IOSR-JAVS   Volume-8 ~ Issue-3 ~ MAR-2015

ABSTRACT: An acceptable pedha was prepared using khoa from standardized buffalo milk added with 10 parts of red pumpkin pulp into 90 part khoa and sugar was mixed @ 30 % by weight of khoa before heating. The moisture range between 14.50 to 25.50, fat-22.00 to 20.00, protein-14.80 to 14.42, ash-2.32 to 2.19 and carbohydrate-46.06 to 38.88 per cent, respectively. On an average the red pumpkin pedha was found to be the overall acceptability score for T1, T2, T3 and T4 was 8.0, 8.25, 8.87 and 8.12, respectively. The cost of production of final product as 260, 251, 242 and 234 Rs / Kg for T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively

Keyword: Pedha, Buffalo milk, Khoa, Red pumpkin, Chemical and Sensory parameters

[1]. Anonymous, Laboratory manual. Methods of analysis of moisture in milk and milk products. Milk Industry foundation, Washington,1959.
[2]. Banerjee, A. K,. Process for commercial production. In: Dairy India. 5th Edn. Published by P.R.Gupta, New Delhi,1997: 387.
[3]. Ghule, B.K, Studies on Prepration of Ash Gourd Pedha, Mastoral diss MKV, Parbhani, 2012.
[4]. Gupta,S.K, Sensory evaluation in food industry. Indian Dairyman, 28 (8): 1976, 293- 295.
[5]. IS:1224,.Determination of fat by Gerber's method (part-II) Indian Standard Institutuion, Manak Bhavan, New Delhi,1977.
[6]. ISI .Hand book of food analysis. Dairy Product. XI Indian Standard Institution., Manak Bhavan, New Delhi,1981.
[7]. Panse, V.G. and Sukhatma, P.V .Statistical methods for agricultural workers. ICAR Publication, New Delhi, 1967.

ABSTRACT: An acceptable kalakand was prepared using channa from standardized cow milk added with 10 parts of ash gourd pulp into 90 part channa and sugar was mixed @ 30 % by weight of channa before heating. The moisture range between 17.04 to 28.75, fat-24.80 to 21.12, protein-14.04 to 16.65, ash-2.10 to 1.87 and carbohydrate-38.40 to 31.61 per cent, respectively. On an average the ash gourd kalakand was found to be the overall acceptability score for T1, T2, T3 and T4 was 8.0, 8.25, 8.37 and 8.12, respectively. The cost of production of final product as 356, 343, 331 and 318 Rs / Kg for T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively

Keyword: Pedha, Buffalo milk, Khoa, Red pumpkin, Chemical and Sensory parameters

[1]. Anonymous, Laboratory manual. Methods of analysis of moisture in milk and milk products. Milk Industry foundation, Washington,1959.
[2]. Gupta,S.K, Sensory evaluation in food industry. Indian Dairyman, 28 (8): 1976, 293- 295.
[3]. IS:1224,.Determination of fat by Gerber's method (part-II) Indian Standard Institutuion, Manak Bhavan, New Delhi,1977.
[4]. ISI .Hand book of food analysis. Dairy Product. XI Indian Standard Institution., Manak Bhavan, New Delhi,1981.
[5]. Jadhav, K.L,Studies on Preparation of Kalakand by Using Bottle Gourd Pulp (Lagenaria siceraria), Mastoral diss MKV, Parbhani, 2008.
[6]. Kumar, R.R., Ravichandran, M.N and Das, H., Process Identification for Contineous Production of Sandesh and Rasgolla. Seminar on Packaging and Preservation of Indigenous Dairy Products, IDA East Zone of West Bengal University of Animal and fishery Sciences, Mohanpur Cmpus, Naida,1997.
[7]. Panse, V.G. and Sukhatma, P.V .Statistical methods for agricultural workers. ICAR Publication, New Delhi, 1967.

ABSTRACT: An experiment was conducted during 2011-2013 at the Experimental Farm, Department of Horticulture, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat (Assam), India, to determine the genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance as percent of grand mean with respect to various growth, flower and physiological characters in twelve Anthurium (Anthurium andreanum linden ex andre) cultivars. Significant variation was recorded for the various characters studied. Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher than genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the characters indicating the influence of environment. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance had been exhibited by leaf area, number of suckers, plant height, plant spread, increase in spathe size at third (3rd) day after harvest, water uptake at third (3rd) day after harvest and at senescence, fresh weight of the cut flower at senescence, total chlorophyll and anthocyanin content in spathe and its ratio provide greater scope for further improvement of these traits in advance generations. High heritability with low genetic advance was exhibited by spadix diameter, flower stalk girth and spadix to spathe angle. Keywords: Genetic variation, Soil-less culture.

