IOSR-JAVS   Volume-7 ~ Issue-2 ~ MAR-APR-2014

ABSTRACT: Coxiellosis (Q fever) is a zoonosis of public health significance. This study was aimed at determining the seroprevalence and the risk factors associated with Coxiella burnetti infection in cattle in Kaduna metropolis, Nigeria. A total of 539 blood samples from 42 cattle farms in the four Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Kaduna metropolis were tested using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), in addition to application of structured questionnaires on the farmers. The total prevalence rate and herd prevalence rates obtained were 78 (14.5%) and 24 (57.1%) respectively.

[1]. Addo, P. B. and Schnurenberger P. R., 1977. Q fever antibodies in food animals of Nigeria: a serological survey of cattle, sheep and goats. Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop 30(4): 359 - 362.
[2]. Angelakis, E. and Raoult, D., 2010. Q fever. Vet Microbiol, 140 (3-4): 297-309.
[3]. Arricau - Bouvery, N. and Rodolakis, A., 2005. Is Q fever an emerging or reemerging zoonosis? Vet Res, 36: 327-349.
[4]. Babudieri, B., 1959. Q fever: a zoonosis. Adv Vet Sci, 5: 82-154.
[5]. Bildfell, R. J., Thomson, G. W., Haines, D. M., Mcewen, B. J. and Smart, N., 2000. Coxiella burnetti infection is associated with placentitis in cases of bovine abortion. J Vet Diagn Invest, 12(5): 419-425.
[6]. Cabassi, C.S., Taddei, S., Donofrio, G., Ghidini, F., Piancastelli, C., Flammini, C.F.And Cavirani, S., 2006. Association between Coxiella burnetti seropositivity and abortion in dairy cattle of Northern Italy. New Microbiol, 29: 211-214.

ABSTRACT: In promoting increase productivity in rice production system in the Inland valley of central Nigeria, Sawah Eco-technology was introduced to rice farmers around Bida in central Nigeria. The technology involves levelled basin and improved bunding with inlet and outlet for irrigation and drainage to achieve full water control. In assessing the superiority of this technology over the conventional rice production system by the farmers, a survey in conjunction with field agronomic evaluation were conducted in rice growing communities where sawah was introduced.

[1]. FAOSTAT 2004: FAOSTAT Database, http://apps.fao.org
[2]. Fashola, O.O., Oladele, O., Alabi, M.O., Tologbonse, D. and Wakatsuki, T. 2007. Socio-economic factors influencing the adoption of sawah rice production technology in Nigeria. Journal of food, Agriculture and environment. JFAE, 5: 239-242
[3]. Hirose S and Wakatsuki T. 2002: Restoration of inland valley ecosystems in West African Savannah, 600 pp., Norin, Tokei Kyokai, Tokyo
[4]. Ofori, J., Hisatomi, Y., Kamidouzono, A., Masunaga, T., and Wakatsuki, T. 2005. Performance of rice cultivars in various sawah ecosystems developed in inland valleys, Asanti, Region Ghana, Soil Science plant nutrition, 51: 469-476
[5]. Wakatsuki, T. 2002. Sustainable agricultural development of West Africa during global environmental crisis. In:Restoration of inland valley ecosystems in west Africa. Hirose, S. and wakatsuki, T. (eds.), pp 1-82, Nourin,
[6]. Tokei Kyoukai, Tokyo
[7]. Wakatsuki, T. Buri, M.M. and Oladele, O. 2007. Mineralization of Africa rice green revolution by sawah eco-technology: Concept paper of new sawah project, 2007-2008.

ABSTRACT: The present study entitled "Georeferenced Status of cobalt in soils ofYavatmal district of Maharashtra" was conducted during 2012-13 at Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Dr. PDKV, Akola with objective to assess the cobaltstatus in soils of Yavatmal district and to study relationship of cobalt with soil properties and preparation of GIS based soil fertility maps of micronutrients. In the Yavatmal district, the cobalt ranged 0.02-1.80 mg kg-1. Based on critical limit of cobalt (0.25mg kg-1) the deficiency was noticed 61.97 percent. The nutrient indices of DTPA-Co were 1.67 respectively. DTPA-cobalt showed negative and significant correlation with soil pH (-0.142**).The calcium carbonate content of soil showed negative and significant correlation with DPTA-cobalt (r=-0.104*). It could be concluded that, in Yavatmal district the soils were found deficient in cobalt (61.97%).

Keywords: Cobalt, Diethylene triamine penta acetic acid, Geographical information system, Nutrient indices, Thematic map

[1]. Jackson, M. L., 1973. Soil Chemical Analysis (Eds.) Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. pp 69-182.
[2]. Piper, C. S., 1966. Soil and Plant Analysis, Hans. Pub. Bombay. Asian Ed. pp 368-374.
[3]. Walkely, A and C.A. Black, 1934. The method for determining soil organic matter and proposed modification of chromic acid titration method, Soil Sci. (37): 28-29.
[4]. Lindsay, W.L. and W.A. Norvell, 1978. Development of DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese, copper and cobalt. Soil Sci. Am. J. 42:421-428.
[5]. Randhawa, N.S. and J.S. Kanwar, 1964. Zinc, copper and cobalt status of Punjab soil. Agricultural university, Ludhiana: 403-407.

