IOSR-JAVS   Volume-7 ~ Issue-5 ~ MAY-2014

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Ultrastructural changes in female reproductive organ of Chrotogonus trachypterus Blanchard induced by deltamethrin
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Shashi Meena & N. P. Singh
	:	10.9790/2380-07520106

ABSTRACT: Acridid grasshopper, Chrotogonus trachypterus Blanchard is known as surface grasshopper and is a most common polyphagous pest occurring throughout year causing significant damage to seedlings of crops and vegetables. Ultrastructural changes in the ovarian follicles of C. trachypterus Blanchard induced by deltamethrin one day after treatment were observed. Orthopteran insects have panoistic ovarioles and each of the paired ovary consists of tubular ovarioles along which are placed the oocytes in linear sequence that reflexes their progressive development.

[1]. G. S. Grewal and A. S. Atwal, Development of Chrotogonus trachypterus (Blanchard), (Orthoptera, Pyrgomorphidae) in relation to different levels of temperature and humidity, Indian Journal of Entomology, 30(1), 1968, 1-7.
[2]. A. Latif, Pests of cotton and their control, FAO Project Report Training Courses Progress Report, 4, 1975, 345-361.
[3]. B. K. Rai, Pests of oilseed crops in India and their control, Indian Council Agri. Res., New Delhi, 1976, 121 pp.
[4]. A. Singh and K. M. Singh, Succession of insect-pests in early varieties of red gram, Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp., Indian Journal of Entomology, 40, 1978, 1-6.
[5]. M. D. Gracera, P. Ibanez, R. Martinez and P. Cunat, Effects of juvenile hormone and prococene II on the metabolic rate of the digestive system, fat body and ovaries of the insect Oncopeltus fasciatus. Rev. Espan. Fisiol., 45(4), 1989, 357-362.
[6]. A. Janak, Necrosis induced by an organochlorine pesticide (endosulfan) in the gonads of orthopteran insect, Poecilocerus pictus (Fabr). Proc. Acad. Environ. Bio., 1, 1992, 159-165.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effect of levels of phosphorus and iron on growth, yield and quality of flax
Country	:	Iraq
Authors	:	Akram Othman Esmail, Haifa Sediq Yasin, Bahar Jalal Mahmood
	:	10.9790/2380-07520711

ABSTRACT: This study was conducted during the growing season of 2012-2013 from 1st December ,2012 to 26th of May, 2013 to study the effect of three levels of phosphorus(0, 50 and 100 kg TSP ha-1 and the three levels of Cheated iron (0, 4 and 8 kg Fe-EDDHA ha-1) and their combinations on growth characters ,yield and quality of flax using split plot design with three replicates. The results indicated that the highest values of oil%, oil yield , P% , protein% and Fe concentration (23% , 346.47 kg .ha-1 ,6.65 %, 27.47 % and 151.90 ppm) were recorded from treatment combinations (P0 Fe1, P1 Fe0, P2Fe1, P1Fe0 and P2Fe2) respectively. On the other hand increase in levels of applied phosphorus and iron caused increase in seed index from (5.65 to 6.53 g) and from (5.24 to 6.39 g) respectively.

[1] Bakry, A.B:Elewa.T.A and Ali, A .M (2012).Effect of Fe foliar application on yield and quality traits of some flax varieties grown under newly reclaimed sandy soil. Australian J. of Basic and Applied Science. 6(7)532-536. ISSN1991-8178.
[2] Esmail, A.O.(2012) Effect of soil phosphorus equilibrium on P-availability for wheat using solubility diagram and DRIS-chart methods. Journal of University of Kirkuk for Agriculture Sciences Vol. (3), No.2.
[3] Berti, M.; Susana, F.; Rosemarie, W and Felicitas, H. (2009) .Flaxseed response to N, P, K fertilization in South Central Chile. Chilean Journal of Agricultural research 69(2):145-153.
[4] Cynthia,G.;M. Monreal: B. Irvine: D. McLaren and R. Mohr (2004). The role of phosphorus fertility and mycorrhyza in flax production. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon Research Center, Brandon, MB .cgrant@em.agr.ca (204) 726-7650.
[5] El-Nagdy, G. A.; Dalia,M.A.N.;Eman, A. E. and Gelan, S. A. EL (2010).Response of flax plant (Linum usitatissumum L) to treatments with mineral and Bio-fertilizers from Nitrogen and Phosphorus .Journal of American science :6(10).
[6] Esmail, A.O. (2012) Effect of soil phosphorus equilibrium on P-availability for wheat using solubility diagram and DRIS-chart methods. Journal of University of Kirkuk for Agriculture Sciences. Vol. (3), No.2.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Laboratory Evaluation of Botanical Effect on Yam Tuber Beetle (Heteroligus Meles Billberger) (Coleoptera: Dynastidae) Damage and Weight Loss in White Yam (Dioscorea Rotundata Poir)
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Okoroafor, E. I. Onu. C. I. Amatobi
	:	10.9790/2380-07521215

