IOSR-JAVS   Volume-8 ~ Issue-7 ~ JULY-2015

ABSTRACT: Studies were done on the edaphic factors and their effects on the performance of cocoyam in the humid environment of Rivers and Bayelsa States of Nigeria. Fungal incidence in the three zones of Rivers and Bayelsa States namely, coastal plain sands (Igbo and Baen), Warri-SombreicDeltaic plain (Obrikoin and Ahoada) and Meander Belt (Agudama and Kaiama) were studied. The following micro-organisms (fungi) were isolated.From Igbo, Aspergillusniger, Mucorsp, Peniciliumsp, Rhizopusstolonifer, Aspergillusflavus, Sclerotiumrolfsii.Aspergillusniger, Mucorsp, Aspergillusflavus, Penicillumsp, Rhizopusstolonifer, Fusariumsp were isolated from Baen soil. Mucorsp.

[1]. Adebowale, K.O., and Lawal, O.S. (2002b). Effect of annealing and heat moisture conditioning on the physiochemical characteristics of Bambara groundnut Voandzeiasubsterranstarch. Nahrung/Food, 46, 311 – 316.
[2]. FAO. (1984). FAO production year book. (1984, Rome Pp. 115)
[3]. Federal Office of Statistics (1978) Annual Report, Lagos, Nigeria.
[4]. Goenaga, R. and U. Chardon, (1995). Growth, yield and nutrient uptake of taro grown under upland conditions. J.Plant Nutr. 18(5); 1037 – 1048
[5]. Goenaga, R. and P. Hepperly, (1990). Flowering, Pollen and Seed Viability and Artificial Hybridization of TanniasXanthosomaSpp. J. Agric Univ. PR 74(3), July

ABSTRACT: The incidence of Fungi on Post Harvest Cocoyam cultivars in three zones within Rivers and Bayelsa states namely, Coastal Plain Sands (Igbo and Baen), Warri Sombreic Deltaic Plain (Obrikom and Ahoada) and Meander Belt (Agudama and Kaiama) was studied. Four cocoyam cultivars were used for the study namely, Xanthosoma mafaffa (Ede uhie and Ede ocha) cultivars and a(Cocoindia and Ede nwachukwu) cultivars. The following micro-organisms of rot of the roots and corms (Cocoyam Decline Disease) were isolated. From X.mafaffaEde uhie, Mucor sp, Rhizopus stolonifer, Fusarium spand Aspergillus niger.Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus stolonifer, Fusarium spand Aspergillus flavus were isolated from X.mafaffac.v Ede ocha. From C.esculentac.v (Coco India),Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifer and Mucor sp, while Mucor sp, Rhizopus stoloniferand Aspergillus niger were isolated from Colocasia esculentac.v. Ede nwachukwu.Most of the fungi isolated from the corms were present in the soil. Susceptibility of the cocoyam cultivars, X.mafaffa (Ede uhie and Ede ocha) and C.esculenta (Cocoindia and Ede nwachukwu) to the isolates of the corm rot pathogens was tested.

[1]. Adebowale, K.O., and Lawal, O.S. (2002b). Effect of annealing and heat moisture conditioning on the physiochemical characteristics of Bambara groundnut Voandzeia substerran starch. Nahrung/Food, 46, 311 – 316.
[2]. Arene, O. B. and Okpala, E. U. (1981) A Disease of Cocoyam in Nigeria caused by Corticium rolfsil. In: Tropical Root Crops: Research Strategies for the 1980s by Terry; E.R, Oduro, K.A. and F. Caveness (eds). Proc. Of the 1st Triennial Root Crops Symposium of the Intern. Soc. Trop, Root Crops, African Branch, Ibadan, Nigeria.
[3]. Barnett, H.L. (1965). Illustrated Genera of Imperfect fungi. 2nd Edition. Burgess Publishing Co., Minneapolis.
[4]. FAO. (1991). Qualerty Bulletin of Statistics of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Vol. 4).
[5]. Federal Office of Statistics (1978) Annual Report, Lagos, Nigeria.

