IOSR-JAVS   Volume-8 ~ Issue-10 ~ OCT-2015

ABSTRACT: Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) is also known as gram, Bengal gram and Chana in Hindi. It belongs to family Leguminosae. It is the major pulse crop used in the diet of vegetarians in India and it is a good source of protein. Dal and Besan (flour) are the important forms in which people consume it. ). In this area different improved varieties of chickpea like JG-412, JG-16, IG-130, Dollar (local) are mostly adopted by farmers at a time. Therefore it is essential to determine the adoption level of improved chickpea varieties, their profitability among farmers and the variety which is most suitable for the area and suggesting farmers to adopt the most appropriate variety. The major consideration for choosing study area was due to important area under chickpea cultivation using different improved varieties. Multi stage sampling design has been adopted for selection of sample for study. Indore district is comprised of 4 blocks namely Indore, Mhow, Depalpur and Sanwer, out of which the Indore block was selected randomly.

[1]. Annual project report, R.V.S.K.V., College of Agriculture, Indore (2012-13).
[2]. Badodia,S.K.; Shrivastava,K.K. and Lakhera,M.L. (2002). Technological gap in chickpea cultivation technology. Agri.Extn.Review. pp:25-28
[3]. Shakya,M.S. (2007). A study on adoption behaviour of chickpea growers in Indore District of M.P. M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis submitted to, J.N.K.V.V., Jabalpur.
[4]. Varma,K.L. (2009). A study on extent of adoption of gram cultivation technology in Panagar block of Jabalpur district (M.P.). M.Sc. (Ag) Thesis submitted to J.N.K.V.V., Jabalpur.
[5]. Taram, Ravindra (2011). A study on technological gap of recommended chickpea production technology among grower of Indore district of Madhya Pradesh. M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis Submitted to the R.V.S.K.V.V. Gwalior.

ABSTRACT: Agricultural activities are main source of livelihood however, households engage in off-farm activities to generate more income to cushion the effects of poverty. This paper investigated off- farm activities and its contribution to households income in Hawul, Borno, Nigeria. The methods used are multi-stage and stratified simple random sampling procedure in three stages. Stage one: Three Districts were randomly selected; Stage two: The delineation of the selected villages for the study were identified based on rural characteristics stratification measures. And stage three: The sample frame. The population size of the study area is 210 and the sample frame taken is 136. The data were collected using structured questionnaire and verbal interview in measuring socio-economic characteristics of the farming households, off-farm activities and its contribution to households income and socio-economic factors influencing households patterns of off-farm labour.

[1]. Adepoju, A.O. and Obayelu, O.A. (2013). "Livelihood Diversification and Welfare of Rural Households in Ondo State, Nigeria''. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, Vol. 5(12) PP. 482-489.
[2]. Barrette, C.B., Bezuneh, M., Aboud, A. (2001). Income Diversification, Poverty Traps and Policy Shocks in Cote dÍvoire and Kenya In: Food Policy No.26(4) PP 367-384.
[3]. Barrette, C.B., Reardon, T. and Webb, P. (2001). Non-Farm Income Diversification and Household Livelihood Strategies in Rural Africa: Concept, Dynamics and Policy Implications. Food Policy No.26: 315-331.
[4]. Damite, D. and Negatu, W. (2004). Determinants of Rural Livelihood Diversification: Evidence from Southern Ethiopia, In Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture 43(3) PP 267-288.
[5]. De Janvry, A. and Sadoulet, E. (2001): Income Strategies Among Rural Households in Mexico: The Role of Off-Farm Activities . In: World Development 92 (3): PP467-480.
[6]. Ellis, F. (2000): The Determinants of Rural Livelihood Diversification in Developing Countries. In: Journal of Agricultural Economics 51 (2): 289-302.

ABSTRACT: Micronutrients are essential for good crop performance. This study was to determine the status and distribution of extractable micronutrient cations in profile soils developed on charnockite at Ado, Ijan, Ijesa-Isu, Ikere, Ire and Osin-Itapa, in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The soils were loamy sand to sand texture at the surface horizons with sandy loam to sandy clay loam sub-surface horizons. The clay content increases proportionately with depth confirming the presence of argillic Bt-horizons in charnockitic soils. Soil pH ranged from 5.6 to 7.5. Total N and available P were critically low. The extractable Mn range was 0.01 to 2.72 mg kg-1 in the soils with the Ap-horizons having the highest contents.