ABSTRACT: The deterrent effect of powdered husk of Parkia biglobosa (Jacq), seed and leaf of Azadirachta. indica (Juss) on severity of feeding by Heteroligus meles (Billb) in yam was evaluated in the laboratory under ambient condition (temp: 24 – 29°C and 73 – 76% RH).Each powder were tested at the rate of 0.84g/210g of yam sett from 50% dust formulation and 2.5 g/500g of soil in plastic cages against the beetle along with untreated control which were replicated three times and arranged in completely randomized design (CRD).This study revealed progressive increase in Damage and weight loss over time. Damage reduced in treated tubers in cages and Weight loss rated low for treated tubers with A.indica leave and seed powder (3-8%)and,6-22% for Parkia husk treatment compared with 27-49% for the untreated tubers within 2-8 weeks respectively.
Key words: Laboratory, Evaluation, Effect, Plant Extracts, Damage, Weight Loss, Control, Heteroligus meles, Dioscorea rotundata.

[1]. Coursey, D. G. (1967). Yams. Longmans Green and Co. Ltd. 230pp
[2]. Emehute, J.K.U (1992). Collaborative trials on yams and other root crops, Technical reports of achievements. National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike, Umuahia, Nigeria. In: Umeozor(1998). Evaluation of furadan as a substitute for Aldrin in the control of yam tuber beetles (H. meles) and H. appius. Nigerian Journal of Entomology 15: 100 – 106.
[3]. FAO (2008) F AO STAT. Statistical Division of the food and Agriculture organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, www.faostat.org.june,2008.
[4]. Gopinathan, M. C. (2007). Neem Chemical Opportunities and Challenges. In: Proceedings of World Neem Conference, 21 – 24 November 2007, Coimbatore India. Gopinathn, M.C. (ed.). Published by Neem Foundation, Vithal Nager, Juhu Scheme, Mumbai, India. 2007, pg 21 – 33.
[5]. Hahn, S. K., Osiru, D. S. O, Akoroda, M. O, Otoo, J. A. (1987) Yam production and its future prospects.Outlook on Agriculture 16:105-110.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Soil Fertility Analysis of Smallholder Farms in Bugaje and Kusa Villages of Jibia Local Government Area, Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Ibrahim, Y. El-Ladan. Nuraddeen A. Maiwada
	:	10.9790/2380-07521619

ABSTRACT: Fertility indices of physical and chemical properties of the soils of Bugaje and Kusa Villages of Jibia Local Government Area were investigated. Four samples (two from cultivated land and two from un-cultivated land) were collected using stratified random sampling. The samples were analyzed for Particle Size Distribution, pH, Organic Carbon, Total Nitrogen, Available Phosphorus and CEC. Findings revealed that the fertility indices investigated were very low and the percentage sand values of the cultivated were higher compared to that of the un-cultivated land, probably attributable to the effects of soil management over the years. Hence, soil fertility maintenance strategies should be adopted through appropriate practices and farming activities should be closely monitored in order to counteract possible future adverse changes.
Keywords: Jibia local government, Smallholder farms, Soil fertility