ABSTRACT: The present study includes detailed observations on the male genitalia of subfamily Zygopinae belonging to six tribes. Out of the six tribes studied, Isorhynchini and Coryssomerini are exceptional in lacking parameres while the remaining four tribes viz., Lobotrachelini, Mecopini, Othippiini and Sphadasmini show the presence of parameral processes. The variations relate to the shape of aedeagus, length of aedeagal and phallobasic apodeme and structure of gastral spiculum. The presence or absence of parameral processes of the phallobase also provides useful demarcative structures.

Keywords: Curculionidae, Genitalia , Phylogenetic , Tribe, Zygopinae

[1]. R. G. Oberprieler, A. E Marvaldi , And R. S Anderson. Weevils, Weevils , Weevils Everywhere ,Zootaxa 1668, 2007,491-520
[2]. D. Kumar . Present Status And Biodiversity Of The Indian Zygopinae ( Curculionidae : Coleoptera ) , 17th Punjab Science Congress , B042, 2014,97
[3]. G.A.K. Marshall . On New Species Of Curculionidae From India (Coleoptera). Ann. Mag, Nat. Hist., (9) 12 , ,1921,281-300.
[4]. G.A.K. Marshall, New Curculionidae Attacking Tree In India. Bull. Ent. Res., 15,1925, 339-344.
[5]. G.A.K. Marshall. On New Oriental Curulionidae. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (10) 2., 1928, 537-557.

ABSTRACT: wo Trichoderma isolates viz., T. harzianum Th4 with fast radial growth, simultaneous lysis and over growth on Sclerotium rolfsii and T. virens Tv5 with slow radial growth over S. rolfsii and subsequent lysis were evaluated for their antagonistic potential in vitro. Volatile metabolites of Tv5 isolate were more effective against S. rolfsii growth (54.6% inhibition) compared to Th4 (16.3% inhibition) while non volatile metabolites of Th4 were more effective against S. rolfsii with 100% growth inhibition at 60 and 80% concentration compared to 69.3% inhibition at 80% concentration of Tv5 culture filtrate.

Key words : Antagonism, Trichoderma, Sclerotium rolfsii, Volatiles, and Non volatiles.

[1]. Dennis C and Webster J 1971a Antagonistic properties of species - group of Trichoderma I Production of Non volatile antibiotics. Transactions of British Mycological Society 57(1): 25-39.
[2]. Dennis C and Webster J 1971b Antagonistic properties of species - group of Trichoderma I Production of Volatile antibiotics. Transactions of British Mycological Society 57(1): 41-48.
[3]. Elad Y, Chet I and Katan I. 1980. Trichoderma harzianum a biocontrol agent effective against Sclerotium rolfsii and Rhizoctonia solani. Phytopathology 70: 119-121.
[4]. Jash S and Pan S 2007. Variability in antagonistic activity and root colonizing behavour of Trichoderma isolates. Journal of Tropical Agriculture 45(1-2): 29-35.
[5]. Nene Y L and Thapliyal P N 1982. Fungicide in Plant Diseases Control, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi; 325p

ABSTRACT: In the present study the leaves of Azadirachta indica was extracted with methanol and evaluated for mosquitocidal effect against Aedes aegypti and Culex quiquefasciatus. The egg hatchability was found to decrease with exposure to different concentrations of methanol leaves extract of Azadirachta indica. The percentage of egg hatchability in methanol leaf extract was 74% in 2.0%,60% in 2.5%,26% in 3.0%,24% in3.5% and 13% in 4.0% respectively in Aedes and 69% in 2.0%, 57% in 2.5%, 23% in 3.0%, 19% in 3.5%, 10% in 4.0% in Culex. The 1,2,3,4,instar larvae and pupae of Aedes aegypti and Culex quiquefasciatus were exposed to 0.1, 0.5,1.0,1.5 and 2.0% methanol extract of Azadirachta indica. The LC50 values of methanol leaf extract for 1,2,3,4 instar larvae and pupae of Aedes aegypti were 0.648ppm, 0.670ppm, 1.104ppm,1.448ppm and2.138ppm respectively.