[1]. G.W. Burton, and E.H. De Vane, Estimating heritability in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) from replicated clonal material, Agronomy Journal, 45, (1953), 478-485.
[2]. H.W. Johnson, H.F. Robinson, and R.E. Comstock, Estimates of genetic and environmental variability in soybean, Agronomy Journal, 47, (1955), 314-318.
[3]. N. Patnaik, and C.R. Mohanty, Genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance in African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.), Orissa Journal of Horticulture, 30(2), (2002), 90-94.
[4]. S.K. Palai, M. Mishra, S. Bhuyan, and H.N. Mishra, Genetic variability in hybrid tea roses, Journal of Ornamental Horticulture, 6(1), (2003), 29-33. [5]. V.G. Panse, Genetics of quantitative characters in relation to plant breeding, Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 17, (1957), 318-328

ABSTRACT: Onattukara sandy tract is a fluvial and marine sand area of Alappuzha and Kollam districts of Kerala state in India, which covers an area of 67,447 ha. These soils are coarse textured with low nutrient and water retention capacity. Soil fertility status of coconut based cropping system in onattukara was assessed for formulating soil based plant nutrient use strategies to get sustainable crop yields. Composite surface soil samples from 200 locations were collected from twenty soil series of the Onattukara region. The parameters analyzed included pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, available phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphur, iron, copper, zinc, manganese and boron following standard analytical procedures.

[1]. Dev, G. 1997. Soil fertility evaluation for balanced fertilization. Fert. News, 42:3-34
[2]. Jackson, M.L. 1973. Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi. pp. 498-561
[3]. Kerala Agricultural University 2011. Package of practices recommendations: Crops 14th edition, Directorate of Extension, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur. 360p.
[4]. Premachandran, P. N. 1998. Land evaluation and suitability rating of the major soils of Onattukara region. Ph. D. thesis, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Thrissur. 299p.

ABSTRACT: Classical Swine Fever(CSF) or Hog Cholera is one of the most feared and devastating disease of pigs. The disease has become main threat to pig industry in counrties with a dense pig population and is known to cause more deaths in pigs as compared to many other infectious agents. The disease is endemic in many parts of India including Assam. The virus belongs to genus Pestivirus and family Flaviviridae and has close antigenic similarity with the two other members of this genus ie. Border disease virus (BDV) and Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). Out of these CSFV induces severe illness in young piglets and thereby cause severe economic loss in pig industry.It is important to differentiate CSF from other pestiviruses. nRT-PCR is a suitable approach for screening of suspected cases of disease and is now accepted by many countries and the European Union. Among several genes tested E2 is found to be more effective for genotyping of CSFV isolates. The envelope glycoprotein E2 is highly conserved and CSFV specific.The present investigation was conducted to detect CSFV from Tissue culture fluid using Nested Reverse Transcriptase- Ploymerase Chain Reaction (nRT-PCR) assay by amplifying the CSFV specific E2 gene fragment.

Keywords: CSFV, E2 glycoprotein, Flaviviridae, Hog cholera Virus, Pestivirus, nRT-PCR.

[1]. V. Moennig, and P.G. Plagemann, The pestiviruses, Adv Virus Research, 1992, 41: 53-98.
[2]. V. Moennig, G. Floegel-Niesmann, I. Greiser-Wilke, Clinical signs and epidemiology of classical swine fever virus: a review of new knowledge, Veterinary Journal ,2003,165:11-20.
[3]. M. Konig, T. Lengsfeld, T. Pauly, R. Stark, H. J. Thiel, Classical swine fever virus: independent induction of protective immunity by two structural glycoproteins, J. Virol., 1995. 69:6479-86.
[4]. T. Rumenapf, R. Stark, G. Meyers, H.J. Thiel, Structural proteins of hog cholera virus expressed by vaccine virus: further characterization and induction of protective immunity, J. Virol., 1991, 65: 589-59.
[5]. P. Lowings, G. Ibata, J. Needham, and, D. Paton ,Classical swine fever virus diversity and evolution.,J. Gen. Virol., 1996, 77(6): 1311-1321.