[1] Kolawale, O. D. Facts associated with utilization of indigenous knowledge system of soil fertility conservation by farmers in Ekiti state, Nigeria. PhD thesis, Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Sociology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, 2002.
[2] Asadu, C. L. A., J. Diels, and B.Vanlauwe, A comparison of the contributions of clay, silt, and organic-matter to the effective CEC of soils of sub-saharan Africa, Soil Sci. 1997, 162: 785–794.
[3] Walkley, A. and I. A. Black, Determination of organic carbon in soils, Soil Sci. 1934, 37: 29 – 38.
[4] Bray, R. H. and L. T. Kurtz, Determination of available forms of phosphorus in soils. Soil Sci. 1945, 59: 39 – 45.
[5] Bouyoucos, G. J. Directions for making mechanical analyses by the hydrometer method. Soil Sci. 1936, 42: 225 – 229.
[6] Landon, J.R., Booker tropical soil manual: A handbook for soil survey and agricultural land evaluation in the tropics and subtropics. (Longman Scientific and Technical. Essex, New York 1991).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effect of Feeding Admixture of Leaves of Different Mulberry Varieties on Growth Parameters and Economic Traits of Silkworm Bombyx Mori L.
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Kalshetti M. M. Latpate C. B. Dhandge S.R.
	:	10.9790/2380-07522024

ABSTRACT: Sericulture is an agro-based rural industry combining the features of agriculture and village industry. India is the only country in the world producing all the four types of natural textile silks from silkworms viz., Mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori L.), Tasar silkworm (Antheraea mylitta D.), Muga silkworm (Antheraea assamensis) and Eri silkworm (Philosamia ricini). Of the four species, the mulberry silkworm is reared on large scale. Disease free eggs of silkworm bivoltine hybrid CSR4 x CSR2 were utilized. The treatments were leaves of M-5(100%), V-1(100%), S-1635(100%), M-5+V-1(60%+40%), S-1635+V-1(60%+40%), M-5+S-1635 (60%+40%), V-1+M-5 (50%+50%), M-5+V-1+S-1635 (in equal proportion). The observations were recorded on the different economic traits of silkworm B. mori L. All the growth parameters of silkworm were found to be superior in the case of those larvae which were reared on 100% leaves of V-1, compared to 100 % leaves of M-5 (control treatment). Quality of good cocoon production mainly depends on mulberry garden management. It is vital part of successful silkworm rearing .However, majority of mulberry gardens are admixture of two to more varieties in Marathawada region. The observations were recorded on the different economic traits of silkworm Bombyx mori L. All the economic traits of silkworm were found to be superior in the case of those larvae which were reared on 100% leaves of V-1, as compare to among all.
Keywords: Sericulture, silkworms, cocoon, admixture, economic traits.

[1]. Anonymous, (2001). Evaluation of mulberry varieties for rearing performance and economic traits of silkworm, (Bombyx mori L.) Annual report, Sericulture Research Unit, Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani. PP : 8-10.
[2]. Gawade, B.V. 2006. Evaluation of mulberry varieties for rearing performance and their different economic traits on silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) M.sc. (Agri.) Thesis, Marathwada, Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani.
[3]. Jaydeb Ghosh; Senapati, S.K. and Baral, K. (2000). Performance of silkworm breeds with reference to disease occurrence during different seasons under terai ecological conditions of West Bengal. Ind. J. Agric.Sci.70 (4):234-238.
[4]. Kamate, G.S. Lande, U.L. and Mupade, R.V., 2010. Effect of different mulberry varieties on rearing of silkworm Bombyx mori L. in Maharashtra. International J. Plant Protection , 3 (2) : 210-212
[5]. Patil, S. N.(2004). Evaluation of mulberry varieties for rearing performance and their different economic traits on silk worm (Bombyx mori L). M.Sc. (Agri.) Thesis, Marathawada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Agricultural Productivity of the Baramati Tahsil, Pune District (Maharashtra).
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Sunil Ogale. Dr. Virendra Nagarale
	:	10.9790/2380-07522530

