IOSR-JAVS   Volume-8 ~ Issue-11 ~ NOV-2015

ABSTRACT: Phytoremediation of soils of different salinity levels have been investigated in this study using salt tolerant forage crop. Soil was salinized with 5 levels of NaCl (0, 50, 100,150, 200 mmol L⁻¹) in 100 cm height and 50 cm diameter lysimeters . Millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) was planted as a reclaiming crop for saline soil.

[1]. Ahamed S., Ghafoor A, Aziz M. A. Akhter ME. 2003. Chemistry of calcareoue saline – sodic with sesbania (sesbania aculeate). Pakistan Jouranal of Biological sciences 6(16): 1454-1458.

[2]. Al-Gilani A. 1999. Salt balance in ACSAD lysimeter station .Arabic center of semiarid and dryland-ACSAD.

[3]. Al- Hassani A. B. 1984. characteristics of Shura and Sabakh soils in some Iraq regions. MSc Thesis - College of Agriculture- University of Baghdad.

[4]. Al Zubaidi A . H. 1992. Land reclamation. Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research.

[5]. Ashraf M., McNeilly T. 1987. Salinity effects on five cultivars/lines of pearl millet [Pennisetum americanum (L.)]. Plant Soil 103:13–19

[6]. Ashraf M, McNeilly T. M .1992. The potential for exploitingvariation in salinity tolerance in pearl millet [Pennisetum americanum (L.)]. Plant Breed 104:234– 240.

ABSTRACT: A study was carried out on insect pollinators of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) crop with special reference to the foraging activity of different species of honeybees during Rabi 2013-14 at Agriculture Research Station, Siruguppa, UAS, Raichur. Various insect pollinators visiting the sesame crop were observed during flowering period. A total of 14 insect species were found visited the sesame flower, out of 14 insect species, 10 spp belongs to Hymenoptera and 4 were belongs to Dipterans. Among Hymenopterans, the 4 spp of honeybees viz., Apis dorsata, Apis cerana, Apis florea and Trigona iridipennis were recorded during flowering period. The foraging activity of honeybees and other pollinators were recorded from 6 AM to 6 PM at an hourly interval during the flowering period. The number of pollinators visiting the sesame flowers were found maximum during 9 to 11 hours. The highest number of pollen foragers were recorded during mid morning hours.

Keywords: Sesame, Pollinators, Foraging activity

[1]. Ali, M. and Alam, Z. 1933. Types of Sesamum indicum. D.C. in the Punjab. Indian J. Agric. Sci., 3:897-911.
[2]. Anonymous, 2000. Economics intelligence services CMIE Publication pp.162.
[3]. Deodikar, G. B. and Suryanarayana, M. C. 1977. Pollination in the service of increasing farm production in India. Advances in pollen spore research. 2:67-68.
[4]. Desai, B. B. 2004. Seeds handbook: biology, production, processing and storage, Science, pp787.
[5]. Mohana Rao, G., Lazar, M. and Suryanarayana, M. C. 1981. Foraging behaviour of honeybees in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Indian Bee J., 43(4):97-100.

ABSTRACT: The mobility of dichlorvos from starch-silver nano slow release formulations (AgSRF) was studied in three different soils in Nigeria. Encapsulation of dichlorvos into starch silver matrix was achieved in situ via chemical reduction of AgNO3 by glucose under direct heating. This slow release formulation of nanosilver (AgSRF), according to the UV/Vis spectra depicted a peak at 419 nm which has been reported to be the characteristic of the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) of silver nanoparticles. The morphology is spherical and size range of 23 -35 nm and X-ray diffraction showed it is partly crystalline. Insecticide release in soil and water was in the order sandy-loam > sandy-clay-loam > clay-loam. This nanoformulation (AgSRF) was compared to technical and commercial grades of dichlorvos respectively. AgSRFmatrix revealed sustained release behaviour more than technical and commercial (EC). In the lixiviation studies, each treatment was analysed in a column (in a duplicate) packed with soil. The columns were leached with 50 -100ml of buffer (pH 6.5) medium for 10 - 14 days.