ABSTRACT: In this study, carcass traits of ninety-six (96) rabbits which include New Zealand white, Californian, Palomino brown and Havana black rabbits raised in the humid tropics were appraised. The experiment was carried out at the rabbitry unit of the Department of Environmental Biology and Fisheries, AdekunleAjasin University Akungba-Akoko, Ondo state. At 12 weeks of age, all the rabbits were weighed and slaughtered. Hot carcass, giblets, inedible carcass were measured.New Zealand white had the highest value of the hot carcass (2033.61± 11.69g) followed by California (1965± 10.25g) while there was no significant difference in the hot carcass weight of Palomino and Havana black. The New Zealand white had the highest dressing yield percentage of 67.95±1.95 while Palomino brown had the least dressing yield (55.23±2.36). California and Havana black had similar dressing yield percentage. New Zealand had the highest fore parts weight (186.98 ± 6.75 g) followed by California (145.78 ±1.88g) and Havana black (137.40 ± 4.74 g). Although the weight of thorax parts of California was similar to Havana black, the weight of the loin of California (369.30 ± 11.69 g) was significantly higher than Havana (328.48 ± 10.52g). The hind leg of New Zealand was not statistically different from that of California breed. There was no significant difference among the breeds in the relative percentage of any of the internal organs to their pre-slaughter weights. New Zealand white and Havana black had lower weight of inedible carcass compared toCalifornia and Palomino brown. New Zealand white had better carcass merits in the humid tropics.

Keywords: carcass traits, breed, rabbit, tropics.

[1]. Abdel-Azeem A. S. Abdel-Azim A. M. Darwish A. A. and Omar E. M. 2007Body weight and carcass traits in four pure breeds of rabbits and their crosses under Egyptian environmental conditions .In: Proc. 5th International Conference of rabbit production in hot climate Hurghada Egypt, 67-80
[2]. Baiomy, A.A and, HassanienH. H. M 2011 . Effect of breed and sex on carcass characteristics
[3]. and meat chemical composition of New Zealand white and Californian rabbits under upper Egyptian environment Egyptian Poultry Science 31 (2) 275-284
[4]. Dalle Zotte, A. 2000.Main factors influencing the rabbit carcass and meat quality. Proc of the 7thWorld Rabbit Congress, Valencia, Spain, 1-32.
[5]. Ghosh N. and Mandal L. 2008 Carcass and meat quality traits of rabbits (Oryctolaguscuniculus)
[6]. under warm-humid condition of West Bengal, India. Livestock Research for Rural Development 20 (9)
[7]. Ghosh, S. K.; Das, A.; Bujarbaruah, K. M.; Das, Asit; Dhiman, K. R. and Singh, N. P. (2004). Studies on the productive and reproductive performances of Soviet Chinchilla and New Zealand White breeds of rabbit under the subtropical condition of Tripura. In: Proceeding 8th World Rabbit Congress, 7-10 September, Puebla, Mexico, 1188 - 1193.

ABSTRACT: The present investigation was undertaken to assess the microbial load of raw meat samples collected from open markets of the city of Kolkata. In the present investigation 200 raw meat samples (100 chickens and 100 muttons) were utilized. In this study, the pathogenic microorganisms were isolated in different percentages viz. E. coli (98%), Enterococcus faecalis (90%), Staphylocoocus aureus (20%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (20%), Pseudomonas spp. (10%), Salmonella spp. (2%), Bordetella (1%). Other organisms that were isolated in this study were Klebsiella pneumoniae (98%), Enterococcus aerogenes (90%), Micrococcus spp. (69%), Citrobactor spp. (52%), Proteus spp. (50%), Klebsiella oxytoca (35%) and Providencia spp. (22%). This has a definite implication from the Public Health point of view. The findings indicate substantial presence of microbial contaminants in chicken and mutton meat in open markets of Kolkata where dearth of proper sanitation in the market places prevails. Keywords: Assessment, Kolkata, Meat, Microbial load, Open market