ABSTRACT: The present study is an attempt to identify agricultural productivity region of Baramati tahsil in Pune district for its better landuse planning. Baramati tahsil is situated in east part in Pune district covering 1382 square kilometer area and having 479690 populations (2011). This taluka consists of 117 revenue villages with one urban settlement. Administratively, this taluka has divided into six revenue circles. Population density of taluka is 347 persons per square kilometer (2011). The study region extends from 18º 2΄ 44'' N to 18° 23΄19'' North latitudes and 74° 13΄ 8'' E to 74° 42΄ 47'' East longitudes. The region falls under scarcity zone having rainfall between 400 to 500 mm. Monsoon generally commences in June, occurring highest rainfall in June (158 mm) and lowest in December (12 mm). The highest mean temperature is observed in May (34.60 centigrade) and lowest in January (18.50 centigrade). The slope of region is towards northwest and southeast. The study area has basaltic base having step like topography. Baramati tahsil is somewhat rectangular in shape. The study region is mainly agrarian having 84.89 percent net sown area of the total geographical area. Enyedi's method was chosen to compute crop productivity for Baramati tahsil because of its accuracy. Productivity index values were calculated for six sample villages for the year 2010-11 and demarcated the productivity regions as very high, high, medium, low and very low productivity regions. Enyedi's productivity index values were calculated for sample villages are representative to entire tahsil for the year 2010-11 and the productivity regions were demarcated by using the same method for fixing the class intervals as shown in a Map is prepared with the help of productivity Indices.
Keywords: Agriculture, Productivity, Productivity index

[1]. Bhatia, S.S. (1967): "A New Approach to Measure Agricultural Effieiency in Uttar Pradesh, Economic Geography", Vol. 43, Pp. 224-260.
[2]. Bhatia, S.S. (1967) : "Spatial Variation, Changes and Trends in Agricultural Efficiency in Uttar Pradesh, 1953-1963". Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 22,
[3]. Jasbir Singh (1981) : "A New Technique for Measurement of Agricultural Productivity-A Perspective in Agricultural Geography", Vol.4, Mohammed Noor, (Ed.) Pp. 169-182.

[4]. Jasbir Singh (1976): "Regional Imbalance in the Levels of Food crops Productions: An Agricultural Geography of Haryana‟.
[5]. Singh, J. and Dhillon, S.S. (1984) : "An Agricultural Geography". Tata- McGraw-Hill, Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Studies on Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Propagation
Country	:	Egypt
Authors	:	Eid Mohamed Zaen El Deen. Omima Mostafa El-Sayed. Abd El-Rahman Ibrahim El-Sayed. Ghada Abd El-Moneim Hegazi
	:	10.9790/2380-07523140

ABSTRACT: Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) is an environmentally and economically important tree and is among the most difficult to propagate fruit species. In this study, efforts were made to propagate the plant by using three different methods; seeds germination, cuttings and micropropagation. Seeds and cuttings were scarified and disinfected under aseptic conditions to improve the germination percentage and the percentage of success of cuttings in April and September through two successive seasons (2011 and 2012). Results showed that the highest values of seed germination percentage, the fastest germination, the greatest plant length, number of leaves/plant, root length and dry weight were obtained by soaking seeds in 60% H2SO4 in April and September through the two seasons, but there was no significant difference between the first and the second date in both studied seasons for most of the studied parameters. April was found the best time for propagation of Carob by cuttings, for all treatments. Besides, carob cuttings treated with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at 8000 mg/l + β-naphthalene acetic acid )NAA( at 200 mg/l gave the highest values of parameters (shoot length, no. of lateral shoot, no. of leaves/plant, root length, no. of roots/plant and root dry weight) followed by IBA at 6000 mg/l + NAA at 200 mg/l, in both seasons. While, all cuttings failed to root for all treatments in September, except when they were treated with IBA at 6000 mg/l + NAA at 200 mg/l and IBA at 8000 mg/l + NAA at 200 mg/l, in the two studied seasons. Micropropagation of carob was developed by using shoot tips and stem node segments, of ex vitro grown seedlings, as explants. Hundred % of growth induction was obtained, for both explants, with the highest number of shoots on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 0.4 mg/l NAA + 2 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). Shoots were best multiplied on MS medium containing BAP (1.0 mg/l), while the media containing N6-(2-isopentenyl) adenine (2iP) gave the highest lengths of shoots (2iP at 1.0 mg/l). For further elongation and multiplication of shoots, the combination of both BAP and 2iP gave promising results at concentrations of 0.5 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l 2iP or 1.0 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l 2iP. Attempts to achieve rooting were unsuccessful, since only shoot development was observed.
Key Words: Carob, propagation, germination, cuttings, micropropagation.