[[1]. Roy A. Sunil K. S, Bajpai J., Bajpai A. K., Controlled pesticide release from biodegradable polymers Cent. Eur. J. Chem. 12(4), 453-469, 2014. DOI: 10.2478/s11532-013-0405-2
[2]. Tijani, A.A., Oshotimehin, K.O. Economics of pesticides use among Maize farmers in Edo state, Nigeria. Research Journal of Agricultural Biological Sciences, 3(3), 129-132.2007.
[3]. Omolehin R. A., Adeola S. S., Ahmed B., E. O. Ebukiba and O. B. Adeniji; Economics of Insecticides Usage among Cowpea Farmers in Kaduna State, Nigeria,American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 1(4): 353-362, 2011.
[4]. Wanyika H. N.,; Development of nanostructured smart delivery systems for pesticides and fertilizers, A Thesis submitted to Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, 2012.
[5]. Szymońska J, M Targosz-Korecka; Characterization of starch nanoparticles , F Krok2,3 Journal of Physics: Conference Series 146 012027, 2009. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/146/1/012027.
[6]. Ihegwuagu N., Mundi S., Adama F., Dalaham P., Etuk-Udoh G., Odunsanya S., Omojola M. and Sha'Ato R.; Rapid Synthesis of Silver Nano Particles Capped In Starch and its Anti - Mold Activity, International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, ISSN 2351-8014 Vol. 9 No. 1 , pp. 16-25, 2014.

ABSTRACT: The aim of the research is to analyse the phytocomponent in the contractile fraction of Vernonia amygdalina on mammary tissue using GC-MS analysis.The present research, extract for leaf of Vernonia amygdalina was screened for contractile potential by standard test procedures and this study was further extended by fractionation and analyzing the potent bioactive compounds in the ethanolic extract fraction of Vernonia amygdalina leaves using GC-Ms analysis. Using physiograph mammary tissue contractile amplitudes were determined at 0.25 mg/ml, 0.3 mg/ml, 0.7 mg/ml, 1.0mg/ml, 1.25mg/ml and 1.5mg/ml for the different fractions. Fraction F5 had the best contractile response on isolated mammary tissue in the presence of agonist ACh.

[1]. Singha S.C., Medicinal Plant in Nigeria PP. 46. National Press Ltd, Apapa (1996)
[2]. Iwu M. M., Empirical Investigation of Dietary Plant used in Igbo Ethnomedicine in Plant in Indigenous Medicine and Diets. Nina-Elkined Redgroove Publisher Co. New York PP 256-267 (1986)
[3]. Kamatenesi-mugisha M., Medicinal Plants used in Reproductive Health Care in Western Uganda, Documentation, Phytochemical and Bioactive Evaluation. PhD Thesis in Botany, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda. (2004).
[4]. Ijeh, 1.1., Igwe K. K.and Chukwunonso ECC Ejike, Effect of Extract of Vernonia amygdalina Del on Contraction of Mammary Gland and Uterus in Guinea Pig Dams. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 1(3) 107-116 (2004).
[5]. Ohigashi H., Jisaka M., Takagaki T., Nozaki H., Tada T., Huffman M.A., Nishida T., Kaji M. and Koshimizu K., A Bitter Principle and a Related Steroid Glucoside of Vernonia amygdalina, a Possible Medicinal Plant for Wild Chimpanzees. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry. 55(4): 1201-1203 (1994).

ABSTRACT: This study aims to understand the influence of Straw 0rganics products andJajarLegowoUtilization toward Rice Production Increase. The research applied the Randomized Completely Block Design by 3 replications. The first treatment consists of four levels, those are: without straw organic product, burnup straw, bokhasi straw, and biochar straw. Jajarlegowo treatment consist of four levels, those are: conventional, jajar legowo 2 : 1, jajar legowo 4 : 1, and jajar legowo 6 : 1. The results showed significant interaction between straw organic product and jajarlegowo on various observed parameters and various ages. On growth parameters, Straw Bokhasiandjajarlegowo treatment, 6: 1 can increase plant height, leaf width, number of Numbers of plantlet per clump than other treatments.