ABSTRACT: The study examined farmers' knowledge and perception regarding the importance of cover crops in the northern agricultural zone of Delta State, Nigeria. Eighty crop farmers that were randomly selected served as respondents of the study. Data were collected through the use of structured interview schedule. Descriptive statistics such as frequency count, mean scores, and percentage were used to summarize data. Farmers' knowledge of cover crops was determined through a knowledge test, while Likert scaling was used in determining perception on the importance of cover crops and constraints to the utilization of cover crops. Results reveal that majority of the farmers operate on a small-scale with farm size ranging between 1 and 3 hectares.

[1]. Akatugba-Ogisi (1994) Multiple objectives and small farmers production behaviour in Delta and Edo States of Nigeria: Application of goal programming. Ph.D Thesis, Department of Agricultural Economics and Management, University of Reading, UK
[2]. Dabney, S.M., Delgado, J.A. and Reeves, D.W. (2001) Using winter cover crops to improve soil quality and water quality. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis
[3]. Giller, K.E. and Cadish, G. (1995) Future benefits from biological nitrogen fixation: An ecological approach to agriculture. Plant and Soil Historical Archive
[4]. Lichenberg, E.J.C., Decker, A.M. and Clark, A.J. (1994) A profitability analysis of legume cover crops in the Mid Atlantic Region. Journal of soil and water conservation
[5]. Lu, Y.C., Watlains, K.B. and Teasdale, J.R. (2000) Cover crops in sustainable Food Production, Food Receivers International
[6]. Potter, M.J., Davies, K., and Ranthjen, A.J. (1998) Suppressive impact of glycosinolate in Brassica vegetative tissues on root lesson nematode pratelendus neglectus. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 24: 67 – 80

ABSTRACT: The study sought to characterize Fasciola gigantica isolates from cattle in different localities using RAPD-PCR. Adult flukes morphologically identified as F. gigantica were collected from slaughtered infected animals during meat hygiene inspections. DNA was extracted from single flukes and subjected to RAPD-PCR analysis. In the RAPD-PCR analysis, genomic DNA isolated from the conical anterior end of the worms was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction using 10 random oligonucleotide primers. Depending upon the Fasciola gigantica isolate-primer combination, 1-13 DNA fragments in the range of 75-2000bp were amplified. It was observed that all the 10 primers directing amplification of DNA were of potential interest in the generation of polymorphic DNA. The percentage polymorphic loci ranged from 33.33-100%. Polymorphic bands were scored and used to calculate Nei's 1978 genetic distance.

[1] S. Mas-Coma, M. D. Bargues, and M. A. Valero, 2005, Fascioliasis and other plant-borne trematode zoonoses, Int J Parasitol, 35, 2005, 1255 – 1278.
[2] H. Le, N. V. De, T. Agatsuma, D. Blair, J. Vercruysse, P. Dorny, T. G. Nguyen, and D. P. McManus, Molecular confirmation that Fasciola gigantica can undertake aberrant migrations in human hosts, J Clin Microbiol, l45, 2007, 648 – 650.
[3] D. Liu, Human Parasitic Pathogens (Tylor and Francis Group LLC, USA, 2013) 87 - 120.
[4] P. Zhou, N. Chen, R. L. Zhang, R. Q. Lin, and X. Q. Zhu, Food-borne parasitic zoonoses in China: perspective for control, Trends Parasitol, 24, 2008,190 – 196.
[5] G. U. Schweizer, P. D. Braun, and P. R. Torgerson, Estimating the financial losses due to bovine fasciolosis in Switzerland. Vet Rec, 157, 2005, 188 – 193.

ABSTRACT:This study considered the agro-based linkages between soil erosion and income generating activitives of rural women in Anambra State. The specific objectives were to: determine the agro-based income generating activities of rural women in Anambra State; ascertain if there were differences in the income generating activities in sheet and gully erosion areas, establish if the IGAs are affected by erosion and determine the extent to which they are affected in sheet and gulley erosion areas. The study was carried out in Anambra State.

[1]. Akinola, C.A.(1983) "An Analysis of Some Selected Factors Related to the Adoption of Selected Crop Production Recommendations by Farmers in Funtua ADP" Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, University of Ibadan.
[2]. Banuri, T. and Holmberg, J. (1992) Governance for Sustainable Development: A Southern Perspective. International Institute for Environment and Development, London.
[3]. Dankelman, T. and Davidson,J. (1998) Women and Environment in the Third World: Alliance For the Future. Earthscan Publications Limited, London.
[4]. Eboh, E. and Obiechina, C.O.B. (1993) "Farm Level Technologies for Coping with Shortening fallows . Their Application and Impact in Smallholder Agriculture: A Case Study of Enugu State" Productivity. A Quarterly Journal. 34(4)
[5]. Eboh, E. (1995) Poverty, Population Growth and Environmental Degradation.: A Vicious Circle Of Human Misery" Rural Development in Nigeria. Concepts,Processes and Prospects Auto-Century Publishing Co., Ibadan.