[1]. Alorda M., Estodes J., Galmes J. and Medrano H. 1987. Promotion of rooting in Carob cuttings. Gartenbauwissenschaft, Valencia, Spain, 52(1): 31–34.
[2]. Anonymous 2009. http://www.fao.org.
[3]. Baskin J.M. and Baskin C.C. 2000. Evolutionary considerations of claims for physical dormancy-break by microbial action and abrasion by soil particles. Seed Sci. Res., 10: 409-413.
[4]. Battle I. and Tous J. 1997. Carob tree. Ceratonia siliqua L. Promoting the Conservation and Use of Under-Utilised and Neglected Crops 17. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben/ International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy, pp. 93.
[5]. Cabrita R.J.M., Graca L.S. and Martins–Loucâo A.M. 1988. Evaluation of parameters affecting the rooting of Hardwood cuttings in Ceratonia siliqua L. pp.237-244 in proceedings of the international Carob symposium (P. Fito and A. Mulet, eds.). Valencia, Spain.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Sensory Evaluation of Jam Produced From Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus)
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Ihediohanma.N.C. ,Okafor D.C, Adeboye, A.S.
	:	10.9790/2380-07524143

ABSTRACT: The work evaluated the sensory quality of jam produced from Jackfruits (Artocarpus heterophyllus). Pulp was extracted from jackfruits obtained from new market Owerri, Imo State. The pulp produced was mixed with prepared and standardized citric acid-sugar syrup, allowed to cook on constant boiling/stirring and the gelatinization temperature and the time were taken and recorded. The prepared jam was carefully poured in steam/ethanol sterilized jam bottles and cocked immediately the jam was allowed to cool. The cooled jam was served to panelist to compare sensory acceptability of the jackfuit jam alongside pineapple and orange jam. Sensory evaluation revealed significant difference (P>0.05) in colour and aroma of the samples while there was no significant difference (P<0.05) in the texture and sweetness of samples tested. The study concludes that jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus). is a promising source of pectin which can be successfully applied in food gel system such as fruit jams.

[1]. OAC 2006. Official Method 963.19 "Official Methods of Analysis"., 18th Edition. Horwitz W, George LW (eds.). Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Maryland.
[2]. Blitz, H.D. and Grosch, W. ( 2004) Sources of Natural Phenolic Antioxidant. Food Chemistry Springer Berlin. Pp69-73
[3]. Coulate, T.P. (1989). The Chemistry Food and its components, 2nd ed. Cambridge.
[4]. Iheoronye, A.I. and Ngoddy, P.O.(1985) "Integrated Food Science and Technology for the Tropics" Macmillan publishers. London Pp
[5]. Isabel, D.W. and Willisam, S. (1990). "Making Jams, Marmalades, Preserves and Conserves" University of Minnesota Extension School. http//www.enten.umn.edu/distribu/nutria/DJ1088.html.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Survey,races Identification and host range of Wheat seed gall nematode Anguina tritici in Duhok province, Kurdistan region – Iraq
Country	:	Iraq
Authors	:	Sulaiman Naif Ami , Ibrahim EsaTaher
	:	10.9790/2380-07524448

ABSTRACT: A survey of silos of Duhok province which involved silo of Zakho, Faydeyi, Shekhan in 2010 and 2011 revealed that the highest percentage of infested seeds by seed galls were 10.76 and 13.03% for samples of bread and durum wheat respectively in Faydeyi silo in 2011 Among durum wheat cultivars (c.vs ) Arey cv. was more susceptible to wheat seed gall nematode Anguinatritici which was infected by 65.33% compared to 37.12% in Wahe cv.as the lowest percentage of infection. In Bread cvs.the highest percentage of infection by nematode was 72.85% in Maxipak cv. While the lowest was 42.17% in Cham-4 cv. Detection of the pathogen host range on several poaceae plants indicated that weed plants which were involved Oat (Avenafatua), Ray grass (Bromusinermis),darnel or cockle ( Loliumtemulentum) and small canary grass (Phalaris minor) with two barley cvs. (Abae99, Aksad13) did not affected by this nematode except Triticale ( Rowaeda cv.) which was infected by b 20.32%. Results of host range study referred to the existence of new race of this nematode in Duhok province due to its ability to parasitism on both durum and bread wheat cultivars.
Keywords: Anguinatritici,surveying, identification of races, host range study.