[1]. F.D. Macias, Copper and zinc status in pasture soils of Salamanca, Spain, Soil Science, 115, 1973, 276-283.
[2]. S.L. Tisdale and W.L. Nelson, Soil fertility and fertilizer (Third edition) (U.S.A: Macmillan publishing Co. Inc., 1975) pp. 694.
[3]. H. H. Shutte, A survey of plant minor element deficiencies in Africa, African Soil Journal, Vol. 3, 1954, Pg.285 -297.
[4]. T. Kparmwang, V. O. Chude and I. E. Esu, Hydrochloric acid [0.1M] and DTPA extractable and total iron a manganese in basaltic soil profiles of the Nigerian savannah, Communication in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 26 (17 and 18), 1995, Pg. 2783 – 2796.
[5]. P. M. Ahn, West African soils, (London, England: Oxford University press, Ely House, 1970) Pp. 182 – 184.
[6]. J. G. Adiele, C. Egesi, A. S. Nwaogu, S. S. Kahyaand, A. O. Ano, Available iron distribution in Nigerian soils – A review, Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management, 6(4), 2014, 68-71.

ABSTRACT: The food security in Indonesia still encounters many problems, among others, the increase of food needs in number, its quality and diversity in line with population growth. In order to overcome the food security problems, Government through the Food Security Agency (FSA), Department of Agriculture, since 2006 has launched the Food Resilience Village Programme (Demapan). Demapan is conducted within four years through four stages: preparation, growth, development, and self sufficiency. Given the wide scope of activities and the amount of budget allocated to Demapan, the research on the impact of Demapan to the food security of households in Java is necessary to be conducted. The objective of this research is to analyze the food security level of households in the Demapan in Java and the factors that influences it. The basic method used is descriptive analysis.

[1] Badan Ketahanan Pangan, 2010. Pedoman Penyusunan Pola Pangan Harapan (PPH). Badan Ketahanan Pangan Kementerian Pertanian RI, Jakarta.

[2] Badan Ketahanan Pangan, 2011. Database Desa Mandiri Pangan Tahun 2006 - 2011. Badan Ketahanan Pangan Kementerian Pertanian RI, Jakarta.

[3] Badan Ketahanan Pangan, 2011. Direktori Pengembangan Konsumsi Pangan. Badan Ketahanan Pangan Kementerian Pertanian RI, Jakarta.

[4] Badan Ketahanan Pangan, 2013. Analisis Kegiatan Utama dan Strategis Badan Ketahanan Pangan Tahun 2013. Badan Ketahanan Pangan Kementerian Pertanian RI, Jakarta.

[5] Borooah, V, K., 2002. Logit and Probit: Ordered and Multinomial Models. University Ulster, Sage Publication Inc. Thousand Oaks, California US.

[6] Dewan Ketahanan Pangan, 2010. Kebijakan Umum Ketahanan Pangan 2010-2014. Dewan Ketahanan Pangan, Jakarta.

ABSTRACT: The study was designed to examine the endocrine profile and testicular histology of natural hemicryptorchid West African Dwarf (WAD) bucks with the view of establishing their breeding potential. The results of the study showed serum FSH, LH, and testosterone concentrations that did not differ significantly between the hemicryptorchids and the normal bucks with fully descended testes. Histologically, there were evidences of sparsely populated tubular Sertoli cells with basal cytoplasm that were filled with osmiophilic (lipid) droplets in the scrotal testis of the hemicryptorchids. The intraabdominal testis of the hemicryptorchids also contained seminiferous tubules that were hypoplastic,much smaller in diameter and non-canalized, with germinal epithelia having cells at various stages of degeneration. The intertubular connective tissues were comparatively wider than that of the scrotal testis, with pockets of adipose cells. It is concluded that unilateral cryptorchidism adversely affects the scrotal and abdominally retained testes with likely consequenceson the breeding potential of affected animals.