ABSTRACT:Aquaculture production of Clarias species in the Niger Delta Area has become very popular in recent times. This is because the area is endowed with many inland water bodies that are pondable. The farming of Clarias species in the numerous stagnant inland waters poses potential food safety hazards. This paper reviews the major food safety hazards associated with aquaculture production of Clarias species in stagnant ponds/water in the Niger Delta Area and proffers management and control strategies. Aquaculture stakeholders are expected to ensure compliance of fish producers in order to ensure healthy food production.

Keywords: Aquaculture production, Clarias species, food safety hazards, Niger Delta Area.

[1] F. E. Ahmed(ed), Seafood Safety committee on the Evaluation of the safety of fishery products. Food and Nutritional Board, Institute of Medicine, Washington, National Academy Press, 1991a, 474p.
[2] F. E. Ahmed, Symposium on Issues in Seafood Safety. Institute of Medicine Washington, National Academy Press. I991b,239pp.
Proceeding Papers:
[3] P. Edwards, Reuse of human wastes in aquaculture. UNDP – World-bank water and Sanitation Program. Washington. World Bank, 1992, 350pp.
[4] A. C. Reilly, Food Safety and Products from Aquaculture FAO Fisheries Circular Rome FAO. Lima dos Santos & M. Philips, 1997.
[5] P. Howgate, Review of the hazards and quality of products from aquaculture. Paper presented at the meeting of the Joint FAO/NACA/WHO study group on food Safety Associated with products from Aquaculture, Bangkok, Thailand, 22-26 July 1997.

ABSTRACT:The present investigation entitled "Efficiency of different Nitrogen Source, doses and Split application on growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) in the Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh" was conducted at Research Farm, National Livelihood Resource Institute, Ratlam (M. P.) during kharif season in 2009 and 2010. The experiment was aimed to find out best source, optimum level and time of nitrogen application. On the basis of the two years experimentation, it can be concluded that for achieving the higher growth and yields with better monetary returns from maize variety JM-216 in the Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh, nitrogen may be applied through Neem coated urea @ 100 kg/ha in 3 splits doses i.e. basal, 25 and 45 DAS. This application was found more productive and profitable.

Key Words- Doses, Prilled Urea, Granuller Urea,, Neem Coated Urea, Split Application,

[1] Blumenthal Jürg M., David D., Baltensperger, Kenneth G., Cassman, Stephen C. Mason and Alexander D. Pavlista (2008). Importance and Effect of Nitrogen on Crop Quality and Health. Nitrogen in the Environment: Sources, Problems, and Management, Second edition :51-70.
[2] Budhar, M.N., Ramaswami, C. and Abdul Kareem, A. 1991. Relative efficiency of coated N fertilizers in lowland rice. Indian J. Agron. 36: 124-125.
[3] Carvalho, E. V.; de Afferri, F. S.; Peluzio, J. M.; Dotto, M. A. and Cancellier, L. L. (2012). Nitrogen use efficiency in corn (Zea mays L.) genotypes under different conditions of nitrogen and seeding date. Maydica; 2012. 57: 1, 43-48.
[4] Chaudhari, P.M., Patil, H.E., and Hankare, R.H. 2006. Effect of integrated nitrogen management in maize (Zea may L.) on pattern of leaf area and dry matter production. International J. Plant Sci., 1 (1):17-20.

ABSTRACT:The increasing occurrence of Trochusniloticus asking every year has caused explotation being more and more intensive. It caused the more decreasing of production including extinction. This study aims: 1) to determine population growth and potential of T.niloticus in the explotation area (zone edge reef) and 2) to determine the use level and distance of harvest time for continuity of population. Monitoring of groth population was done monthly for 16 months. The area wide of observation was 2400 m2 or17.14% of the area wide of study with 2 m width, 400 m length and 6 units transect line.

[1] Budiman A.Sea Snails, which have the high economic value.Fac. Of Biology, Gaja Mada University. Yogyakarta, 1975, 275p.
[2] Dolorosa R G. and Schoppe S. Focal benthic mollusks (Mollusca: Bivalvia and Gastropoda) of selected sites in Tubbataha Reef national Marine Park, Palawan, Philippines. Science Diliman, 17(2),2005, 1–8.
[3] Pakoa K, Kim F, Herve. The status of trochus (Trochusniloticus) in Tongatapu Lagoon, Kingdom of Tonga.Trochus a n d Ot h e r M a r i n e Mo l l u s c s Information Bulletin, 2010.
[4] Erwin H dan Laimena P. Potential of several mollusks (Gastropoda).The Used of Sea Snails (Mollusc: Gastropod) JurusanBiologi, FMIPA, Universitas Pattimura, Jurnal Hayati, 9(3), 2002, 97-99 .
[5] Hoang D H, Tuan V S, Hoa N X, Sang H M, Lu H D and Tuyen H T. Experiments on using hatchery-reared Trochus niloticus juveniles for stock enhancement in Vietnam. SPC Trochus Information Bulletin, 13, 2007,13–18.

ABSTRACT:Cenchrus ciliaris is a fixing species on sandy soils. This is one of the most suitable species to maintain a high production at a time of year when the herd needs are high, and Digitaria commutata has significant production compared to other Poaceae.