[1]. Komba E. V. G., Komba, E. M. Mkupasi, A. O. Mbyuzi, S. Mshamu, D. Luwumbra, Z. Busagwe and A. Mzula, Sanitary practices and occurrence of zoonotic conditions in cattle at slaughter in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania: implications for public health. Tanzania Journal Health Research, 14 (2), 2012.
[2]. Ercolini. D, F. Russo, E. Torrieri, P. Masi and F. Villani. Changes in the spoilage-related microbiota of beef during refrigerated storage under different packaging conditions. Applied and Environmental Microbiology.72 (7), 2006, 4663-4671.
[3]. Li M. Y., G. H. Zhou, X. L. Xu, C. B. Li and W. Y. Zhu. Changes of bacterial diversity and main flora in chilled pork during storage using PCR- DGGE. Food Microbiology. 23 (7), 2006, 607-611.
[4]. Adu-Gyamfi A., W. Torgby-Tetteh and V. Appiah . Microbiological Quality of Chicken Sold in Accra and Determination of D10-Value of E. coli. Food and Nutrition Sciences. 3 (5), 2012, 693-698.
[5]. Nørrung B., J. K. Andersen and S. Buncic. Main Concerns of Pathogenic Microorganisms in Meat Safety of Meat and Processed Meat. F. Toldrá, ed. Food Microbiology and Food Safety. (Springer New York), 2009, pp. 3-29.

ABSTRACT: Rice based coastal livelihoods of Bangladesh are now vulnerable for sea-level rising and salinity stress. Transgenic salt tolerant rice were developed by inoculating mature embryos with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 carrying a binary vector pCIPK with GUS and nptll gene. Transformation was performed with different infection times and co-cultivation periods. Infection was most effective when explants were inoculated for 25 minutes (69.444 % GUS positive) and co-cultivated for 4 days (72.22% GUS positive). Among the varieties, Binadhan-6 showed highest response to GUS assay (65.185% GUS positive). Putative transformed plantlets were also the highest in Binadhan-6 (7.222%). Infection time 25 minutes and 4 days co-cultivation period were effective for regeneration of shoots (9.444 % and 12.222 %, respectively). Binadhan-6 produced the greatest number of rooted shoots (60%). This protocol should help to develop salinity tolerance rice line(s) for combat climate change.

Keywords: Rice, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Genetic transformation and Salinity

[1]. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics(BBS), Crop Statistics (Major Crops), Agriculture Wing, Ministry of Planning, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka, 2013. 54.
[2]. Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), Homepage, www.BRRI.org.bd. 2013
[3]. S.P. Deepa, M. A. Saleh, and C. Selvaraj, Rice breeding for salt tolerance, Research in Biotechnology, 2(2), 2011, 1-10.
[4]. H.M. Ingram, N.L. Livesey, J.B. Power, and M.R. Davey, Genetic transformation of wheat: progress during the 1990s into the millennium, Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 23(2), 2001, 221-239.
[5]. B. Gupta, and H. Bingru, Mechanism of Salinity Tolerance in Plants: Physiological, Biochemical and Molecular Characterization, Int. J.of Genomics, 14, 2014, 1-18.
[6]. J.J. Dong, P. Kharb, W.M. Teng, and T.C. Hall, Characterization of rice transformed via an Agrobacterium-mediated inflorescence approach, Mol. Breed. 7, 2001, 187-194.
[7]. Y. Hiei, S. Ohta, T. Komari, and T. Kubo, Transformation of rice mediated by Agrobacterium tumefacien, Plant Mol. Biol., 35, 1997, 205-218.

ABSTRACT: In this study we report how do use the Seaweed extract (SWE) obtained from Moroccan macroalgae species Ulva rigida affect salt stress tolerance in wheat plants. Some physiological and biochemical parameter such as, chlorophyll content, carotenoides, total phenolic content and antioxidant enzyme activity of wheat plants (Triticum durum L.) were studied under salt condition at various levels of NaCl (0, 2 and 4 g/l of NaCl). Our result showed that salt stress reduced plant growth and all parameters were affected. The application of SWE enhance vegetative growth in plant with all concentration applied under salt stress condition. Improved leaf pigment (chlorophyll and carotenoid) was observed with all SWE treatment in salt stressed plant compared to control. Also, total phenolic content was increased in wheat plants by SWE treatment under different growth condition and the optimum level was attained with 25% concentration. There was a significant enhancement in Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Ascorbate peroxidase (APX ) activities. These enzymatic activities increased considerably when plants were sprayed with 25% of Ulva rigida extract under salt stress. Our study showed an enhancement of vegetative growth and improvement of total phenolic, carotenoids content and antioxidant enzymatic activity by Ulva rigida extract in stressed wheat plant. It suggest that Seaweed extract SWE of Ulva rigida can improve salt stress tolerance and contributes to protection of wheat plant against oxidative deterioration