Keywords: goats, hemicryptorchids, histology, Sertoli, testosterone

[1]. E.F. Nascimento, R.L. Santos, Pathologiadareprodução dos animaisdomésticos,(Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, 1997) 83-93.
[2]. I.B.J. Christiansen, Reproduãço no cão e no Gato. Manole, (São Paulo: Manole, 1986) 362
[3]. D.N. Ezeasor,and A. Singh, Morphologic features of Sertoli cells in the intraabdominal testes of cryptorchid dwarf goats, American Journal of VeterinaryResearch, 48, 1987, 1736-1745.
[4]. J.P. Mialot, Patologia do aparelho genital masculine, in J. Metropole (Ed), PatologiadaReprodução dos carnívorosdoméstocos, (Porto:Alegre, 1988) 69-71.
[5]. R.W. Nelson and C.G. Couto, Distürbios do pênis, prepucio e testiculos, in Koogan (Ed), Fundamentos de medicine interna de pequenos animals (Rio de Janeiro, 1994) 513-517.
[6]. R.P. Amann, and D.N.R.Veeramachaneni, Cryptorchidism in common eutharian mammals,Reproduction,133, 2007, 541-561.

ABSTRACT: In equine practice, parasitic infestation comprises a major health and management problem especially in foals. This study was designed to investigate hematological, selected biochemical and minerals levels in foals infected with both Parascaris equorum and Oxyuris equi. A total number of twenty-two Arabian foals were examined in this study; the main problem was inappetence, tail scratching and failure to gain weight. The hematologic findings showed marked eosinophilia. Serum biochemical findings showed significant decrease in TP and Albumin values along with significant increase in the cholesterol level. Zinc level showed significant decrease while the copper and iron levels showed decrease in values in comparison to control data however, differences are considered to be not statistically significant. The parasitic burden appeared to directly affect the mineral status level.

[1] E.T. Lyons, and S.C. Tolliver, Prevalence of parasite eggs (Strongyloides westeri, Parascaris equorum, and strongyles) and oocysts (Eimeria leuckarti) in the feces of Thoroughbred foals on 14 farms in central Kentucky in 2003, Parasitology Research, 92, 2004, 400–404.

[2] C. R. Reinemeyer, and M. K. Nielsen, Review of the biology and control of Oxyuris equi, Equine Veterinary Education, 26(11), 2014, 584-591.

[3] H.S. Adair, What is your diagnosis?, J Am Vet Med Assoc, 196, 1990, 1023-1024.

[4] D.G. Bucknell, R.B. Gasser, and I. Beveridge, The prevalence and epidemiology of gastrointestinal parasites of horses in Victoria, Australia, International Journal for Parasitology, 25(6), 1995, 711-24.
[5] B. Fritzen, K. Rohn, T. Schnieder, and G. von Samson-Himmelstjerna, Endoparasite control management on horse farms--lessons from worm prevalence and questionnaire data, Equine Vet J., 42(1), 2010, 79-83.

[6] H.M. Clayton, and J.L. Duncan, Clinical signs associated with Parascaris equorum infection in worm-free pony foals and yearlings, Veterinary Parasitology, 4,1978, 69-78.

ABSTRACT: Staphylococcus hominis is for the first time reported here as an agent causing superficial abscesses in goats. Five replacement doelingsin a stabled dairy goat herd in La Paz, Mexico were detected with skin nodules located in the neck and the submandibular area. These nodules developed after 7 days in abscesses resembling caseous lymphadenitis lesions. Body temperature was found increased in infected kids in comparison with not infected control kids(40.5°C±0.3 vs. 39.6°C ±0.2). Blood cell counts of leucocytes (17.3±3.7 vs 10.2±2.7.), neutrophils (56.7±10.8 vs 39.9±8.7), and lymphocytes (36.8±11.3 vs 55.7±8.09) were found increased in abscessed kidsas well (P<0.05).