[1]. Brain , K.R and T.D turner. Phepractical Evaluation of phytopharmaceuticals wright scientchical, British, PP.57-58,1975.
[2]. Cheng , S.S., Chang.S.T., Tsai , K.H., chen , W.J. ,Bioactivity of selected plant essential oils against the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti larvae . Biores. Technol., 89(1):2003,99-102.
[3]. Mendis K, Sina B J, Marchesini P. The neglected burden of Plasmodium . Vivax malaria . Am J Trop Med Hugg., 64,2001,97-106.
[4]. Mittal, P.K., Adak, T. and Sharma, V.P.Bioefficacy of six Neem (Azadirachta indica) products against mosquito larvae, pest Res.J., 7(1),1994,35-38.
[5]. Monizon, R.B., Aluior, J.P., Luczon,L.L. Larvicidal potential of five philippine plants against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciates south east , Asian.J. Trop.Med .Public Health; 25,1994,755-9.

ABSTRACT: Sustainable use of mineral fertilizer by Nigerian farmers has become a serious problem due to ever increasing cost and associated procurement difficulties. Besides this, the use of chemical fertilizers have created a lot of environmental issues thereby rekindling the interest of many researchers in the use of organic materials either in their sole form or combination with less amount of chemically produced materials . It is on this premise that a field experiment was carried out to evaluate the comparative efficacy of cow dung manure (CD) and NPK 20-10-10 in their sole and combined forms as well as their effects on some soil properties.

[1]. Adigun, J. A. (2001). Influence of Intra-Row Spacing and Chemical Weed Control on Growth and Yield of Chilli Pepper in the Nigerian Northen Guinea Savanna. Journal of Horticultural Science 5:67-73
[2]. Adediran, J. A. And Banjoko, V. A. (2003). Comparative Effectiveness of some Compost Fertilizer Formulations for Maize in Nigeria. J. Soil Sci. 13:24-49.
[3]. Adediran,, J. A. , Akande, M. O.,Taiwo, L. B., and Sobulo, R. A. (1999). Comparative Effectiveness of Organic based Fertilizer with Mineral Fertilizer on CropYield. Babalola O.(Ed.).Proceedings of the Soil Science Society of Nigeria Conference, November 21-25, Nigeria pp 91-95.
[4]. Adepetu J. A. And Corey, R. B. (1976). Changes in N and P fractions in Iwo series from Nigeria under Intensive Cultivation.Plant and Soils 46 : 309-316
[5]. Akinrinde E. A. And Obigbesan G. O. (2000). Evaluation of the Fertility Status of Selected Soils for Crop Production in five Ecological Zones of Nigeria.Proceedings of the 26th Annual Conference of Soil Science Society of Nigeria, October 30-November 3, 2000, Ibadan, Nigeria, pp279-288

ABSTRACT: The study analyzed the credit performance for agricultural production by small-scale farmers in North East Arid Zone Development Programme (NEAZDP) in Yobe state, Nigeria. One hundred and eighty (180) NEAZDP loan beneficiaries were randomly selected from nine (9) Local Government Areas of the state. Data were collected using questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The result revealed that the mean age of responded was 36 years and most of the respondents (70%) had primary education and about 83% had less than 30 years of farming experience.

[1]. ADP (1994): Yobe State Agricultural Development Programme Management Report,Pp 26- 38
[2]. Eke,S M. (1997) Nigeria Agricultural and Cooperative Bank policies and sustainable Agricultural Development In: Issues in Sustainable Agricultural Developmentn
[3]. Geological Information Centre (G.I.C) (2006), Quarterly Management Report of the Programme ,North East Arid Zone Development Programme (NEAZDP)10Pp.
[4]. Nura, A. Y. (2000).Credit repayment performance of small scale farmers in Bauchi State.An unpublished M.sc. Thesis,Abubakar Tafawa Balaewa University,Bauchi,68Pp.
[5]. Olanrewaju,B T. (1994). Agricultural credit Availability A case study of Small Farme in Bauchi Local Government Area of Bauchi State, unpublished B.Tech. Thesis, A.T.B.U. Bauchi Nigeria,55Pp.