[1] Albouchi A., Sebei H. Mezni M.Y. et El Aouini M.H. 2000.- influence de la durée d'une alimentation hydrique déficit sur la production de biomasse, la surface transpirante et la densité stomatique d'Acacia cyanophyllaLindl. Ann INRGREF Tunis 4 : 138-161.
[2] Alexandre DY. 1989.-Pluies et alimentation en eau des plantes dans la région de Sinnamary (Guyane francaise).Nature guyanaise 3, 28-36
[3] Bejaoui Z., AlbouchiA., Abassi M., Lamhamdi M.S., El Aouni M.H., 2008 .-Actes scientifique de l'INRGREF Hammamet 11-13 Novembre 2008 La biodiversité dans les aires protégés.686-708.
[4] Bejaoui Z.,Albouchi A. ,Lamhamdi M.S. et El Aouni M.H. 2008 .- Effet d'un assèchement édaphique sur la croissance, l'allocation de biomasse et les relations hydrique chez casuarina glauca. Botanique 86 1242- 1251 ; 2008.
[5] Chimenti CA, Hall AJ. 1994. - Responses to water stress of apoplastic water fraction and bulk modulus of elasticity in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) genotypes of contrasting capacity for adjustment. Plant Soil; 166:101-7.

ABSTRACT:A ten (10) week feeding trial was undertaken to assess the growth performance and nutrient utilization of Juvenile Clarias gariepinus of average weight range 250gm — 300gm stocked under 5 different treatments (10 (trt1) 15 (trt2) 20 (trt3) 25 (trt4) and 30(trt5) Juvenile Clarias gariepinus/250 litre bowl (under laboratory conditions) with increasing stocking densities, along with monitoring the following physico-chemical factors (pH, Temperature (°C), Dissolved oxygen (DO) in mg/litre, Ammonia (p.p.m), Alkalinity (p.p.m) and dissolved carbon dioxide (C02 in mg/litre).

[1]. A.O.A,C. (Association of Official Analytical Chemists) (1990). Official method of Analysis of the AOAC (W. Horwithz ed.) 13th edition AOAC Washington, D.C.
[2]. Bardach, J.F., Ryther, J.H. and Martarney,.W.D. (1972): Aquaculture: The Farming and husbandry of fresh water and marine organisms. Wiley lntgerscience, New York.
[3]. Boyd, C.E. (1979): Water quality in warm water fish ponds. Auburn University, Agricultural Expt. Station. Auburn Alabama. 359pp.
[4]. Boyd and Lichtkoppler (1979): Water quality management in pond fish culture. International Centre for Aquaculture, Agricultural Experimental Station, Auburn University 2Opp.
[5]. Dupree, H.K. and Huner, J.V. (1964b): Nutrition, Feeds and Feeding practices. The status of warm water fish farming and in fish farming research. Published U.S. Department of Fish and Wildlife Services.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Evaluation of Growth and Yield Attributes of some Lowland Chinese Hybrid Rice (Oryza sativa L.)Varieties in the Coastal Humid Forest Zone of Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	John Okokoh Shiyam, Walter Bisong Binang, Macauley Asim Ittah
	:	10.9790/2380-07217073

ABSTRACT: Hybrid rice technology has been recognized as a viable approach in increasing the genetic yield. Introducing some hybrid rice varieties in the Nigerian Niger Delta region will ultimately increase national rice production, and ultimately attain self-sufficiency and food security enshrined in the country's National Rice Policy. Field studies were carried out to evaluate the performance of four Chinese hybrid rice varieties (9you 418, 9you138, Xudao151and Xuyou601) in comparison with FARO 15, the best conventional variety in the Cross River rain forest zone of Nigeria. Result obtained showed comparative superiority of FARO 15 to the hybrids in all growth and yield components assessed. FARO 15 was taller (140 cm) with more productive tillers (11.0), had highest number of 166 spikelets plant -1 , 156.17 filled grains panicle -1 , highest filled grains ( 92.17 % ), highest 100-grain weight of 2.63g and the highest paddy yield of 5.021 t ha -1 . Despite the comparative poor performance of the hybrids, Xudao151came close to FARO 15 with grain yield of 2.987t ha -1, indicating that further agronomic investigations on this promising hybrid could improve its yield substantially and maximize the benefits of hybrid rice cultivation in the region.
Keywords: Adaptation, food security, hybrid rice, poverty alleviation, pro-poor farmers.

[1] [Longtau, S.(2003). Rice production in Nigeria : Multi-agency partnership in West African Agriculture: A literature review of the description of rice production systems in Nigeria. pp98
[2] Adeyeye, V.A. (2010). Strategies for enhancing consumption of locally produced rice in Nigeria.. (Available Online at: http://www.niseronline.org/downloads/ricepodia.pps)
[3] Akande, T. (2003). The Rice Sector in Nigeria. United Nations Crop Project (UNCP) Country Agricultural Project on Trade Liberization in Agricultural Sector and the Environment, Geneva. pp10
[4] AfricaRice (2011). Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice). Lessons from the Rice Crisis; Policies for food security in Africa. Cotonou, Benin. ii + 26pp
[5] WARDA (2005). Rice Trends in the sub-Saharan Africa 3rd ed. West African Rice Development Association, Cotonou. 31p.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Study of Changes in Tomato Herbaceous Species Using Municipal Composts of Mashhad City
Country	:	Iran
Authors	:	Ali Najafi, Abolfazl Karimiyan, Bahman Reza Khorshidi, Hossein Meiboudi
	:	10.9790/2380-07217478