[1]. MG. Pitman and A Läuchli.. Global impact of salinity and agricultural ecosystems. In: Salinity: Environment – Plants – Molecules, A. Läuchli and U. Lüttge (Eds.). Kluwer Academic Publishers,Dordrecht. 2002, 3–20.
[2]. R. Munns, and M Tester. (). Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annual Review of Plant Biology. 59, 2008, 651-681.
[3]. G. Tanou, A. Molassiotis and G. Diamantidis. Induction of reactive oxygen species and necrotic death-like destruction in strawberry leaves by salinity. Environ Exp Bot. 65, 2009, (2–3), 270–281
[4]. P. Ahmad, C.A. Jaleel, M.A. Salem, G. Nabi and S. Sharma (2010a). Roles of Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in plants during abiotic stress. Crit Rev Biotechnol . 30(3), 2010, 161–175
[5]. P. Ahmad and S. Umar.Oxidative Stress: Role of Antioxidants in Plants, Studium Press, New Delhi, India. 2011
[6]. R. Munns. Comparative phtsiology of salt and water stress. Plant cell Environ. 25, 2002, 239-250.

ABSTRACT: The present study was conducted to investigate the influence of administration ofGnRH orPGF2α during early postpartum (PP) on uterine involution (UI), postpartum period (PPP), days open (DP) number of services per conception and calving interval (CI) in cross-bred dairy cows. A total of 45 cross-bred dairy cows (4 – 8 years) were recruited to determine the influence of administration of GnRH orPGF2αduring early PP on the above mentioned traits. The cows were divided randomly into three equal groups A, B and C (15 cows each). Group A and B were injected intra muscularly (i.m) withGnRH orPGF2α 200 microgram and 500 microgram respectively on day 21 PP. while cows in group C were employed as untreated control. The result of the current study showed that injection of GnRH or PGF2αthree week post calving had no significant difference on the time taken for UI compared to the control. However, the PPP of cows treated either with GnRH orPGF2αas early as 21 days PP was significantly (P < 0.005) shortened when compared to the control. The number of services per conception was significantly (P < 004) improved for the treated cows as compared to the control.Moreover, the DO and CI were significantly (P < 001) minimized compared to the control. It is concluded that the PP reproductive performance in dairy cows could be managed with injection of GnRH or PGF2αas early as three weeks Reproductive trait, postpartum, GnRH, PGF2α , Dairy cow

[1]. Ahmed F. O. and Elsheikh A. S. (2004). Reproductive performance of cross-bred Sudanese dairy cows treated with GnRH during early postpartum. J. Anim. & Vet. Advances 3(5): 329 – 334.
[2]. Ahmed F. O. and Elsheikh A. S. (2013 a). Uterine bacterial infection during postpartum delays recrudescence of reproductive traits in dairy cow.The journal of American sc. 9 (6): 593 – 598.
[3]. Ahmed F. O. and Elsheikh A. s (2013 b), Intra-uterine infusion of Lugols iodine improves reproductive traits of postpartum infected dairy cows. J. of Agriculture and Veterinary science. 5 (2): 89 – 94.
[4]. Arthur, G.H., Noales, H. Pearson, T and Parkinson, H. (2001).Infertility in the cow In: Vet. Reproduction and Osstetrics, 7th ed. W.B. Saunders, publisher pp: 345 – 385.

ABSTRACT: Land fragmentation is a major problem in most parts of the world as it restricts agricultural development, reduces productivity and opportunities for rural development. Kisii County shows a clear case of land fragmentation due to high population pressure and poverty. This study was conducted with the aim of examining the effect of land fragmentation on agricultural productivity by examining the technical efficiency of households in the area. Primary data was collected using structured questionnaires and analysis done using a Cobb-Douglas production (Stochastic Frontier) function. On factors that influenced land fragmentation, age of the household head, education level of the household head, number of males and females, generations through land has been transferred, amount of output (maize), tillage method, land size, household income, membership to a group and access to extension services were found to be significant at different levels. The technical efficiency was found to be 36.82 with more than half of the households falling below 50%. The quantity of planting fertilizer used, certified seeds and fragmentation index were found to influence the level of technical efficiency.

Key words: Technical efficiency, Land fragmentation, Stochastic frontier.

