29-37
[4]. Ermanto, Y., Lubis, Y., & Saragih, F. (2020). Analisis Kelayakan Finansial Usaha Jeruk di Kabupaten Karo dan Kabupaten Langkat. AGRISAINS, 2(1), 53–59.
[5]. Ermiati, E., Hasibuan, A. M., & Wahyudi, A. (2014). Profil dan Kelayakan Usahatani Kakao di Kabupaten Kolaka, Sulawesi Tenggara. Jurnal Tanaman Industri Dan Penyegar, 1(3), 125. https://doi.org/10.21082/jtidp.v1n3.2014.p125-132.

ABSTRACT: Accurate and timely diagnosis of animal rabies is the back bone of medical decision making for initiating post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) of rabies exposed victims. As part of global efforts to eliminate dog mediated human rabies by 2030, there is an urgent need to improve laboratory facilities in the peripheral level. The traditional reference methods of rabies diagnosis, fluorescent antibody test or PCR have several limitations for wide scale implementation in settings that lack economic and infrastructural resources. This documentation is the report of evaluation of a chip based Realtime PCR test as a peripheral level diagnostic tool for rabies. The study demonstrated a sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of 92.3, 100, and 95.8 percent respectively when compared with Fluorescent Antibody Test, the gold standard diagnostic test for rabies. The study, conducted on twenty four brain tissue samples of animals suspected of died due to rabies, concluded that TrueNat PCR is a simple, easy to use, economical and reliable rapid test for rabies diagnosis especially in resource poor peripheral settings.

Key words: Fluorescent Antibody Test, RT PCR, Immuno chromatographic method, TrueNat PCR.

[1]. WHO. Epidemiology and burden of diseases, WHO,2020 http://www.who.int/rabies/epidemiology/en/
[2]. Gouri Yale, Andrew DG, Reeta SM, Harsha PK, Niceta CC, Julie C, Ilona O,Nigel O, Ian GH, Barend MB, Richard JM, Santhosh D, Vilas N, Luke G, Stella M. Evaluation of an immunochromatogrphic assay a canine rabies surveillance tool in Goa, India. Viruses, 2019: 11,649. Doi:10.3390/v11070649
[3]. Meslin FX, Kaplan MM , Koprowski H, World Health Organization, Laboratory Techniques in Rabies, 4th ed.Geneva: 1996,467 [4]. Tepumethanon V, Lumlertdacha B, Mitmoonpitak C, Fagen R, Wilde H, Fluorescent Antibody Test for Rabies:Prospective study of 8987 brains. Clin Infect Dis 1997: 25(6): 1459-1461. [5]. Emily Mac Lean, Kohli M, Weber SF, Suresh A, Samuel GS, Denkinker CM and Madhukar P, Advances in Molecular Diagnosis of Tuberculosis, J Clin Microbiol,2020: 58 (10), 01582-19, doi: 10.1128/JCM.01582-19

ABSTRACT: Purpose:The objective of this study was to improve the productivity of the N'Dama breed bred in the Congo, which shows low productivity.
Methodology:the crossing between Nélores gave NN, the NN females are crossed with the N'Dama ND males, which gives the N'Dalores 1 of the male and female animals of NDL blood. The NDL females are crossed with the NN male Nélores in order to obtain the expected crosses called the N'Dalores 2, having NN/NDL (NNDL) blood. Results:the N'Dalores 2 resulting from the cross between the N'Dalore 1 and the Nélore, are born with a weight of 24.14 ± 1.65 kg for the males and 22.93 ± 2.15 kg for the females. N'Dalores are humpless, with varying coats of grey-white, light-grey, fawn and grey.......

Key words: Nélore-N'Dama-N'Dalore-Crossing-Improvement-Congo

[1]. AKOUANGO P., 2018. Sustainable Agricultural Policy in the Republic of Congo – Diagnosis and Perspective. Edition the Harmattan. ISBN: 978-2-14-009400-2-126p12.
[2]. ALENCAR, M.M., BARBOSA, P.F., TULLIO, R.R. et al. 1995. Peso à desmama de bezerros da raça Nelore e cruzados Canchim x Nelore e Marchigiana x Nelore. R. Soc. Arms. Zootec., 24(6):917-925.
[3]. DIMI NGATSE S., OGNIKA A. J., AKOUANGO P. Conformation of Nélore cattle (Bos indicus) at the Kila ranch in the Cuvette department in the Republic of Congo. Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 2020. Vol.43(1):7340-7349. ISSN 2071-7024.
[4]. DIMI NGATSE Silvere. "Productive and reproductive adaptation of Nélore cattle to the kila ranch in the Republic of Congo". Single doctoral thesis. Marien N'gouabi University, 2021, 151p.
[5]. DIMI NGATSE Silvère, OGNIKA Alexis Jonas, MOPOUNDZA Paul, AKOUANGO Parisse Productive adaptation of the Nélore breed at the Kila Republic of Congo ranch. Journal of Applied Biosciences 157: 16204 – 16212 ISSN 1997-5902.