ABSTRACT: The study analyzed the utilization of mass media by farmers in Ikwere local government area of Rivers state, Nigeria. Specifically, it identified the available mass media in the study area, ascertained the extent of use of these mass media, assessed the perceived effectiveness of mass media and identified constraints militating against the use of mass media. A sample of 180 farmers was obtained using multistage sampling technique. Data were elicited from the farmers using a set of structured questionnaire and were analyzed using percentages, mean statistic and bar chart. Result revealed that television (90.83%), radio (89.17%) and mobile phone (81.00%) constituted the most available mass media in the study area. It also showed that radio (M = 2.38), television (M = 2.10) and mobile phones (M = 2.20) were the utilized mass media in the study area.

[1]. K. Aseno-Okyere and S. Jemaneh. Increasing agricultural productivity and enhancing food security in Africa: new challenges and opportunities, 2012.
[2]. New Partnership for African Development, NEPAD. Agriculture in Africa. Transformation and outlook. NEPAD, South Africa, 2013.
[3]. S.J. Barn. Introduction to mass communication – media literacy and culture. California: Mayfield Publishing Company, 1999.
[4]. M. Irfan, S. Muhammad, G. Ali Khan and M. Asif. Role of mass media in the dissemination of agricultural technologies among farmers. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 2006; 8(3): 417 – 419.
[5]. S. Muhammad, and C. Garforth. Farmers' information exposure and its impact on their adoption behavior. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Science, 1985; 32: 262 – 5.

ABSTRACT: This study determined factors that influence orthodox methods of malaria treatment for enhanced agricultural production among rural households in South-East, Nigeria. The specific objectives were; to describe the socio-economic characteristics of rural households, determine the orthodox methods of malaria treatment employed by respondents and socioeconomic characteristics that influence the use of orthodox methods of malaria treatment. The research was conducted in south-east Nigeria. A sample size of 360 household heads was randomly selected for the study.

[1]. Alade, O.A. & Kuponiyi, F.A. (2010). Perceived health status of rural women in Oyo State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Rural Sociology, 11(2): 78-85.
[2]. Asenso-Okyere, K., Chiang, C., Thangata, P., Andam, K. and Mekonnen, A. D. (2011a).Understanding the interaction between farm labour productivity and health and nutrition: A survey of the evidence. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 3(3): 80-90.
[3]. Asenso-Okyere, K., Chiang, C., Thangata, P., & Andam, K. S. (2011b). Interactions between health and farm-labour productivity. Food policy report 23. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
[4]. Aydin, S., Bozkaya, A. O., Mazicioglu, M., Gemalmaz, A. Ozcakir, A., & Ozturk, A. (2008). What influences herbal medicine use? - Prevalence and related factors. Turk J. Medical Science, 38 (5): 455-463.

ABSTRACT: A preliminary study has been undertaken at CSR&TI Pampore from February-April, 2015 to observe the diversity of Panonychus ulmi overwintering stage(s) on different maintained varieties of mulberry (Goshoerami, KNG, Tr-10, Ichinose and Chinese White). Panonychus ulmi enters into diapause in the wintering months to overcome the unfavorable conditions. The mite egg infestation was observed in all the varieties. Investigation revealed highest egg population among the Bush type varieties followed by Dwarf and least in the Tree type varieties. Goshoerami recorded highest egg population followed by KNG, Ichinose, Tr-10 and least in Chinese White. The egg population with respect to branch position also varies.

Keywords: Mulberry plant, Overwintering stages, egg density, Panonychus ulmi, Bush type.

[1]. Sharma, B. and Sharma, S., Entomological investigations done in India along with a check list of insect pests attacking mulberry plants in the world. In: The University Review (Science), University of Jammu, 1989, 183-193.
[2]. Teotia, R.S. and Sen, S.K., Mulberry diseases in India and their control, Sericologia., 34(1), 1994, 01-08.
[3]. Narayanaswamy, K.C., Geethabai, M. and Raghuraman, R., 1996, Mite pests of mulberry-A Review, Indian Journal of Sericulture, 35(01), 01-08.

ABSTRACT: The study analysed the economic implications of malaria on households in North-Central Nigeria. This was with the view to describe the socio-economic characteristics of the households and estimate the factors that influence the adoption of coping strategies by households in the study area when faced with malaria attack. A multistage sampling technique was used to collect data from 600 households affected with malaria in North-Central Nigeria. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used for the analysis. The socio-economic characteristics of the respondents such as age showed that majority (56.2%) were still within the active age and the mean age was 46.1 years, majority (74.7%) were male and 90.3% were married and 68.0% of them attended one form of education or the other.