[1]. Aigner, D., Lovell, C. A. A., & Schmidt, P. (1977). Formulation and estimation of stochastic frontier production function models. journal of Econometrics, 6(1), 21-37.
[2]. Aigner, D.J., and S.F. Chu, (1968).On estimating the industry production function. American Economic Review, 58:826-839.
[3]. Ali, M., andByerlee, D. (1991). Economic efficiency of small farmers in a changing world: A survey of recent evidence. Journal of International Development, l3(1):1-27.
[4]. Battese GE, Coelli TJ (1988) Prediction of Farm-level technical efficiencies: With a generalized frontier production function and panel data. Journal of Econometrics 38:387-399
[5]. Battese, G. E., &Coelli, T. J. (1995). A model for technical inefficiency effects in a stochastic frontier production function for panel data. Empirical economics, 20(2), 325-332.
[6]. Battese, G. E., Coelli, T.J.and Colby, T.C. (1989). Estimation of Frontier Production Functions and the Efficiencies of Indian farms Using Panel Data from ICRISAT's Village Level Studies. Journal of Quantitative Economics, 5: 327–348.

ABSTRACT: Chronic trypanosomosis caused by Trypanosoma evansi is still less studied specially with regards to clinical features and this formed the basis of this study. A total of 35 adult male rabbits were divided randomly viz; G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, G6 and a control comprising of 5 animals each, based on the duration of monthly exposure. Trypanosome-infected rabbits were inoculated intravenously with 105 trypanosomes/ml while the control group received phosphate saline glucose (PSG) via the same route. The protozoan was found in the blood 72 hours,post infection (p.i). All infected rabbits showed different clinical signs which include fever, anorexia, loss of condition, emaciation, pale mucous membrane of eyes, oedema of testicles and in tissues around the anus, blepharitis, oedema of the face and corneal opacities. A significance decrease (P<0.0001) was seen in the body weights of the infected rabbits. The mortality rate was 16.67% (5/30). There was a gradual elevation of rectal temperaturefollowing the development of the parasitemia with a weak but significant inverse correlation (r =− 0.124; p<0.001). Moreover, cytokines such as TNF-α,INF-γ, IL-6, and IL-10 were measured and compared with the level of body weight, rectal temperature and anaemia. Our findings indicated that the clinical markers of Malaysian isolate of T. evansi in chronically infected laboratory animal model was included body weight changes, anaemia, pyrexia, oedema and orchitis and rabbit appears to be a suitable model in studying of T. evansi infection.

Keywords:Trypanosoma evansi, clinical features, cytokines, rabbits, chronic trypanosomosis

[1]. Cox F.E.G., History of human parasitology. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 15(4), 2002, 595-612.
[2]. Desquesnes M., Holzmuller P., Lai D., Dargantes A., Lun Z., Jittaplapong S., Trypanosoma evansi and Surra : A Review and Perspectives on Origin, History, Distribution , Taxonomy , Morphology , Hosts , and Pathogenic Effects. BioMed Research International, 2013 (2013).
[3]. Tonin A., Da Silva A.S., Costa M.M., Otto M., Thomé G.R., Tavares K.S., Miletti L.C., Leal M.R., Lopes S.T., Mazzanti C.M., Monteiro S.G., de La Rue M.L., Diminazene aceturate associated with sodium selenite and vitamin E in the treatment of Trypanosoma evansi infection in rats,Experimental. Parasitology, 128 (3), 2011, 243–9.
[4]. Eberhardt A.T., Monje L.D., Zurvera D., Beldomenico P.M., Detection of Trypanosoma evansi infection in wild capybaras from Argentina using smear microscopy and real-time PCR assays, Veterinary Parasitology, 202 (3), 2014, 226–33.
[5]. Cadioli F.A., Marques L.C., Machado R.Z., Alessi A.C., Aquino L.P.C., Barnabé P.A., Experimental Trypanosoma evansi infection in donkeys: hematological, biochemical and histopathological changes,Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia., 58 (5), 2006, 749–756.

ABSTRACT: The haematological and serum biochemical responses of broilers fed indomie waste-based diets (IWBD) were investigated using one hundred and ninety (180) day-old broiler chicks of Anak strain. The chicks were randomly allotted to the different dietary treatments having graded levels of the IWBD in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Each treatment contained 3 replicates and each replicate had 12 birds. The treatments, T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 contained IWBD at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% respectively as replacement for the maize content in the control diet (T1). At the end of the eight weeks experimental period, 3 blood sample were collected per replicate (9 samples per treatment) for haematological and serum analysis. Significant differences (p<0.05) were observed in haemoglobin (Hb) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) while the values of packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), platelets, mean cell volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), leucocytes, and the heterophil:lymphocyte ratio (H:L) were not significantly different (p>0.05) across the treatments in the haematological parameters examined. The serum biochemical indices did not show any significant differences in all the parameters studies. The values obtained which were within the normal range for healthy birds even where significant differences existed in the haematological values showed that IWBD can be used to replace maize in the diet of broiler chicken up to 100% without any adverse effect on the physiological and health status of the birds.