[1]. Ahmad Junaidi. 2009.PengaruhJenisdanDosisPupukBokhasiTerhadapPertumbuhandanProduksiKacangPanjang(Vignasinensis
L.).JurnalAgrovigor 2 (1):42-46.
[2]. AnwarK, SuratmandanAKasno.
2007.IdentifikasidanEvaluasiPotensiLahanuntukMendukungPrimaTanidiDesaSriAgungKecamatanTungkalUluKabupatenTanjungJa
bungBaratProvinsi Jambi. BadanPenelitiandanPengembanganPertanianDepartemenPertanian.Bogor.
[3]. AtikahTA.2013.PertumbuhandanHasilTanamanTerungUnguVarietasYumi F1
denganPemberianBerbagaiBahanOrganikdanLamaInkubasipadaTanahBerpasir. AnteriorJurnal12(2):6-12.
[4]. Azwir. 2008. Legowo Planting System and P-Stater Application on High Elevation Rice. Journal AktaAgrosia 11 (2):102-107.
[5]. Haryanti, S. 2010. PengaruhNaungan yang BerbedaTerhadapJumlahStomatadanUkuranPorus Stomata
DaunZephyranthesRoseaLindl. JurnalAnatomidanFisiologi 18 (1) : 245-249
[6]. Jumakir,Waluyo,Suparwoto.
2014.PeningkatanProduktivitasPadidanPendapatanPetaniMelaluiSistemTanamJajarLegowoDiLahanSawahIrigasi.Jurnal
Pembangunan Manusia. 6 (2).

ABSTRACT: This research was intended to identify efficiency level and competitiveness of corn farming in dry land and wetland in Sumbawa. The research was conducted on 100 farmer respondents in each selected location purposively. Stochastic Frontier version 4.1 analysis and PAM (Policy Analysis Matrix) were applied in analysis. Result or data estimation using FRONTIER indicated that average technical efficiency (TE) at dry land and wetland are 0.863 and 0.849%, respectively. Mean economic efficiency of corn farming in dry land and wetland are 0.505 and 0.355 respectively. Mean price efficiency from corn farming in dry land and wetland are 0.585 and 0.425, respectively. Gamma value parameter in dry land and wetland were 0.697 and 0.552, respectively.

[1]. Asian Development Bank, 1992. Competitive and Comparative Advantage in Tea: Indonesia and Srilangka. In Comparative Advantage Study of Selected Industrial Crops in Asia. Final Report RETA 5382 The Pragma Corporation.
[2]. Coelli, Timothy J., Rao, DS Prasada., O'Donell, Christopher J., Battesse, George E. 1998. an Introduction to Efficiency and Productivity Analysis. Springer. USA.
[3]. Darwanto.,H., D, Nurtini, S., Yuwono, D.M., Ekowati, T., dan Prasetyo, E., 2010. Optimizing the Potential Development of Cattle -Based Agribusiness In central Java . Research Reports LP3ES.UGM. Yogyakarta
[4]. Diperta Kabupaten Sumbawa. 2012. Laporan Tahunan 2012. Dinas Pertanian Tanaman Pangan Kabupaten Sumbawa
[5]. Direktorat Jenderal Tanaman Pangan, 2011. Teknologi Budidaya Jagung. Direktorat Budidaya Serelia Kementerian Pertanian Indonesia.

ABSTRACT: A study was carried out on the effects of co-digestion of cow dung and poultry manure on biogas yields, proximate and amino acid compositions of the by-products. Five mixed substrates: 100:0(cow dung :poultry manure), 0:100 (cow dung :poultry manure), 50:50(cow dung :poultry manure), 75:25(cow dung :poultry manure) and 25:75(cow dung :poultry manure), represented treatments A, B, C, D and E respectively. These in triplicates, were separately loaded into 13.6Ldigesters locally fabricated and kept for an eight week retention period. The average biogas yields obtained ranged from 2961.0 - 2031.1ml, in the order of 50:50 (cow dung : poultry manure) > 25:75(cow dung : poultry manure) > 0:100(cow dung : poultry manure) > (cow dung : poultry manure) > 75:25 (cow dung : poultry manure). Anaerobic digestion of the wastes led to enhancements of %ash and moisture content, while % reduction in the total lipid, total solid and volatile solid contents ranged from 40.38- 86.82%, 11.77 - 24.82%, and 39.99-59.00%, respectively.