[1] Agrios,G.N.(2005).PlantPathology,Fifthedition.Elsevier Academicpress, London,922pp.
[2] Al-Beldawi, A.S.;Z.A, Stephan and A.H, Alwan (1974).General surveyofwheatgall disease inIraq.IraqAgric.Bull., 29: 48-69.
[3] AL-Beldawi, A.;Z.A, Stephan.;NH, LwaaandR.A, Shali (1977).Studies on wheat gallnematode inIraq.Yearbook of Plant Protect.Res., Baghdad, 1:268-283.
[4] Al-Talib, N. Y.; A. K. M, Al-Taae.; S. M, Nimer.; Z. A, Stephan and A. S, Al-Beldawi (1986).New record of Anguinatritici on barley from Iraq. Int. Nemat. Net. Newsl., 3: 25-27.
[5] Ami, S.N.;H.Y, MohammadandS.A, Younis (2004).Study on ear-cockle disease in some regions of Nineveh province-North of Iraq - Iraqi J. Agric. Sci., 5: 95-100.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Rose and Marigold Flower Harvester's & Their Income
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Nimisha Suryavanshi, Dr. Razia Parvez
	:	10.9790/2380-07524951

ABSTRACT: This topic describes the rose and marigold flower's harvesters and their income in Allahabad city. We have some data which are collected during survey and presented here by table and graph in part of result and discussion. This topic explain the commercial activity of production and marketing of floriculture products is also a source of gainful and quality employment to scores of people and main resources of income. The harvesting processes of these crops are very drudgery prone. India being an agricultural country, where majority live in the rural areas, both men and women work very hard in the fields. The harvesting of rose comes under the severe drudgery prone activity (Ergonomic practices, 2003).Marigold is an annual flower plant. The harvesting of the Marigold flower is considered as the severe most drudgery prone activity (Ergonomic practices, 2003) where women have to keep their posture in bending position from the back facing the ground for the harvesting of flowers found that rose and marigold are the main cash crops of Allahabad that involves farmers at great number.
Keywords: Floriculture, buds, commercial, agro-climate, entrepreneurial, drudgery, rose, marigold

[1]. Gite L. P. "Isometric strength of Women Agricultural Workers in Central India, Development in Agriculture and Industrial
Ergonomics, volume II, Women at work," allied publisher Pvt. Ltd. (1) Pg. 81 to 85 (2007)
[2]. Haslkar Musculoskeletal "disorder of the farm women while performing top dressing and fertilizer activity" Journal of Human
Ecology, (2) 212:109-112 (2007)
[3]. Jatinder K "Cutting and Uprooting Tasks of Hil Women Some Solutions, evelopment in Agriculture and Industrial Ergonomics,
volume II, Women at work", allied publisher Pvt. Ltd. (3) Pg. 81 to 85. (2007)
[4]. Honarvar, M. Khosh-Khui, M. Javidnia, "K Effect of some factors on quantity and composition of flower essential oil in Damask
rose. Acta Horticulturae". (4) 870, 249-254. 13 ref. Journal article. Conference paper. (2010)
[5]. Tixier, P. Salmon, F. Bugaud, C. "Green-life of pink banana Musa spp., cv. Figure Rose Naine: determination of the optimum
harvesting date". Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology. (5) 85: 3, 167-170. 13 ref. Journal article (2010)

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Livestock farmers perceptions on the relevance of natural licks in Igambang'ombe Division, Tharaka-Nithi County, Kenya
Country	:	Kenya
Authors	:	Onesmus Munene Nderi , Levi Mugalavai Musalia , Ochieng Ombaka
	:	10.9790/2380-07525259