[1]. M.E. Hatem, R.H. Arab, A.S. Nagwa, S.I. Abd El-Moez, E.A. Khairy, and E.A. Fouad. Bacterial Abscessationin sheep and goat in Giza Governorate with full antibiogram screening. Global Veterinaria, 10 (4),2013, 372-381.
[2]. K.B. Alharbi. Prevalence and Etiology of Abscess Disease of Sheep and Goats at Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia. Veterinary World, 4 (11), 2011, 495-499.
[3]. M. Podkowik, J.Y. Park, K.S. Seo, J. Bystroń, J. Bania. Enterotoxigenic potential of coagulase-negative staphylococci. International Journal of Food Microbiology 163, 2013, 34–40.
[4]. J.K. El-Jakee, E.A. Noha,, A. Goma, M.D. El-Hariri H.M. Galal, S.A. Omar, and. A. Samir, Emerging of coagulase negative staphylococci as a cause of mastitis in dairy animals: An environmental hazard. International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine, 1, 2013, 74–78.
[5]. F. Irlinger. Safety assessment of dairy microorganisms: Coagulase-negative Staphylococci. International Journal of Food Microbiology 126 (3), 2008, 302–310..

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to determine the quantities of essential and toxic elements in the natural licks consumed by livestock in Igambang'ombe Division in Tharaka-Nithi County, Kenya. Ten highly used licks, five moderately used licks and one abandoned lick were randomly selected. Mineral elements were determined using TXRF, atomic absorption and U-V visible spectrometry methods. Normal averaging and ratio sacle were used to determine the differences in quantities of mineral elements in the licks and control. Results indicated that, Kimenyi lick had the highest quantities of calcium (44,445±425 mg/kg) and magnesium (26,640±85 mg/kg), whereas Kigwanga, Kibuuri and Kieroo licks showed higher levels of sodium (11,279±35 mg/kg), potassium (1,800±12 mg/kg) and phosphorus (67 mg/kg) than control respectively. Levels of iron ranged between 15,252±166 to 67,717±351 mg/kg. Among the toxic elements only vanadium in Riankui lick site was above the globally accepted median range and the rest were below.

[1]. K. L. Parker, and J. B. Ayotte, Ecological Importance of Mineral Licks in the Tuchodi Watershed, North-Central British Columbia, Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, University of Northern British Columbia Prince George, British Columbia V2N 4Z9, 2004
[2]. J. G. Blake, J. Guerra, D. Mosquerra, R. Torres, B. A. Loiselle and, D. Romo, Use of mineral licks by White-Bellied Spider Monkeys (Ateles belzebuth) and Red Howler Monkeys (Aloutta seniculus) In Eastern Equador, International Journal of Primatology, 31, 2010, 471-483.
[3]. K. G. Poole, K. D. Bauchman, and I. E. Teske, Mineral lick use by Gps Radio- Collared mountain goats in Southeastern British Columbia, West North American Naturalist, 70(2), 2009, 208-217.
[4]. R. Dudley, M. Kaspari, and S. P Yanoviak, Lust for salt in Western Amazon, Biotropica, 44(1), 2012, 6-9.
[5]. W. C. Mahaney, and R. Krishnamani, Understanding geophagy in animals: standard procedures for sampling soils, Journal of chemical ecology, 29(7), 2003, 1503-1523.

ABSTRACT: Ornamental fish culture is one of the most economically important applied strategies all over the world and considered as one of the most important means of home entertainment, because of its diversity and beauty of picturesque colors. The, ornamental fishes are also used for commercial purposes as a new industry all over the world. World export of ornamental fish was almost US $ 283 million in 2006. The ornamental fish are are exposed to various disease problems which causing herm to ornamental fish industry. Present study have been conducted during the period of March 2014--April 2015 to show that the ornamental aquarium fish Gold fish (Carassius auratus L.) and ornamental edible fish Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) are mainly affected by some external protozoan parasites .i.e myxozoa and ciliophora which may cause serious damage to fish industry.

[1]. K. Olivier, World trade in ornamental fish species, Marine ornamental species collection, culture, and conservation, 2003, pp. 49-63
[2]. M. A. El-Seify, S. Zaki Mona, Y.D. Abdel Razek, H. A. Hossam, K. A. Osman, and A. A. Attia, Seasonal Variations and Prevalence of Some External Parasites Affecting Freshwater Fishes Reared at Upper Egypt, Life Science Journal, 8 (3), 2011, 397-400.
[3]. S.I. Shalaby and M.M. Ibrahim, The relationship between the monogenetic trematode Sichlidogyrus tubicirrus magnus first record in Egypt and morphological lesions of gills among Tilapia nilotica. Egyptian Journal of Comparative Pathology and Clinical Pathology, 1(9), 1988, 116-126.
[4]. M.A.H. Hassan , Trichodiniasis in Farmed Freshwater Tilapia in Eastern Saudi Arabia, Journal Of King Abdulaziz University (Marine Sciences) 10, 1999, 157-168.
[5]. J.D. Smyth, Introduction to animal parasitology, 3rd (Ed.), Cambridge university press, (Cambridge: 1994) pp 549.