ABSTRACT: While environmental and economic adversities in waste disposal and the decrease of organic soil have caused the enhancement of municipal composts' production and application, it is of great importance to choose and utilize an appropriate fertilizer in order to amend the soil. Therefore, the effects of using three types of municipal composts (powdered compost, sulphur granular compost, and sulphur granular compost with thiobacillus inoculum amounting 2% of sulphur) and their amounts were assessed through the application of complete randomized block design with a 35 factorial experiment in five rates of zero (control), 15, 30, 45, and 60 tons per hectare to plant tomato. These experiments were started in 2008 and repeated three times during the following years. The achieved findings indicated that applying municipal composts is useful in planting tomato. The comparison of various types of composts proved that scholars should place more priority on sulphur granular compost, rather than two other kinds.
Keywords: Municipal Composts, Waste Disposal, Mashhad City, Tomato.

[1] Asgharzadeh, A., Malakouti, M.J., Bahrami, H., and Ebrahimi, S. (2004). Organic matter and its role in amending characteristics of the country's soils, Iran's soils, in Banayi et al. (eds.), Soil and Water Research Institute, Mashhad, Iran, p. 213. [In Persian.]
[2] Besharati, H., Nourgholi Pour, F., and Khavazi, K. (2006). The assessment of sulphur efficiency and Thiobacillus inocula in the absorption of nutrients and corn performance in calcareous soils. Water and Soil Science, 20, 249-261. [In Persian.]
[3] Bradford, G.R., Page, A.L., Lund, L.J., and Olmstead, W. (1975). Trace element concentrations of sewage treatment plant effluents and sludges; their interactions with soils and uptake by plants. J. Environ. Qual. 4, 123-127. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1975. 00472425000400010029x
[4] Bramryd, T. (2001). Effects of liquid and dewatered sewage sludge applied to a scots pine stand (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Central Sweden. Forest Ecol. Manag. 147, 197-216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00476-X
[5] Caravaca, F., Figueroa, D., Alguacil, M.M., and Roldán, A. (2003). Application of composted urban residue enhanced the performance of afforested shrub species in a degraded semiarid land. Bioresour. Technol. 90, 65-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(03)00087-7.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	An electrophoratic study of protein patterns in the fat bodyand haemolymphof the solitary form of the desert locust Schistocercagregaria(Foraskal)
Country	:	Egypt
Authors	:	Aly, G. M., Emtithal. M. Abd-Elsamie
	:	10.9790/2380-07218590

ABSTRACT: The polyacrylamide gel electrophorasis (PAGE) was performed on the fat bodyand haemolymphof the 5th nymph instar as well as three different phases of adult males and females namely ; newly emerged, yellow and non yellow males (mature and non-matur), before and after oviposition females of the desert locust Schistocercagregaria. The total number of protein bands detected in the fat body and haemolymphwere 44,37respectively. The concentrationpercentage of these protein bands, the timing of band appearance and disappearance, the sex-specific proteins and the major protein bands forthe fat body and haemolymphwere detected. The protein metabolism was studied and discussed by observing and comparing the different protein patterns of the fat body tissues and the haemolymph fluid of the desert locust.
Key words: Schistocercagregaria, Electrophoretic study, Fat body, Haemolymph, Solitary form.

[1] Notle, D. I.,1974 .The gregarizationof locust.Biol.Rev.,49 : 1- 14
[2] Thomas, A. and Nair, C., 2011. Electrophoratic protein pattern of male and
[3] femalehaemolymph of RhynchophorusferrugineusOlivier. Inter .J. of Farm Sciences., 1: 111 – 117.
[4] Lorenz, W. M., 2009 . Migration and trans – Atlantic flight locusts . Quaternary international 196 : 4 – 12.
[5] Florkin, M. and Jeuniaux, C., 1974. Haemolymphcomposition . In : The Physiology ofInsecta, Rockstein M. (ED), Accademic press, New York, 5 : 255 – 307.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Comparison of the suitability of a 200 ha land for rice cultivation by three 'native' techniques in Southern Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Umweni, A. S., Ogunkunle, A. O.
	:	10.9790/2380-072191101

ABSTRACT: A 200 hectare parcel of land in Edo state of Nigeria was evaluated for its suitability for rice cultivation, under three land utilization types (LUT) :(i) Rain-fed upland,(ii) Natural flood and (iii) Irrigated rice cultivation.. Six soil mapping units were established and appropriate guidelines specific for each LUT was followed in establishing the suitability of the land for rice cultivation. The suitability of each soil for each of the different land utilization types was ranked relative to the other soils and the rankings were compared using the Spearman's ranking correlation coefficient. The results showed that Rain-fed upland rice can only be practiced in 40 hectares (19.5 %) of the area, at a marginal class of suitability, Irrigation can be practiced in at least 160 ha and Natural floods in 189 ha (94.5 %). With a correlation coefficient of 0.96 between Irrigated and Natural flood methods, it means that either of them can be practiced but because their seasons are different, one can be made to follow the other in practice – Irrigation to follow Natural floods.
Key words: Rice suitability, Rain-fed, Natural flood, Irrigation (LUT).