ABSTRACT: An experiment was conducted at the Horticulture Division of Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA). Mymensingh during the period from February to July 2020 to study the effect of different sources of nutrients and irrigation on the fruiting behavior and yield of mango (CV.Amrapali). The study consisted of two factors: a) different sources of nutrients viz. i) no fertilization during the experimental period (control), ii) NPK fertilizations, iii)Poultry manures, iv) Cowdung and v) Compost; b) irrigation treatment viz, i) no irrigation during the experimental period ,ii) irrigation at 7 days interval after irrigation ,iii) irrigation at 14 days interval after irrigation. The experiment was laid out in Split Plot Design (SPD) with three replications. Almost all the parameters studied were......

Key words: Sources of nutrient, irrigation, fruiting behavior and yield

[1]. ABD EL-RAHMAN, M., 2015. Relation of spraying silicon with fruiting of Keitte Mango trees growing under upper Egypt conditions. Stem Cell, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 1-5.
[2]. Avilan , R.and .M Figueroa .1977 .Mineral nutrion .In : In The mango :Botany, production and Uses . 1st edition (R.E litz Ed.) CAb International, Wallingford. UK.pp.175-202 .
[3]. BBS . 2019. Manthly Statistical Bulletin, Bangladesh (June 2004 ). Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics ,Statistical Division ,ministry of planning, Government of the people `s republic of Bangladesh .p.58
[4]. Banik B.C., S K. Sen and T.K. Bose .1997 .Effect of zinc, iron and boron in combination with urwa on growth ,flowering ,fruition and fruit quality on mango cv. Fazli. Environment and Ecology, India 15 (1): 122-125 .
[5]. Banik ,b.C. and S.k sen. 2001 .Fruit quality of mango cv .Faxli as influenced by pruning and fertilization .Environment and Ecology, India ,20 (1) : 182- 184.

ABSTRACT:A TMR is a method of feeding cows that combines feeds formulated to a specific nutrient content into a single feed mix. The mix contains the Forages, Grains, Protein feed, Mineral and Vitamins, and Feed additives. The TMR feeding system is based on feeding balanced diet to dairy cattle so that each bite should provide the required amount of energy, protein, fibre and minerals, in order to boost and economize the productive performance. Feeding a total mixed ration (TMR) helps a dairy cow to achieve maximum performance. Since its inception in the 1950s, it is now the most......

[1]. Butler M., Patton J., Murphy J.J., and Mulligan F.J. (2010) 'Evaluation of a high-fibre total mixed ration as a dry cow feeding strategy for spring-calving Holstein Friesian dairy cows. Livestock Science 136 (2): 85-92.
[2]. B. P Lammers, A. J. Heinrichs, V. A. Ishler, 2015, A revision of DAS 94-25 Use of Total Mixed Rations (TMR) for Dairy Cows.
[3]. Heinrichs, J., Kmicikewycz, A., 2016, Total Mixed Rations for Dairy Cows. https://extension.psu.edu/
[4]. Patton J., Murphy J.J., and Butler M. (2009) 'Comparison of total mixed ration and pasture feeding systems' - Irish Dairying New Thinking for Challenging Times (Moorepark Open Day 2009). Teagasc IE pp. 107-109.
[5]. Rainey Rosemond, 2022, TMR Management – Ensuring Formulated Rations Make it to the Bunk. https://extension.psu.edu/

ABSTRACT: Background: Sustainable soil nutrient management and plant population are vital in improve productivity of any crop variety. In view of that this investigation was carried out to study the effect of organic manure rate (cow dung) and intra row spacing on dry calyx yield and nutrient uptake in three local varieties of roselle in two locations in Yobe State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Three roselle varieties and three levels of intra row spacing were placed as main plot factor and organic manure (cow dung) levels as sub plot factor were laid out in a split plot designed replicated three times in each of the two experimental sites......

Key word: Calyx, cow dung, roselle, Yobe.

[1]. Atta S, Diallo AB, Bakasso Y, Sarr B, Saadou M, Glew RH. Micro-element contents in roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) at different growth stages.African Journal of Food Agriculture Nutrition and Development. 2010, 10 (5):1-14.
[2]. Bolade MK, Oluwalana IB, Ojo O. Commercial practice of roselle beverage production by hot water extraction and sweetness level. World Journal of Agriculture Sciences. 2009, 5(1):126-131.
[3]. Drake YA. Handbook of medicinal herbs.13th edition, Livingstone Group Ltd.Endingburgh. 1985:228-229.
[4]. El Naim AM, Khaliefa LH, Ibrahim KA, Ismaeil FM,.Zaied MB. Growth and yield of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) as influenced by population in arid and tropical Sudan under rain fed, International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry. 2012, 2(3):88-91.
[5]. Esu IE. Detailed Soil Survey of NIHORT Farm at Bunkure, Kano State, Nigeria. Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.1991.