Keywords: Broilers, haematology, indomie waste meal, serum biochemistry.

[1]. O. Adeola, and O.A. Olukosi. Opportunities and challenges in the use of alternative feedstuffs in poultry production. Nigeria Poultry Science Journal 5 (4), 2008, 147- 155
[2]. O.M. Alabi, and M.O. Ayoola, (2010). Growth response of broiler finisher chickens fed with graded levels of indomie maste Meal as replacement for maize. International Journal of Current Research and Review, 2(8), 2010, 45-53
[3]. O.O. Eniolorunda, B.B.A. Taiwo, O.O. Oyewumi and O.A. Adeyemi, Performance of laying hens fed graded levels of indomie waste as replacement for maize in a humid tropical environment. Research Journal of Animal Science. 2(5), 2008, 135-138
[4]. L.A.F. Akinola and P. Ekine, An Assessment of the Performance and Carcass Yield of Broilers Fed Indomie Waste® in the Humid Tropics. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science. 4(1), 2014, 123-126
[5]. F.N. Madubuike and B.U. Ekenyen, Haematology and serum biochemistry chararteristics of grower pigs fed farying dietary levels of Ipomoea asarifolia leaf meal. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 6(6), 2006a, 603-606
[6]. A.Y. Adenkola, J.A. Ayoade, D.R. Babadusi and S.G. Ighorche, Growth performance, carcass and haematological characteristics of rabbit fed graded level of Tiger nuts (Cyperus esculentus). Animal Production Research Advances, 5(2), 2009, 128-133.

ABSTRACT: Experiment on intergeneric hybridization of Heterobranchus longifilis (H. l) and Clarias anguillaris (C. a.) was carried out at the Toxicology unit, Fish Farm, Federal University of Technology (F.U.T.), Minna to determine growth performance and survival of the bred hatchlings. Pure crossing of H. l. (T1), C. a. (T2), intergeneric crosses of male H. l. with female C. a. (T3) and male C. a with female H. l (T4) serve as treatments. Each treatment was replicated three times. Percentage fertilization for T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 16.66 %, 40.00 %, 16.66 % and 40.00 % respectively, Percentage hatchability was 86.00 %, 22.22 %, 80.77 % and 1.64 % for T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. The bred hatchlings were maintained for 8 weeks and result shows that T2 had the highest percentage survival (85.80±12.90a) and differed significantly P (< 0.05) from other treatments while T4 (100.00±00.00a) recorded no survivor and differed significantly P(<0.05) to other treatments in term of percentage mortality. Length-weight relationship shows negative allometric. Weight gain in T2 was (11.22±1.50a) and differed significantly P (<0.05) from other treatments. Heteroclarias (male H.l. crossed with female C. a.) (T3) bred specie had the highest specific growth rate (SGR) 2.85±1.2a and it is therefore recommended for farmers to culture. Keywords: Hybridization, Catfish, Hormone (Ovupin-L) and Induced breeding.

[1]. Adekoya, B. B., Olunuga, O.A., Ayansanwo, T. O., Omoyinmi, G.A.K. (2004). Hand book on Manual of the second annual Fish seminar and training workshop held at Ogun State Agricultural Development Programme (OGADEP), Abeokuta, Published by Fisheries Society of Nigeria (FISON), Ogun state chapter. 19-25pp.
[2]. Adikwu, I.A. (2003). A review of Aquaculture Nutrition in Aquaculture Development in Nigeria. In. proceedings of National workshop on fish feed development and feeding practice in aquaculture organized by FISON in collaboration with NIFFR and FAO National special programme for food security (FAO-NSPFS). Edited by Eyo, A.A. pp 34 - 42.
[3]. De Leeuw, R., Goos, H.J.,Richter, C.J.J. and Eding, E.H. (1985). Pimozide LHRHa Induced breeding of the African catfish. Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822). Aquaculture 44:295-302.
[4]. Goudie, C.A., Scinco, B.A., Davis, K.B. and Parker, N.C. (1992). Reproductive performance of pigmented and Albino female Channel catfish induced to spawn with HCG or Ovaprim. Journal of World Aquaculture Society, 23, (2). 138-
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[6]. Gupta, S. K. and Gupta, P. C. (2013). General and Applied Ichthyology (Fish and Fisheries). Published by S. Chand and Company, PVT. Ltd. Pp.830-831.
[7]. Hecht, T., Saayman, J.E. and Polling, L. (1982). Further observations on the induced spawning of the sharptooth Catfish, Clarias gariepinus ( Clariidae: Pisces). Water South Africa. 8(2) 101-107.