[1]. Ojolo, S.J., Oke, S.A., Animasahun, K. and Adesuyi, B.K. (2007): Utilization of poultry, cow and kitchen wastes for biogas
production: A comparative analysis. Iranian Journal of Environmental Health, Science and Engineering, 4 (4): 232-228.
[2]. Ilori, M.O., Adebusoye, S.A., Lawal, A.K. and Awotiwon O.A. (2007): Production of biogas from banana and plantation peels.
Advances in Environromental Biology, 1 (1): 33-38.
[3]. Orheruata, A.M. and Omoyakhi, J.M. (2008): Livestock-Environment Interaction: Issues and options in Nigeria. Journal of Appl.
Sci. Environ. Manage. 12(2) 129 – 133.
[4]. Tambawal, A.D. (2004): Chemical Assessment of Some Dungs and Prediction of their Performance Potentials in the Generation of
Biogas. Nig. J. Renewable Energy, Sokoto Energy Research Centre, Sokoto. 12(1, 2): 12-17.
[5]. Adelekan, B. A. and Bamgboye, A. I. (2009): Comparison of biogas productivity of cassava peels mixed in selected ratios with
major livestock waste types.African Journal of Agricultural Research. 4 (7): 571-577.
[6]. Verma, S. (2002): Anaerobic Digestion of Biodegradable Organics in Municipal Solid Wastes. M.Sc Thesis in Earth Resources
Engineering Department of Earth & Environmental Engineering (Henry Krumb School of Mines) Fu Foundation School of
Engineering & Applied Science Columbia University pp 1-56.

ABSTRACT: The agriculture plays an important role in the Moroccan economy. The cereal culture occupies a place excellence in the farming sector. Cereals are essentially represented by the cultures of the wheat and the barley.The farmers meet several obstacles which accompany them during all the season and which can cause dramatic losses. The difficulty of the estimation of these losses by the farmers which is provoked by multiple parameters influences the quality and the cost price of these farmers.

[1]. Spuegeon, D., 1976. The Hidden Harvest. Ottawa, CRDI. 1977. La récolte retrouvée : pour une gestion intégrée des récoltes. De la moisson à la consommation. Ottawa, CRDI, 36 p.
[2]. Fao, 2011. Food and Agriculture Organisation, Halte aux pertes post-récolte: la sécurité alimentaire de l'Afrique. Sur le site :www.fao.org/news/story/fr/item/79491/icode.
[3]. Ormvag , 2013.Office Régional de Mise en Valeur Agricole Du Gharb. «Présentation de la région» .Sur le site www.ormvag.ma
[4]. Hodges, R.J., 2013. Lutte contre les pertes de céréales post-récolte en Afrique subsaharienne.
[5]. GROLLEAUD M., 2002. Pertes après récolte : un concept mal défini ou mal utilisé. Étude synthétique et didactique sur le phénomène des pertes se produisant tout au long du système après récolte. FAO, Rome. G
[6]. Céline Laisney al, 2012, les gaspillages et les pertes de la « fourche à la fourchette » Production, distribution, consommation. pp. 117-126.

ABSTRACT: The occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites of ruminant has been on the increase leading to great economic and production losses with more fatal cases occurring in developing countries.Minna, a northcentral city in Nigeria is faced with this problem of helminthosis occasioned by instability in management. This retrospective study was conducted to investigate and provide data on the prevalence and zoonotic impact of helminth and protozoan parasites of ruminants presented to the Niger state Veterinary hospital between 2012 and 2013. Faecal samples were examined by direct wet mount method.