ABSTRACT: Issues: It is estimated that around 180 million pastoralists are living in developing country including in Sub-Saharan Africa. Out of 180 million, it is estimated that around (50million) live in the Sub-Sahara rangelands of Africa in general and East Africa in particularly. Pastoralists are nature lovers and their livelihood mainly depends upon the products and productivity of domestic animals like cattle, camels, goats, sheep, and donkeys etc. Recurrent droughts, among other factors, have deteriorated the ecosystem, eroded livelihood assets of pastoralists and thereby jeopardized livelihoods of the pastoralists where Harshin Woreda is not exceptional. Methods: Descriptive......

Key word: 1. Post Droughts 2. Recovery 3. Strategy 4.Pastoralists 5.Copying 6. Mechanism

[1]. Ahmed et, al.( 1999). Livelihoods in the Dryland of east Africa, Horn of Africa Regional Workshop Agricultural Policy, Resource Access and Human Nutrition. , (OSSREA) Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
[2]. Ahmed et,al.(2002). Post Drought Recovery Strategies among the Pastoral Households in the Horn of Africa. OSSREA Development Research Report Series, no. 3. Addis Ababa: OSSREA.
[3]. Bishnu Raj Upreti, (2001). Conflict management in natural resources: a study of land, water and forest conflicts in Nepal. The Netherlands.
[4]. Christopher Pratt, (2000). Traditional Early Warning Systems & Coping Strategies for Drought Among Pastoralist communities. Fletcher Schools of Law and Diplomacy. Tufts University.
[5]. Coppock, D.L. (Ed.), (1994). The Borena plateau of southern Ethiopia: Synthesis of pastoral research, development and change, 1980-91. Sytem studies Number 5.International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 374-78

ABSTRACT: This study is undertaken to find the contribution Pastoral Community Development Project (PCDP) to rural livelihood improvement in Somali region. PCDP and other means of livelihood positively affect income and it can be concluded that the PCDP has contributed in improving the income-poverty status of the project beneficiary. Given the strategic importance of the project to the target community and the significant changes it is bringing about in their lives, the author strongly recommends the need to explore funding opportunities for continuation of PCDP or similar other projects to improve access to basic social and economic services for pastoral and agro-pastoral that dwell in the remaining kebeles of the woreda that have not benefited from PCDP in the past..

Key word: livelihood, income poverty, earnings access economic service.

[1]. Project, M. of F. and pastoralist development affairs pastoral community development. (2018). The third pastoral community development project (PCDP - 3) mid-term review report (revised final). January.
[2]. Welteji, D., Mohammed, K., & Hussein, K. (2017).The contribution of Productive Safety Net Program for food security of the rural households in the case of Bale Zone, Southeast Ethiopia. Agriculture and Food Security, 6(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-017-0126-4
[3]. Wubetu sewale ayalew september 2019 addis ababa. (2019). September
[4]. Deforestation, T., Farmers, M. Y., Food, L., & Programme, F. (2014)."Improving livelihoods"1–3.
[5]. Nader, M.A., & Foundation, A.K. (2016). Exploring the contribution of Community Development to the rural livelihood. School of Social and International Studies POSTGRADUATE PROGRAMME 2014 / 15 Dissertation Community Development and Rural Livelihood Exploring the contribution of the community d. June..

ABSTRACT: This paper entitled "Impact of Social Capital in Poverty Reduction among Female Headed Households in Taraba State" was carried out to describes the socio-economic characteristics of female headed households; identify the types of social groups (organization) of female headed households and identify the basic benefit female headed households' derived from social groups they belong to. Purposive, simple random and snowball sampling techniques were used. Three agricultural zones were purposively selected. Yamane formula was used to determine the sampling size. Simple random sampling was used to select 20 blocks from the three zones, and 66 cells from the 20 blocks were randomly selected at 10%. Proportional allocation of size was used to determine the cells from each.....

Keywords: Social Capital/Groups, Benefits, Female Headed, Households

[1]. Adepoju, A. A. (2019). Effect of Social Capital on Poverty Alleviation among Fish Farming Households in Oyo State, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology. 30(1): 1-14.
[2]. Adesoji, S., Olanrewuja, K., & Kolawale, F. (2014). Livelihood Diversification of Female Household Heads in Rural Community of Osun State. Nigeria . Journal of Agricultural extension 18(2): 15-23.
[3]. Ajani, E. N., & Igbokwe, E. M. (2013). Analysis of Occupational Diversification among Rural Women in Anambra State, Nigeria. International Journal of Agricultural Sciences 3(2): 419-427.
[4]. Akcomak, T. S. & Weel, B. (2012). The Impact of Social Capital on Crime: Evidence from the Netherlands. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 42(1–2).
[5]. Akeweta J., Oyesola O.B, Ndaghu A and Ademola A.O (2014). Social Capital and Poverty Coping Strategies of Rural Women in Song Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Rural Extension and Development 8: 1-8.