ABSTRACT: A survey covering 12 Sublocations in Igambang'ombe Divsion and involving 72 respondents was conducted to ascertain perceptions on the relevance of natural licks. Household survey, focus group discussions and direct observations were employed. A structured questionnaire which had been subjected to face validity with a reliability coefficient of 0.84 was used to collect data, and analysed using SPSS for percentages, standard deviation and ANOVA. The relationship betweeen demographic characteristics of farmers and their perceptions on the relevance of natural licks was explored. Majority of livestock farmers were male (61.1%), aged 21 to 40 years (41.7%), had Primary education (52.8%), monthly income below Kenya shillings 5000 (75%), earned income from mixed farming(88.9%) and had farming experience of ≥ 10 years (72.2%). Farmers preferred animals licking at the natural sites (62.5%), and obtained information through traditional practices (87.5%). Natural licks are available (63.9%) and are perceived to improve digestion (77.8%), increase milk production (56.9%), provide minerals (81.9%) and medicinal value (48.6%) to the animals. The licks are sold (63.9%) at Kenya shillings 40 per 2 Kilograms(40.1%). There was no statistically significant difference in perceptions between men and women, educated and uneducated farmers. Farmers believed that natural licks are relevant.
Keywords: Demographic characteristics, Livestock farmers, Natural licks, Perception, Relevance.

[1] Council of the European Union, Press release, 3241st council meeting, foreign affairs (Brussels, 27.-28. ,2013)
[2] X. Diao, P. Hazell, D. Resnick and J. Thurlow The role of agriculture in development: implications for Sub-Saharan Africa (International Food Policy Research Institute 2033 K Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20006-1002, U.S.A., 2007)
[3] A. Challinor, T. Wheeler, Garforth, P. Craufurd, and A. Kassam, Assessing the vulnerability of food crop systems in Africa to climate change. Climatic Change, 83 (3). 2007, 381-399
[4] Kenya vision 2030: The popular version, Government of Kenya, 2007, 13
[5] J. K. Kiptarus, Focus on livestock sector: Supply policy framework strategies status and links with value addition, Presented at the workshop on value asses food & export investment, Grand regency hotel, Nairobi, 2005

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Preservation Effect of Crude Fig Fruit Filtrate (Ficus carica L) Added In to Tris Egg Yolk Based Extender on Capacitating, Acrosome and Fertility of Half Blood Boer Buck Spermatozoa
Country	:	Indonesia
Authors	:	Lalu Ahmad Zaenuri , Trinil Susilawati , Sri Wahyuningsih, Sutiman Bambang Sumitro
	:	10.9790/2380-07526068

ABSTRACT: This research was conducted to know the effect of additional crude filtratet of fig fruit (CF3) into tris egg yolk (TEY) based extender on sperm progressively motile, plasma membrane integrity, incapacitation, intact acrosome and fertility of half blooded Boer buck liquid semen. Ten ejaculates were collected by artificial vagina every four days. The collected semen was divided into four aliquots in accordance to the treatments extender (0%, 4%, 5% and % CF3 in TEY based extender, v/v, respectively). The overall percentage of progressively motile sperm were significantly higher (P<0.05) in TEY + 6% CF3 as compared to control and 4% CF3 but was not significantly different as compared to 5% CF3. The overall percentages of sperm with intact plasma membrane was significantly higher (P<0.05) in TEY based extender + 6% CF3 as compared to the control, 4% and 5% CF3. The percentage difference between the incapacitated spermatozoa were significantly higher (P<0.05) for both in 5% and 6% CF3 since 0 to 96 hours stored at 5°C as compared to control and 4%. The difference between the overall mean percentages of spermatozoa with intact acrosome in TEY based extender incorporated with 5% and 6% CF3 were significantly higher (P<0.05) than control and 4% CF3. Pregnancy rates to AI using only preserved semen at 5°C for 96 hours, extended in TEY based extender + 6% CF3 was 44.68%. It is concluded that additional CF3 into TEY based extender increased preservation ability of extender in liquid form of buck semen up to 96 hours at 5°C in TEY + 6% CF3.
Keywords: fig fruit extract, spermatozoa, incapacitation, acrosome, pregnancy, buck.

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