ABSTRACT: Research was carried out to assess timber industry as a means of livelihood and as source of revenue generation to Ondo state government. Among the people interviewed were the timber contractors, the saw millers, the marketers and the machine operators. The age of the respondents were categorized as 15 – 30years (28%), 31 -50years (54.3%), and 5-0 and above (24%). 37.1% of the respondents were single, 54.3% married while 8.5% were divorcee. 75% were full time timber workers while 25% were part time timber workers.timber business started business with their personal capital (92.88%), 12% borrowed from their relatives with no interest charged, 17.88% as a gift, 10.7% obtained loan from banks, 78.57% from cooperative societies while 74.29% obtained loan from non - governmental financial institution. The field survey showed that the monthly income of the respondent 70% (10, 000 – 50,000) , 23% (50,000 – 100,000) while 7% (above 100,000 Nigeria currency). Revenue was generated by the government in form of permit and hammering.

[1]. Anon 2000.Infornation n agricultural development. Spores 89:4
[2]. FAO. 1994 cable logging systems. FAO Forestry paper 24, 105pp.
[3]. Dyskstra, D.P.,Kowera, G.S., Ofosu-Aisedu, A.R.2000. Promoting stewardship of forest in the humid forestzone of Anglophone West and Central Africa. The United Nations Environmental Programmes and the Centre for International Forestyry Research. 103pp
[4]. Olaseni,O, Agbeja , B.O, Adeyoju, S.K. 2000. Dynamics of forest revenue collection and forestry developments in Ondo state. Bowen journal of agriculture 1 (1): 43 – 51

ABSTRACT: Seven fung (Aspergillus niger, Sclerotium rolfsii, Phytophthora palmivora, Rhizopus stolanifer, Fusarium solani, Botryodiplodia theobromae, and Penicillium oxalicum) were isolated from rotten cassava tubers. Pathogenicity test of these fungi implicated them as causal agents of cassava tuber rot. Chromolaena odorata aqueous leaf extracts were tested for controlling cassava tuber rot. In-vitro studies using five different concentrations (2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% ) of Chromolaena odorata leaf extract showed increasing inhibitory effects on mycelia growth, sporulation and spore germination with increase in extract concentration. At 2% concentration, all fungi recorded less than 10% inhibition in mycelia growth, while at 10%, growth inhibition ranged between 60.8% for A. niger and 74.9% for R. stolonifer. With respect to sporulation, R.

[1]. Akinmoladun, A.C. , Ibukun, E.O.,and Dan-Ologe, I.A. 2007. Phytochemical constituents and antioxidant properties of extracts from leaves of C. odorata. Scientific Research and Essay, 2(6), 191-196.
[2]. Agrios .G.N. 2005. Plant Pathology, 5th edition. Elsevier Academic Press USA. 385-222. 557.
[3]. Baudoni, A.B.A.M. 1988 Diagnosis of disease and proof of pathogenicity (Koch'spostulate) in the laboratory exercises in plant pathology: An introductional kit, APS Press, 213pp.
[4]. Cheesebrough, M.J. 1991. Medicinal laboratory manual for tropical countries Vol. 11. Microbiology. Tropical health Technology and Butterworth Scientific Publication, Boston, 167-214.
[5]. FAO 2000. Championing the cause of cassava. News and highlights, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Available on: http:// www.fao.org
[6]. Gomez, K.A. and Gomez, A.A. 1984. Statistical procedure for agricultural research. John Wiley and sons, New York.
[7]. Harbone J.B. 1973. Phytochemical methods and guide to modern technique of plant analysis. 2nd edi. Chapman and Hall, New York.