[1] FAO (2003). Rice Irrigation in the Near East – Current Situation and Prospects for Improvement. Regional Office of the Near East, Cairo, Egypt. P24.(1)
[2] Genctan, T. (2009). Turkiye' de Celtik uretimi ve sorunlari.I Ulusal Celtik Sempozyumu, Tekirdag – Turkiye.(1)
[3] Longtau, Selbut R. (2003). Nigeria case study report in rice production. Multi-agency partnerships for Technical change in West African Agriculture (MAPS), Jos, Nigeria: Ecosystems development organizations (EDO) for overseas development institute (ODI). (WWW.odi.org.uk/rpeg/maps/nigeria.pdf).( 2)
[4] Tyagi, S. (2003). Agricultural land use planning using remote sensing techniques in part of South GOA (INDIA). Proceedings of the 21st International cartographic conference (ICC). Durban, South Africa, 2003. (2)
[5] FAO (1993). Guidelines for landuse planning. FAO, Rome, Italy. 96p. (2)

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Generation and Dissemination of Agricultural Information to Farmers in Nigeria: A Review
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	LawalIro Sani, Boadi, B.Y., Oladokun, O., Kalusopa, T.
	:	10.9790/2380-0721102111

ABSTRACT: Literature review is a comprehensive survey of the work published in a particular field of study or line of research, usually over a specific period of time, in the form of an in-depth, critical bibliographic essay or annotated list in which attention is drawn to the most significant work. This review will examine previous and current studies dealing with the events that have influenced the economic problems of Nigerian farmers. The review covers such area as: The concept of agricultural information, information generation output and types, information needs and assessment, users of agricultural research information, sources and access to agricultural information, the concept of information flow and the challenges/barriers of information dissemination were all reviewed.

[1]. Aguolu, C.C. (1989). Libraries, Knowledge and National development.In augural lecture series No 45.Delivered at University of Maiduguri, Nigeria.
[2]. Aina, L. O. (1991). Information for successful agriculture. Journal of Library and Information Science, 2(1), 1-6.
[3]. Aina, L. O. (1995).Information and agriculture in Africa. In: Aina, L. O., Kaniki, A. M., and Ojiambo, J. B. (eds.), Agricultural Information in Africa, Ibadan, Nigeria: Third World Information Services, 1-11.
[4]. Ayoade, A. R., Ogunwale, A.B., and Adewale,J.G. (2011). Impact of the national special programme for food security on poverty alleviation among women in Oyo State, Nigeria. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 11(4), 5065- 5082.
[5]. Ballantyne, P. (2009). Accessing, sharing and communicating agricultural information for development: an emerging trends and issues. Information Development, 25(4), 260- 271.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effect of Pregnancy, Lactation Stage, Parity and Age on Yield and Components of Raw Milk in Holstein Friesian Cows in organized Dairy form in Allahabad
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Akhand Pratap, Deepak Kumar Verma, P. Kumar, Ajit Singh
	:	10.9790/2380-0721112115

ABSTRACT: The experiment was carried out on lactating Holstein Friesian cows with the objectives of evaluating the effect of stage of age, pregnancy, lactation, parity and on yield, and components (fat, protein, solid not fat and lactose) and pH of milk. Milk samples were directly collected from the teat and immediately analysed using milk. The result showed that lactation stage and pregnancy significantly (P<0.05) affected the milk yield whereas milk yield did not show significant variation in different age and parity groups. The highest yield was recorded in mid stage and lowest in late stage of lactation. The yield was higher in non-pregnant than pregnant cows. The fat content of the milk was significantly higher (P<0.05) in early and late than mid stage of lactation. However, fat content was not significantly varying with age, pregnancy and parity. The solid not fat (SNF) and protein contents of the milk were significantly different in pregnancy and age but it was not significantly affected by stage of lactation and parity. The lactose content of the milk was affected significantly (P<0.05) by pregnancy only. But the pH of the milk was not affected significantly by stages of lactation, pregnancy, age and parity of the cows. This study indicated that different factors affect the milk yield and milk components.
Key words: Cows, Holstein Friesian, Lactation Stage, Pregnancy, Parity, Age.

[1]. CSA, 2008. Central Statistics Agency, 2008. Statistical 35(6): 375-380. Abstract, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
[2]. Lindmark-Mansson, H., U. Svensson, M. Paulsson, G. Alden, B. Frank and G. Johnsson, 2000.
[3]. Influence of milk components, somatic cells and supplemental zinc on milk processability. International Dairy Journal, 10: 423-433.
[4]. MOA, 2003. Ministry of Agriculture, Budgeting and planning report, summary for North Gondar zone, 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
[5]. Gizat, A., 2004. A cross-sectional study of bovine mastitis in and around Bahirdar and antibiotic resistance patterns of major pathogens. MSc Thesis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Debrezeit, Ethiopia.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effect of seaweed extract of Sargassum vulgare on germination behavior of two bean cultivars (Phaseolus vulgaris L) under salt stress
Country	:	Morocco
Authors	:	Latique Salma, Elouaer Mohamed Aymen, Souguir Maher, Aloui Hassen, Hannachi Chérif, Chernane Halima, Mansori Mounir, Elkaoua Mimoun
	:	10.9790/2380-0721116120