[1]. Anonguku, I. Anonguku, L. M. and Lawan, A. U. (2010). Socio-economic characteristics of farmers and level of livestock pilverage in Benue State, Nigerian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Management and Development, 1(1): 189-194.
[2]. Asante, F. A. and Asenso-Okyere, K. (2003). Economic burden of Malaria in Ghana. Pp. 1-120.
[3]. www.google.com
[4]. Federal Ministry of Health Abuja (2006). A Road Map for Impact on Malaria in Nigeria: A 5-Year Strategic Plan: 2006-2010, Abuja: National Malaria Control Programme 36pp.
[5]. Gallup, J. L. and Sachs. J. D. (2001). The Economic Burden of Malaria. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 64(1, 2): 85-96.
[6]. Hanson, K. (2004). Public and private roles in malaria control: the contributions of economic analysis. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 71(2): 168-173.

ABSTRACT: The study was an analysis of the effects of malaria on households' consumption in North-Central Nigeria. This was with the view to determine the effects of malaria shocks on household consumption and the adjustment strategies households adopt to smooth consumption when a member is down with malaria. A multistage sampling technique was used to collect data from 600 houses affected with malaria in North-Central Nigeria. Descriptive statistics and household expenditure models were used for the analysis. Households affected with malaria ate fewer meals per day compared to past days of no malaria illness. It was found that only 39.0% of the households in the study area had three meals per day during the period of malaria attack compared to 61.7% before malaria attack.

[1]. Asfaw, A. and Braun, J. (2004). Is consumption insured against illness? evidence on vulnerability of households to health shocks in rural Ethiopia. Economic Development and Cultural Change 53, 115-129.
[2]. Beegle, K., Weerdt, J. D. and Dercon, S. (2008). Adult mortality and consumption growth in the age of HIV/AIDS. Economic Development and Cultural Change 56, 299-326.
[3]. Besley, T. (1995). Nonmarket institutions for credit and risk sharing in low-income countries. Journal of Economic Perspectives 9 (3), 115-127.
[4]. Cochrane, J. H. (1991). A simple test for consumption insurance. Journal of Political Economy 99 (5), 957-976.
[5]. Dercon, S. and Krishnan, P. (2000). In sickness and in health: Risk sharing within households in rural Ethiopia. Journal of Political Economy 108 (4), 688-727.
[6]. Fafchamps, M., Udry, C. and Czukas, K. (1998). Drought and saving in West Africa: Are livestock a buffer stock? Journal of Development Economics 55 (2), 273-305.

ABSTRACT: The study region is South Bankura, West Bengal, where 79.44% people are directly engaged with agricultural production. Among them 26.86% are tribes. In general observation the nature of farming practice of tribes does not vary much more from non-tribal groups particularly in this geographical location. But yield of production of different crops are not same for tribal and non-tribal farmers. A set of physical and non-physical factors are responsible for this. It is believed that, among all these factors soil management including fertilizer usage is the prime important factor of production.

[1]. Biswas, T.D, "Text Book of Soil Science"
[2]. Mukherjee, S.K, Tata Mc Geaw-Hill Compani. New Delhi.
[3]. Gupta, P.K.,""Soil, Plant,Water and fertilizer Analysis", Agrobios India. Jodhpur, India.
[4]. Gupta, P.K., "Methods in environmental Analysis Water, Soil and Air". Agrobios India. Jodhpur, India.
[5]. Havlin, John L., "Soil fertility and Fertilizers", Tisdale, L. Samuel., PHI Learning Private Ltd, New Delhi.

ABSTRACT: The effect of topical application of Scabicur® and Neem azal® as shampoo on dogs that were naturally infested with ectoparasites were examined for acaricidal and repellent activities. The common ectoparasites collected on the dog hosts were Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Ctenocephalides canis, and Heterodoxus spp. A total of 49 dogs were treated; 28 (57.14%) dogs were treated with Scabicur lotion® while 21 (41.85%) were treated with Neem azal® shampoo products. Results showed that both Scabicur Lotion
(65.31%) and Neem azal® (34.69%) were excellent as shampoo.