ABSTRACT: Keeping a log of outages in distribution system is very important for the utilities to compute reliability indices and for developing operation and maintenance strategies to improve system performance. An evaluation of outage data gathered by utilities in Kaduna Distribution Company of Power Holding Company of Nigeria PLC for the power distribution system is presented in this paper. Causes of outages are analyzed to determine the most significant causes. Trend in outages in different months of the year is examined. The results show that the environmental factors cause more than 50% of the outages on distribution lines.

Keywords -Power distribution systems, power distribution reliability, Power system reliability analysis.

[1]. R.E. Brown, (2002); Electric Power Distribution Reliability, Marcel Dekker, New York.
[2]. S. Gupta, A. Pahwa, R .E. Brown,and S. Das, "A Fuzzy Model for Overhead Distribution Feeders Failure Rates" Proceedings of the 34th North American Power Symposium, Arizona State University, 2002,248-253.
[3]. Reliability of Electric Utility Distribution System: EPRI…ECOSYNC; EPRI 1000424 (2006).
[4]. C. A. Warren, D. J. Pearson, and M. T. Sheehan, "A nationwide survey of recorded information used for calculating distribution reliability indices," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, volume 18, Issue 2, 2003, 449-453.
[5]. V. G. Werner, D. F. Hall, R. L. Robinson, and C. A. Warren, "Collecting and Categorizing Information Related to Electric Power Distribution Interruption Events. Data Consistency and Categorization for Benchmarking surveys," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery; Volume 21, Issue 1, 2006,480-483.

ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to determine the impact of artificial mating frequency on fertility of adult rabbit does. Twenty seven (27) adult post pubertal fertile does and (3) fertile bulks with an average weight of 2.8kg were randomly assigned to three (3) experimental groups in a Completely Randomized experimental design (CRD) as follows: Treatment A-C indicated increasing levels of daily artificial mating of once a day (treatment A- the control), twice daily (treatment B) and thrice daily (treatment C) artificial mating patterns. The experiment lasted for twelve weeks, during which two parities were obtained. From the results, Conception rate and litter size were significantly affected by the artificial mating pattern (P < 0.05). The highest conception rate and litter size was recorded in Group C (33.33%, 4.5) more than Group B (11.11 and 3.0). No conception rate and litter size was recorded in treatments A. Gestation length was not significantly affected by the artificial mating frequency (P > 0.905).

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[3]. Ajuogu, P. K. (2002). Influence of mating frequency and artificial insemination on fertility in rabbit. M.Sc. Thesis, Rivers State University of Science and Technology Port Harcourt Nigeria. pg. 1 – 26.
[4]. Ajuogu, P. K., Herbert, U. and Okejim, J. A. (2009). The Effect of natural mating frequency and artificial insemination in reproductive parameters in rabbit. Journal of Research in Agriculture. (in print).
[5]. Ajuogu, P. K and Ajayi, F. O. (2010). Breeding responses of rabbits to artificial insemination in the humid tropics. Animal Production Research Advances, 6 (1), 41 – 42.

ABSTRACT: The study examined toxicological influence of crude oil contaminated water on some reproductive hormones of adult rabbits does. Forty (40) adult fertile (does) were randomly assigned to four treatment groups of ten does, designated A, B, C and D respectively in a complete randomized experimental design (CRD). The treatment groups were allocated to four graded levels of crude oil contaminated water as follows: Treatment A (control)- 0.00mls crude oil contaminated water, B - O.O1% crude oil contaminated water, C-O.02% crude oil contaminated water, D-O.03% crude oil contaminated water. From the result, Luteinizing Hormone was significantly affected by the crude oil contaminated water. Treatment A, (0.7) was significantly (P < 0.05) more than treatments B (0.5), C (0.45) and D (0.45) respectively.

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