ABSTRACT: Salt stress is a major adverse factor that can lower seed germination and seedlings growth, leading to reduced plant growth and ultimately lower crop productivity in arid and semi arid regions of the world. Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important crop occupying a large area in both Morocco and Tunisia, where salt stress is the most limiting factor. In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to study the effect of seaweed liquid extract (SWE) from Sargassum vulgare at different concentrations on seed germination and seedling growth of two bean cultivars (Phaseolus vulgaris L) under salt stress.
Keywords: Seaweed extract, bean, seed germination, seedling growth, salt stress.

[1] K. Mengel, E.A. Kirkby, H. Kosegarten and T. Appel, Principles of plant nutrition. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 2001.
[2] M.K. Hosseini, A.A. Powell and I.J. Bingham. The interaction between salinity stress and seed vigor during germination of soyabeen seeds. Seed Sci. Technol. 31, 2003, 715–725.
[3] P. Adam, Salt marsh ecology. Cambridge University Press,Cambridge, UK, 1990.
[4] J.K. Zhu, Plant salt tolerance. Trends Plant Sci. 6, 2001, 66-71.
[5] G. Blunden, Agricultural uses of seaweeds and seaweed extracts. In: Seaweed resources in Europe: uses and potential (Guiry MD, Blunden G, eds.). John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 1991, 65-81.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Propagation of Olive Cultivars through Air Layerage
Country	:	Pakistan
Authors	:	Sajjad Ahmad, Fazal-i-Wahid, Muhammad Sajid, Ibrar Hussain, Saeed Ahmed, Naveed Ahmad, Kausar Zeb, Azmat Ali Awan, Nazeer Ahmed
	:	10.9790/2380-0721121125

ABSTRACT: An experiment "Propagation of olive cultivars through air layerage" was conducted at Agricultural Research Institute Tarnab Peshawar Pakistan during year 2011. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block (RCB) designs with split plot arrangement. Factor A was olive cultivars (Coratina, Baincullela, Frantoio) kept in main plot, while different bark size (2cm, 3cm, 4cm and 5cm) were allotted to sub plot. A significant variation was recorded for all parameters studied at different bark size for air layering in olive cultivars. The olive cultivars significantly influenced root length (cm) whereas, the interaction of olive cultivars and different bark also showed a significant variation for parameters.

1] Awan, A. A., A. Iqbal, J. Rehman and G. Idris. 2002. Response of olive hard wood cutting to different growth media and basal injuries for propagation. Asian J. Plant Sci. 2 (12): 883-886.
[2] Butt, M. A., A. M. Iqbal, M. N. Asad and M. A. Bashir. 1996. Jojoba and its cultivation in Pakistan. Report of Jojoba Research Station, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. p. 1-22.
[3] Jan, M.T., P. Shah, P.A. Hollington, M.J. Khan and Q. Sohail. 2009. Agriculture Research: Design and Analysis, A Monograph. NWFP Agric. Univ. Pesh. Pak.
[4] Munir. 2009. Various propagation approaches in olive. B.Sc (Hons) internship report KP. Agric. Univ. Pesh., Pakistan. 22-23. [5] Pietro, R. D. and B. Carlo. 2002. A phytosiological analysis of abandoned olive grove grasslands of Ausonimountains. 2(3): 73-93.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Survey: to assess the distribution and impact of potato blackleg and soft rot diseases in Zimbabwe
Country	:	Zimbabwe
Authors	:	Elizabeth Ngadze, David Icishahayo
	:	10.9790/2380-0721126132

ABSTRACT: A survey to assess the distribution and impact of the potato blackleg/soft rot disease complex in Zimbabwe was conducted from September 2009 to June 2010. Sixty-four questionnaires were collected from 9 potato growing areas in Zimbabwe. The farmers are aware of the existence of soft rot post-harvest decay, seed piece decay and blackleg disease. The most predominant management method for the (three) 3 diseases was the use of rotation cycles with various crops. Estimates of economic losses caused by the diseases ranged from <1 to 65% with the average being approximately 23%. The most popular cultivars grown in Zimbabwe are Amethyst and BP1, which were ranked as susceptible by more than 50% of the growers. The disease symptoms are more prevalent at temperatures between 15 - 20 ˚C with moist or humid conditions.