ABSTRACT: A study was conducted on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of Archachatina marginata fed graded levels of defatted roasted Moringa oleifera seed meal (0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, 12%) for 56days. The performance of Archachatina marginata was assessed on the basis of weight gain, shell length, shell thickness, shell width, feed intake and feed conversion ratio. Average feed intake, mean body weight, mean shell length, mean shell width and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were significant (P<0.05). Shell thickness, carcass weight, foot weight, crop weight, lungs weight, stomach weight, intestine weight were not significantly different (P>0.05) across the treatment groups. 3% replacement level yielded the best values for feed intake, average weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR). For optimal performance there is need to balance the energy-protein level of diets in which soya bean is replaces with M. oleifera seed meal.

Key words: Archarchatina marginata, carcass characteristics, growth performance, Moringa oleifera, weight gain.

[1]. Akinnusi O. (1998). A practical Approach to back yard snail farming. Nigeria journal of Animal production 25:193-197.
[2]. Alikwe, P.C.N., Okpeku, M. and Ndukari, S. (2013). Response of African Giant Land Snail (Archachatina marginata) to Graded Levels of Asplenium barteri Leaf Meal Supplement. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science. 6(1). 32-35
[3]. Amusan, J.A; Omidiji, M.O (1998). Edible land snails: A technical guide to snail farming in the tropics. Varity printers Ltd. Ibadan. Pg 60.
[4]. Ani, A.O., Ogbu, C.C., Elufidipe, C.O. and Ugwuowo, L.C. (2013). Growth Performance Of African Giant Land Snail (Achatina achatina) Fed Varying Dietary Protein And Energy Levels. ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science. 8(2). 184-190.
[5]. Ani, A.O., Ogbu, C.C. and Okonkwo, A.M. (2014). Growth Response of African Giant Land Snails (Archachatina marginata) to Varying Dietary Levels of Moringa Oleifera Leaf Meal. Advances in Life Science and Technology. 27; 22-27
[6]. Anjorin, T.S, P.Ikokoh and S.Okolo, (2010). Mineral composition of Moringa Olefera leaves pods and seeds from two regions in Abuja, Nigeria. International Journal of Biology .12:431-434.
[7]. Anwar, F, Latif .S, Ashraf .M Gilani. A. H. (2007). Moringa oleifera a food plant with multiple medicinalu uses. Phytother Res.2007 Jan;21(1):17-25.

ABSTRACT: The study aims to find out osmoregulatory capacity of clownfish (A. ocellaris) at different dilution to saline water media. The study will be beneficial as information source for ornamental fish farming and breeding. It is expected that the clownfish will be capable of tolerating a further environment (euryhaline). The study takes place from June to August, 2014 in Fish Quarantine Station Installation, Fishery Product Quality and Safety Control Class II Luwuk, Banggai Regency, Central Sulawesi Province. The data is analyzed in descriptive on fish's osmoregulatory capacity and behaviour. The findings indicate that clownfish in treatment A with salinity level at 7 ppt and treatment B with salinity level at 6 ppt, in the fourth week, maintains osmoregulation. Mortality, however, is found to clownfish in treatment C with saline water dilution at 5 ppt in the fourth week and treatment A and B in the fifth week (at 0 ppt). Water quality in final findings is considered appropriate for clownfish (Amphiprionocellaris) life where the temperature ranges from 26-28oC and pH 7.5-8.

Keywords:Osmoregulation, Salinity, Clownfish, Growth, Survival rate

[1]. Affandi, T.K, Manik, B., Rosadi, M., Utomo., M., Senge., Adachi, dan Oki., 2002. Soil Erosion UnderCoffe Trees with Different Weed Management in Humid Tropical Hilly Area of Lampung. South Sumatera, Indonesia.
[2]. Agriwawasan, S., 2004. MarineOrnamental FishIndonesia. Penebar Swadaya. Jakarta.
[3]. Carlie, B., 2004. Amphiprion The Clownfishes. University of Texas at Austin.
[4]. Colt, J. 2006. Water quality requirements for reuse systems. Aquacultural Engineering 34 (2006) 143–156
[5]. Effendi, M.L., 1997. FisheriesBiology. Yayasan Pustaka Nusantara. Jakarta.
[6]. 11. Efendie, M. I., 1979. BiologicalMethodsIIFishingFishPopulation Dynamics. Faculty of Fisheries, Bogor Agricultural University. Bogor.Gaspersz, V., 1991. Metode Perancangan Percobaan. CV. Armico. Bandung.
[7]. Grouther, M. 2004. AmphiprionPercula (Lacepe, 1802) Http://Www. Australian museum.Com.(Nopember 2004).

