IOSR-JAVS   Volume-9 ~ Issue-4 ~ APRIL-2016

ABSTRACT: The aims of the study is to identify the inhibition of clover leaf oils fraction to the grow of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Foc) and determines the Lethal Concentration 50% (LC50) Foc of clove leaf oil. Experiment was done through in vitro methods. Research was initiated by purification of cloves leaf oil, fractionation using vacuum distillation and in vitro test.....

Keywords: Cloves leaf oil, Foc, in vitro test and

[1]. Sunarto, Solichatun, S. Listyawati, N. Etikawati, A. Susilowati, Aktivitas Antifungal Ekstrak Kasar Daun dan Bunga Cengkeh (Syzigium aromaticum L.) Pada Pertumbuhan Cendawan Perusak Kayu. Jurnal BioSMART 1 (2), 1999, 20-27.
[2]. Juniawan, Uji Efektivitas Beberapa Tumbuhan Lokal Pulau Lombok Sebagai Bahan Fungisida Nabati Untuk Pengendalian Jamur Tular Tanah (Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani dan Sclerotium rolfsii). Tesis. Program Pascasarjana Universitas Mataram. Mataram, 2008.
[3]. R. Harni,R., W. Amaria, Supriadi, Keefektifan Beberapa Formula Fungisida Nabati Eugenol dan Sitronella terhadap Phytophthora palmivora asal Kakao. Buletin RISTI 4(1): 2013, 11-18.
[4]. IR. Sastrahidayat, Fitopatologi (UB Press, Malang, 2013).
[5]. RH. Stover, Fusarial wilt (Panama Disease) of bananas and other Musa species. Fusarial wilt (Panama disease) of bananas and other Musa species (1962).

ABSTRACT: Tow field trials were carried out at Siwa station DRC, during two growing summer seasons ( 2012and 2013) to evaluate the variation and mean performance of seven selected genotypes of sorghum i.e. (ICSV93046,ICSR93034,S35, CSV745, JJ1041andCSV15) obtained from ICBA, and local variety hybrid 102, under salinity soil condition and water irrigation system( 4500 ppm).Selection of the proper germoplasm, integrated soil and water management were essential....

Keyword: performance, yield and its attributes, salinity, sorghum genotype

[1]. Azhar F.M. and T. McNeilly. (1988).The genetic basis of variation for salt tolerance in (Sorghum bilcolor (L.) Moench) seedlings. Plant Breed., 101:114-121
[2]. Azhar F.M. and T. McNeilly (1989) The response of four sorghum accessions/cultivars to salinity during whole plant development. J. Agron & Crop Sci. 163: 33- 43.
[3]. Desclaux, D., Huynh, T. T. and Roumet, P. (2000). Identification of sorghum Plant Characteristics that Indicate the Timing of Drought Stress. Crop Sci., 40: 716-722.
[4]. Deway, D.R. and K.H. Lu. (1959). A correlation and path coefficient analysis of components of crested wheat grass seed production. Agron. J. (51) 515 – 518.
[5]. Ezeaku, I.E. and S.G. Mohammed. (2006). Character association and path analysis in grain sorghum. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 5 (14): 1337-1340.

ABSTRACT: Due to high cost and unavailability of commercial mimosa in some parts of Kenya, there is a continued research on discovering cheap and locally available tanning agents for use in leather production. The quality of leathers produced using various vegetable tanning materials from plants locally growing in Laikipia County was evaluated and compared with standard mimosa produced leathers. The leathers were produced using vegetable tanning materials from Acacia nilotica, Acacia xanthophloea and Hagenia abyssinica plants and standard mimosa......

Keyword: Tanning, Flexes, Shrinkage, Tearing, Tensile

[1] Mehmet, M. M., Arife, A. Z., Marian, C., Stelian, S. M., Viorica, D., luminita, A., Gurbuz, G.,Behzat, O. B and Bahri, B (2012). Eco-leather: Chromium-free Leather Production Using Titanium, Oligomeric Melamine- Formaldehyde Resin, and Resorcinol Tanning Agents and the Properties of the Resulting Leathers. Ekoloji 21, 82, 17-25 doi: 10.5053/ekoloji.2011.823
[2] Ork N, Huja O, Mehemet H, Ziymet O (2014). Comparative determination of physical and fastness properties of garment leathers tanned with various tanning materials for the leather skirt production.Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon 24 (4) 413-418
[3] Ann, L. (2002).Conservation Experience in Working with Chrome Tanned Leather. The Book and Paper Group Annual 21: 99-103
[4] Mahdi, H., Palmina, K., Gurshi, A and Covington, D (2009). Potential of vegetable tanning materials and basic aluminum sulphate in Sudanese leather industry. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology,4(1) 20 - 31
[5] Koloka, O and Moreki, J. C. (2011) Tanning hides and skins using vegetable tanning agents in Hukuntsi sub-district, Botswana. Journal of Agricultural Technology.7(4): 915-922