[1]. Adejinmi, O. O. Adejinmi, J.O. Falohun, O.O. Aderoju O.R and Dauda, W.J. (2015): Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Goats in Ibadan, Southwest, Nigeria." World Journal of Agricultural Research, vol. 3, no. 2 49-51. doi: 10.12691/wjar-3-2-2.
[2]. Adejinmi, J.O. and Osayomi, J.O. (2010): Prevalence of intestinal protozoan parasites of dogs in Ibadan, south western Nigeria. Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, Vol. 7, (2): 783-788
[3]. Biu, A. A, Maimuna, A.Salamatu, A. F. and Agbadu, E. T. (2009): A faecal survey of gastro-intestinal parasites of ruminants on the University of Maiduguri research farm, 5, 175-179.
[4]. Boes, J, Willingham, A.L, Shi, F.H, Hu, X.G, Eriksen, L, Nansen, P, and Stewart, T.B. (2000): Prevalence and distribution of pig helminths in the Dongting Lake Region (Human Province) of the People's Republic of China. J. Helminthol. 74: 45-52.
[5]. Charles, and Hendrix. (2006): Diagnostic Veterinary Parasitology for Technicians. Third Edition, Mosby.
[6]. Chiejina, S. N. and Ikeme, B. O. (2007): Arrested development of gastro-intestinal trichostrongylidsin goats in Nigeria. Veterinary Parasite, 28, 103 - 113.

ABSTRACT: A 2-year old male Alsatian dog with a history of Inappetence and sudden weakness was presented with a clinical manifestation of fever (400C), lethargy, rough hair coat, pale mucous membrane (anemia), and epistaxis. On blood smear evaluation numerous trypanosome parasites were observed. Furthermore, hematological evaluation revealed moderate regenerative anemia, moderate leucopenia with neutropenia with left shift and lymphocytosis while serum biochemical evaluation revealed mild hypoproteinaemia and hypofibrinogenemia.

[1]. Abakpa, S. A. V., Takeet, M. I., Makinde, A. F., Adeleye, A. I., and Adebayo, O. O. (2013). Molecular diagnosis of Natural infection of Trypanosoma congolense in a dog in Abeokuta, Nigeria: A case report. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 5(5): 3-6.
[2]. Akpa, P. O., Ezeokonkwo, R. C., Eze, C. A., and Anene, B. M. (2008). Comparative efficacy assessment of pentamidine isethionate and diminazene aceturate in the chemotherapy of Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection in dogs. Vet. Parasitol. 151: 139-149.
[3]. Anosa, V. O., Logan-Henfrey, L. L. and Wells, C. W. (1997a). The haematology of T. congolense infection in cattle 11: Macrophages structure and function in adult Boran cattle. Comparative Haematology International. 7: 23-29.
[4]. Bakken, J. S., and Dumler, J. S. (2000). Ehrlichiosis. In: Cunha BA, ed. Tickborne Infectious Diseases. Diagnosis and Management. New York: Marcel Dekker. Pp. 139-68.
[5]. Barr, S. C., Gossett, K. A., and Klei, T. R. (1991). Clinical, clinicopathologic and parasitological observations of trypanosomiasis in dogs infected with North American Trypanosoma cruzi isolates. Am. J. Vet. Res. 52: 954-960.
[6]. Barros, J. H. S., Almeida, A. B. P. F., Figueiredo, F. B., Sousa, V. R. F., Fagundes, A., Pinto, A. G. S., Baptista, C., and Madeira, M. F. (2012). Occurrence of Trypanosome caninum in areas overlapping with leishmaniasis in Brazil: what is the real impact of canine leishmaniasis control. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 106(7): 419-423.

ABSTRACT: A 3 year-old semi-intensively managed Friesian Cross bull weighing 500kg was presented to Universiti Veterinary Hospital, University Putra Malaysia with primary complains of broken left horn. Physical examination revealed a foul smelling necrotic wound around the left cornual region measuring 5cm×5cm in radius and 2cm in diameter and flies eggs were seen on the surface of the wound. All other vital parameters were within the normal range. The clinical diagnosis for this case was cutaneous myiasis wound due to post traumatic injury. The case was managed by wound debridement and flushing with hydrogen peroxide and diluted hibiscrub followed by dressing with tincture of iodine.