[1] Gracia, N.J., Calvete, C., Extrada, R., Castillos, J. A., Peribane, M. A. and Lucientes(2008).
[2] Fleas Parasitizing Domestic Dogs in Spain Vet. Parasitology(151) Feb. 2008: 31, 319.
[3] Ighodalo, E.T., Tanko, J., Gyang, M.D., Nanbol, L.D., Zal, A. (2008).Mange in Guinea pigs(Cavia porcelles): The Scabicur Advantage. Vom Journal of Veterinary science 1(5): 73:-75.
[4] Jain, P.C and Archana, J (2006) Veterinary Entomology and Acarology. First edn (JAYPEE): 257.
[5] Kilonzo, B.S., Ngomuo, A.J., Sabuni, C. A. and Mgode, G.F. (2001).Effects of Azadirachta indica (Neem) Extract on livestock fleas in Morogoro District, Tanzania. Insect Sci Applic 1 (21): 89 92.

ABSTRACT: Ralstonia syzygii is causes Sumatra disease of clove plants. The existence of this pathogen has been reported there in several areas, but has not been much research report related to this issue. The aim of this study was to characterize isolates of R. syzygii isolated from clove plant in East Java. Bacteria that can be isolated from the clove plant tested morphological, physiological, hypersensitivity, and patogenesitas. Test result showed that bacteria growing on NA medium thin and clear like dew drops, form round colonies, the size of 1mm or less, convex, and not slimy.

[1] E. Tjahjono, Penanganan Serangan Penyakit Bakteri Pseudomonas Syzygii, Pembuluh Kayu Cengkeh Di Jawa Timur, Dinamika Perkebunan, Kolom, May 2013, 24-25.
[2] S.J. Roberts, S.J. Eden-Green, P. Jones, And D.J. Ambler, Pseudomonas Syzygii Sp. Nov., The Cause Of Sumatera Disease Of Cloves, Systematic And Applied Microbiology, 13, 1990, 34-43.
[3] M. Vaneechoutte, Kampfer, T. De Baere, E. Falsen, And G. Verschraegen, Wautersia Gen. Nov., A Novel Genus Accommodating The Phylogenetic Lineage Including Ralstonia Eutropha And Related Species, And Proposal Of Ralstonia [Pseudomonas] Syzygii (Roberts Et Al. 1990) Comb. Nov., International Journal Of Systematic And Evolutionary Microbiology 54, 317-327. Abis Encyclopedia. Http://Www.Tgw1916.Net/Pseudomonas/Syzygii.Html. Okt, 21, 2013.

ABSTRACT: The study focused on the effect of micro- credit on income level and poverty status of Women in Edo State, Nigeria. It specifically examined the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, evaluated the perceived effect of micro credit on the income level and poverty status of the respondents and identified the constraints in accessing micro credit loan. Data for the study were collected using a well structured questionnaire administered to 90 randomly selected recipients of micro credit in the study area. Data analysis was done using descriptive and inferential statistics.

[1]. Anyanwu, C.M. (2004). "Micro finance institutions in Nigeria: policy, practice and Potentials" Paper presented at the G24 workshop on constrictions to growth in sub Sahara, Africa, Pretoria, South Africa, November.
[2]. Fasanya, I.O., and Onakoya, A.O. (2012) Micro Credit As A Tool For Poverty Alleviation In Ogun State, Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa 14 (8):1-14
[3]. Ilavbarhe, K. O. and P. B. Imoudu, (2013) "An Assessment of the Effect of Micro Credit on Poverty Status of Rural Crop Farmers in Edo State, Nigeria. International Organization of Scientific Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 18(1) 40 – 45
[4]. Imoudu, P. B. (1998) "A Review of Micro Credit Structure and Administration in Ondo State, Nigeria", A Paper Presented at a Workshop on Micro Credit as an Economic Empowerment for NGO‟s and SME‟s. Sponsored by UNDP and Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Akure, Ondo State, 28th May.
[5]. Latifee, H.I. (2003). Micro credit and Poverty Reduction. In International Conference on Poverty Reduction through Micro credit. Taksim-Istanbul.