Keywords: blackleg, research needs, solanumtuberosum, soft rot, survey,

[1] Avrova, A.O., Hyman, L.J., Toth, R.L., Toth, I.K., 2002. Application of amplified fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting for taxonomy and identification of the soft rot bacteria Erwinia carotovora and Erwinia chrysanthemi. Applied Environmental Microbiology68:1499–1508.
[2] Chigumira waNgwerume, F., 2002. Growing Potatoes. National Farmer's Training Board (NFTB). Marondera, Zimbabwe.
[3] Collmer, A., Keen, N.T., 1986. The role of pectic enzymes in plant pathogenesis. Annual Review Phytopathology24:383–409.
[4] Czajkowski, R., Grabe, G.J., van der Wolf, J.M., 2009. Distribution of Dickeya spp. and Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorumin naturally infected seed potatoes. European Journal Plant Pathology125:263–275.
[5] De Haan, E.G., Dekker-Nooren, T.C.E.M., Van den Bovenkamp, G.W., Speksnijder, A.G.C.L., van der Zouwen, P.S. and Van der Wolf, J.M., 2008. Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum can cause potato blackleg in temperate climates. European Journal Plant Pathology 122:561-568.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Paramphistomes in Matebeleland South Province Zimbabwe and their effect on aspects of blood plasma composition in infected cattle.
Country	:	Zimbabwe
Authors	:	S. Dube, M. Tizauone
	:	10.9790/2380-0721133138

ABSTRACT:Cattle originating from various localities in Matabeleland South Province were examined for adult Paramphistome prevalence. Of the three thousand 27% were infected with paramphistomes. For identification of paramphistomes, the structures and measurements of diagnostic features were made in median sagittal sections. Analysis of the structures of the acetabulum, pharynx and genital atrium revealed the following parasites in the area: Calicophoron microbothrium, Calicophoron clavula, Calicophoron calicophorum, Calicophoron raja, and Gigantocotyle symmeri in 20 %, 2 %, 5%, 2 % and 2% of cattle examined respectively. The visible damage by adult parasites on the hosts' tissue were as a result of their sucking the reticulum and rumen mucosa into the acetabulum, which eventually nipped off, leading to slightly hardened areas devoid of rugae due to necrosis. In a few severe cases the papillae was damaged and catarrhal pus like exudate was noticed on the mucosa. Fifty coded Nguni cattle aged three years, infected with paramphistomes had their final carcass mass and blood chemistry recorded. Only total protein and cholesterol showed significant difference between the infected and the controls p<0.05. The final carcass mass was significantly different between cattle harboring more than 500 parasites per animal and the controls P<0.05.

Key words: Calicophoron, Gigantocotyle, plasma, median section, Cattle.

[1]. Abrous, M., D. Rondelaud and G.Dreyfuss 1996. Paramphistomum daubneyi and Fasciola heptica: The Effect of Dual infection on Prevalence and Cercarial Shedding in Preadult Lymmaea glabra. Int. J Parasit. 82 (6) 1026-1029.
[2]. Boray J. C. 1969. Studies on intestinal Paramphistomosis in sheep due to Paramphistomum ichikawai Fukui, 1922 Vet. Med. Rev. 4: 290 – 308.
[3]. Brown D. S. 1994. Freshwater snails of Africa and their medical importance. Taylor and Francis Ltd 2nd Edition pp154-389.
[4]. Brown, D. S. and T. K. Kristensen 1989. A field guide to African fresh water snails. Danish Bilharziasis Laboratory. Chalottenlund pp54 Number 8.
[5]. Buttler, R. W. and G.H. Yeoman 1962. Acute intestinal paramphistomiasis in Zebu cattle in Tanganyika. Vet. Rec. 74. 227 - 231.
[6]. Chingwena, G., S. Mukaratirwa, T. K Kristensen and M. Chimbari 2002. susceptibility of freshwater snails to amphistome Calicophoron microbothrium and the influence of the species on susceptibility of Bulinus tropicus to Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mattheei infections J. Parasitol., 88 (5) 880-883.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Embedded Instrumentation Based Soil Sodium Measurement System
Country	:	India
Authors	:	B. Saleha Begum, A. Suresh Kumar
	:	10.9790/2380-0721139142

ABSTRACT:The chief characteristic of sodic soils from the agriculture study point is that contain sufficient exchangeable sodium to adversely affect the growth of most crop plants. For the purpose of definition sodic soils are those which have an exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of more than 15. In the present study used a combination of ISE and reference electrode is used to determine the ion activities of sodium in aqueous soil examples. This method is very simple and fast when compared to the other methods. The soil samples test with the embedded instrumentation based soil analyser.

Key words: sodic, soil, crop, exchangeable sodium percentage, soil analyser, ion selective electrode.

[1]. Majid Rashidi & Mohsen Seilsepour, Predirection of soil sodium adsorption ratio based on soil electrical conductivity, Middle-East journal of scientific research , 8(2): 379-383,2011
[2]. Mohsen Seilsepour, Majid Rashidi and Borzoo Ghareei Khabbaz, Prediction of Soil Exchangeable Sodium Percentage Based on Soil Sodium Adsorption Ratio, American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 5 (1): 01-04, 2009

[3]. Greenway H., Munns R. 1980. Mechanisms of salt tolerance in nonhalophytes. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 31:149-190.

[4]. Horneck, D.S., Ellsworth, J.W., Hopkins, B.G., Sullivan, D.M., Stevens, R.G., 2007. Managing Salt-Affected Soils for Crop Production. PNW 601-E. Oregon State University, University of Idaho, Washington State University.

[5]. Lamond, R. and D.A. Whitney. 1992. Management of saline and sodic soils. Kansas State University, Department of Agronomy MF-1022.

[6]. Maas, E.V. 1990. Crop salt tolerance. In Agricultural Salinity Assessment and Management. K.K. Tanji (Ed) American Society of Civil Engineers.