ABSTRACT: Seven varieties each of pepper and tomato were screened for resistance to root-knot nematodes.The study was conducted at the Nematology laboratory Unit and at the rooftop garden of the Crop Protection and Environmental Biology Department, University of Ibadan, Ibadan Nigeria. Each potted plant was inoculated with a single egg mass of Meloidogyne spp. and harvested six weeks after inoculation. Using the combination of the values of Reproductive Factor (RF) and Galling index (GI), the screened tomato and pepper varieties were rated resistant, susceptible or tolerant to Meloidogyne spp. The pepper varieties rated resistant were Charleston Bell and Carolina Wonder. The pepper varieties rated susceptible to Meloidogyne spp. were Rodo, Tatase, Bawa and Goliath .

[1]. Adesiyan, S.O., F.E. Caveness., M.O. Adeniji and B. Fawole. 1990. Nematode pests of Tropical Crops. Heinemann Edu. Books (Nig) Ltd. Ibadan. 114 pp.
[2]. Almeida, A.M.S.F and M.S.N.deA. Santos. 2002. Resistance and host reponse of selected plants to Meloidogyne megadora. Journal of Nematology. 32 (2): 140-147. American Psychopathological Society. St. Paul MN. analysis of food requirement, supplies and demand in Nigeria.1968 – 1985. p113.
[3]. Canto-Saenz, M. 1983. The nature of resistance to M. Incognita (Kofoid and White 1919) Chitwood 1949; In proc. Third Res. And Plan. Conf. On Root-Knot Nematodes; March 22-26, 1982. Ed CC Carter International Meloidogyne project, Lima Peru. 233pp.
[4]. Castillo, P., M. DiVito., N. Vovlas and R. M. Jimenez-Diaz. 2001. Host-parasite relationships in root-knot disease of white mulberry. Plant Disease, 85: 277-281.
[5]. Cervantes-Flores, J.C., Yencho, G.C. and Davis, E.L. (2002) Host reactions of sweet potato genotypes to root-knot nematodes and variations in virulence of Meloidogyne incognita populations. HortScience37, 1112–1116.
[6]. Coyne, D. L and L. A. H. Talwana. 2000. Reaction of cassava cultivars to the root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in pot experiments and farmer-managed farms in Uganda. International Journal of Nematology, 10 (2): 153-158.
[7]. DiVito, M., N. Vovlas and P. Castillo. 2004. Host-parasite relationships of Meloidogyneincognita on spinach. Plant Pathology, 53, 508-514.

ABSTRACT: The costs and returns analysis of some selected, processed food samples produced by the Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute (NSPRI), Nigeria was analyzedusing Gross Margin analysis to determine the profitability of the enterprise. Poundo-yam, ground rice and flavored pap were produced by processing yam tubers (Dioscorea rotundata), Rice (Oryza sativa) and Guinea corn (Sorghum bicolor) respectively into their powdery forms. Hygienic drying wasachieved for the products through the use of Multipurpose Dryer(MPD) developed by NSPRI. The proximate analysis of the samples was carried out to determine the nutritional content of the products which includes moisture content, crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract, ash content, nitrogen free extracts as well as energy content and vitamin A. The production of 1000kg of each product was found to be profitable. This paper shows that production of poundo-yam, ground rice andflavoured pap (ogi) for income is a viable enterprise.

Keywords: Poundo-yam, ground rice, flavored pap (ogi), multi-purpose dryer, Gross Margin, proximate.

[1] Association of Official Analytical Chemists (2000). Official methods of analysis, 17th Edition.
[2] Arranilewa S.T., Odeyemi O.O. and Adedire C.O. (2002). Effects of medicinal plant extract and powder on the Maize Weevil,
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