[1]. K. Robbins, and A. Khachemoune, Cutaneous myiasis: a review of the common types of myiasis. International Journal of Dermatology, 49(10), 2010, 1092-1098.
[2]. F. Francesconi, and O. Lupi, Myiasis. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 25(1), 2005, 79-105.
[3]. Nhm.ac.uk., Introduction to myiasis, Natural History Museum. Retrieved 5 October 2014, fromhttp://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/scientific-resources/taxonomy-ystematics/myiasis-larvae/intro-myiasis/index.html.
[4]. F. Francesconi, and O. Lupi, Tropical Dermatology, (Philadelphia, Elsevier, 2006).
[5]. P. Bowler, B. Duerden, and D. Armstrong, Wound microbiology and associated approaches to wound management. Clinical microbiology reviews 14, 2001, 244-269.

ABSTRACT: Identification of carrion-breeding flies and their life cycle is of significant concern to the field of veterinary, human and forensic sciences. This research was carried out to identify the species of adult flies feeding and breeding on fresh carcasses of chicken; and to determine the period of carcass infestation by fly larvae to complete disintegration of the carcasses. A total of nine adult female crossed jungle fowls were humanely slaughtered and their carcasses were allowed for flies to feed and breed on under natural condition. The experiments were conducted twice; where each experiment, adult flies landed and fed on the carcasses were caught and identified.

[1]. G. M. Urquhart, Veterinary Parasitology 2nd Edition. (United Kingdom, Blackwell science, 1996)
[2]. D. C. Blood, V. P. Studdert, and C.C. Gay, Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary 4th Edition. (London, Saunders, 2011).
[3]. M. T. James, The Flies that Cause Myiasis in Man. United States Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication No. 631, USDA, 1947.
[4]. F. Zumpt, Myiasis in Man and Animals in the Old World. Butterworths. (London, Butterworth, 1965).
[5]. A. S. Kamal, Comparative study of thirteen species of Sarcosaprophagous Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae (Diptera) I. Bionomics. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 51, 1958, 261-267.
[6]. D. B. Thomas, and R.L. Mangan, Oviposition and wound-visiting behavior of the screwworm fly, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 82, 1989, 526-534.

ABSTRACT: The effect of contractile fraction of Vernonia amygdalina.Del on serum prolactin in lactating and non lactating albino Winstar rats was investigated using standard protocols Ethanolic crude extract of Vernonia amygdalina was fractionated into six ( F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, and F6). The different fractions were subjected to in vitro screening to provide preliminary observations required to select the crude plant extract with best contractile properties for further investigations. Using physiograph mammary tissue contractile amplitudes were determined at 0.25 mg/ml, 0.3 mg/ml, 0.7 mg/ml, 1.0mg/ml, 1.25mg/ml and 1.5mg/ml for the different fractions.

[1]. Burkill M. N., The Useful Plant of West Tropical Africa. Families A-D, Royal Botanic Garden Pp. 44-51(1985).
[2]. Aregheore E.M., Makkar H.P.S.and Becker K., Feed Value of Some Browse Plants From The Central Zone of Delta State Nigeria. Tropical Science. 38 (2), 97–104 (1998)
[3]. Ojiako O. A.and Nwanjo H.U., Is Vernonia hepatotoxic or hepatoprotective? Response From Biochemical and Toxicity Studies in Rat. African J. Biotechnology. 5 (18): 1648-1651 (2006)
[4]. Hamowia A. M.and Saffaf A. M., Pharmacological Studies on Vernonia amydalina .Del and Tithonia diversifolia Gray. Vet. Med J Giza 2: 91-97 (1994)
[5]. Kamatenesi – Mugisha M., Medicinal Plants Used in Reproductive Health Care in Western Uganda, Documentation, Phytochemical and Bioactivty Evaluation. PhD Thesis in Botany, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda. (2004)

ABSTRACT: Pneumonia is the most common respiratory disease of camels. It's defined as an inflammation of the lung. It can be caused by direct infection with viruses, bacteria and fungi, aspiration or inhalation. 45 lungs were collected from camels of different ages, from different parts of the Sudan. These lungs showed Histopathological lesions. One of them was found positive for parainfluenza 3, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and BVD as a mixed infection. No bacteria isolated from this sample but the above four type of viral antibodies were detected using Fluorescence antibody technique ( FAT) Complete histopathological pictures for these viruses were observed. FAT was found to be more sensitive diagnostic methods for detection of virus than Eliza.
Keywords: bacteria, FAT , histopathology, pneumonia, virus..

[1]. Abbas B, Tilley P . Pastoral management for protecting ecological balance in Halaib District, Red Sea Province, Sudan. Nomadic
Peoples, 29 (1990): 77-86.
[2]. Schwartz H.J, Dioli M, Verlag Josef Margraf. The camel (C.dromedarious) in eastern Africa. In: the one humped camel in eastern
Africa. pp 1-9. Scientific Books P.O. Box 105D 6992-Wekersheim-F-R-Germany, 1992
[3]. Raziq A, Younas M . White Camels of Balochistan. Science.International (Lahore), 18(1) 2006: 51-52.
[4]. Dirie MF, Abdurahman O . Observations on little known diseases of camels (Camelus dromedarius) in the Horn of Africa. Rev. sci.
tech. Off. int. Epiz., 22 (3)2003: 1043-1049.
[5]. Ulrich, W.; Oskar, R. K. Infectious diseases in camelids. Black well science berlin, vienna.2002
[6]. Dioli M. and Stimmelmary R. Important camel diseases In: the one humped camel in eastern Africa. pp 199-203. Edited by
Schwartz H.J.. and Dioli M.., Verlag Josef Margraf 1992. Scientific Books P.O. Box 105D 6992-Wekersheim-F-R-Germany.

ABSTRACT: Moraxella bovis is the causative agent of a highly contagious disease, infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK), that affects cattle of all ages and that occurs worldwide. It is one of the examples of the diseases that may cause production losses in dairy farms in many countries.Infectious bovine keratoconjuctivitis, also known as pink-eye, contagious ophthalmia and New Forest eye disease is clinically characterized by corneal ulceration, oedema, blepharospasm, photophobia, ocular pain, lacrimation, corneal perforation and permanent blindness in severe cases. The aim of this study was to determine, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection, , the prevalence of Moraxella bovis infections in dairy farms in 'Ladang Angkat' Program of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UPM; and to ascertain the role of flies as a vector of Moraxella bovis. A cross sectional study was conducted, three dairy cattle farms under the 'Ladang Angkat' Program of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UPM were randomly and 50 animals were selected randomly from all the three farms according to proportions..

[1]. Alexander, D. (2010). Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: a review of cases in clinical practice. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice26, 487-503.
[2]. Baptista, P. (1979). Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. A review. British Veterinary Journal.
[3]. Brown, M. H., Brightman, A. H., Fenwick, B. W., and Rider, M. A. (1998). Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis: A Review. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine12, 259-266.
[4]. Chandler, R., Baptista, P., and Turfrey, B. (1979). Studies on the pathogenicity of Moraxella bovis in relation to infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. Journal of comparative pathology89, 441-448.
[5]. Hansen, R. (2001). New tools in the battle against pinkeye. In "In Nevada Livest. Prod. Annu. Update: Univ. of Nevada–Reno, UNR Coop. Ext. SP 01–01", pp. 5-8. Univ. of Nevada, Reno, Nevada_Reno, Nevada, USA.
[6]. Kizilkaya, K., Tait, R. G., Garrick, D. J., Fernando, R. L., and Reecy, J. M. (2013). Genome-wide association study of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in Angus cattle. BMC genetics14, 23.

ABSTRACT: Infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) commonly known as pink eye disease is an inflammation of the corneaand the conjunctivathatare caused by wide range of infectiousbacteriathatare highly ontagiousingoats. The disease is characterized by blepharospasm, epiphora, corneal opacity and ulceration, and conjunctivitis in both domestic and wild ruminants. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Moraxella ovis infections among goats under the Ladang Angkat Program of University Veterinary Hospital, Universiti Putra Malaysia, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR); and to ascertain the role of flies as a vector of Moraxella ovis. A cross-sectional study was conducted ona total of sixty (60) goats from 4 farms with 15 goats from each farm were randomly recruited in this study.

[1]. Abdullah, F. F. J., Adamu, L., Osman, A. Y., Haron, A. W., and Saharee, A. A. (2013). Clinical management of stage III infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis associated with Staphylococcus aureus in a dairy cow: a case report. IOSR Journal of Agricultural and Veterinary Science4, 69-73.
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