ABSTRACT: An experiment was conducted at Animal Nutrition Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh to observe the effect of different diameters of pellet diet on the performance of Black Bengal goat. Three diameter of a compound pellet diet such as D10, D8 and D6 (D10-10mm, D8-8mm and D6-6mm) were prepared according to NRC (1981) nutrient requirement and fed to goats of three groups. Insignificantly highest weight gain was observed in D10. Total Dry matter intake (kg),........

Keywords : Goats, performance, digestibility, compound pellet, pellet diameter

[1]. M. E. Barkley, K. Knoll, L. F. Kime and J. K. Harper, Meat Goat Production. Penn State Extension, The Pennsylvania State University, 2012.
[2]. S. S. Husain, A Study on the productive performance and genetic potentials of Black Bengal Goats. PhD Dissertation, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics. Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh, 1993, 163-165.
[3]. S. K. Reddy and M. R. Reddy, Utilization of wheat straw/berseem hay and poultry droppings in the development of complete feeds for crossbred bulls. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 59, 1989, 981-985.
[4]. D. D. Sharma and K. K. Singhal, Efficiency of complete feeding system in ruminants. Proceedings of 5th Animal Nutrition Research Workers' Conference on "Crop residues as livestock feeds: factors limiting their utilization with special reference to anti-quality factors and their amelioration" held at M. L. Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India, July 14-17, 1986, 166-175.
[5]. D. N. Reddy and M. R. Reddy, Complete rations for sheep utilizing crop residues and agro-industrial by-products. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 51, 1981, 455-457.

ABSTRACT: Productivity index ofEtawah crossbred does at lowland (<400 mabove sea level/ASL), middle land (400-700m-ASL) and highland (>700m-ASL) in the Regency of Lumajang, East Java, Indonesia was evaluated by measuring the litter size, weaning weight, kidding interval and mortality of pre-weaning kid. This study was conducted in the district of Lumajang.Materials used in this study were 180 does of Etawah crossbred and the 323 kids owned by the Farmer.....

Keyword: Altitude, liter size, weaning weight, kidding interval, does productivity index

[1]. Amir P and HC Knipscheer. 1989. Conducting On-Farm Animal Research: Procedures and Economic Analysis. Winrock International Institute. Agric. Dev. and Int. Dev. Res. Centre.Singapore National Printers Ltd., Singapore.
[2]. Barillet F. 2007. Genetic improvement for dairyproduction in sheep and goats..Small Rum. Res.70:60–75.
[3]. Bradford, G.E., I. Inounu, L.C. Iniguez, B.Tiesnamurti, and D.L. Thomas. 1991.The prolificacy gene of Javanesesheep. p. 67-73. In J.M. Elsen, L. Bodin,and J. Thimonier (Ed.). Major Gene forReproduction in Sheep. 2nd Inter-national Workshop, Toulouse, France,16-18 July 1990. Institute National DeLa Recherche Agronomique, Paris,France.
[4]. Devendra,C and M .Burns .1983.Goat Production in the Tropics. Commenwealth Agricultural Bureaux,London
[5]. Devendra, C dan M. Burns. 1994. Goat Production in the Tropics.Translated by IDKPutera. Publisher Bandung Institute of Technology and the University of Udayana.

ABSTRACT: Subclinical mastitis (SCM) could only be diagnosed by laboratory examination since it is bereft of any gross inflammatory changes. Treatment of SCM in dairy cows plays a major role in dairy industry. Researchers have tried antibiotics/antibacterials either alone or with supportive therapy. Among the supportive treatment adopted, Vitamin E and selenium tops the list. The present study is taken up to evaluate the efficacy of organic and inorganic selenium with/without Enrofloxacin, in the treatment of SCM.......

Keyword: Bovinesubclinicalmastitis, Efficacy, Inorganic, Organic, selenium.

[1]. Wilson, D.J., Gonzalez, R.N. and Das, H.H., (1997) Bovine Mastitis Pathogens in New York and effects on Somatic cell count and milk production. J. Dairy Sci., 80 : 2592 – 2598.
[2]. Pitkala, A., Haveri, M., Pyorala, S., Myllys, V. and Honkanen, B. T., (2004) Bovine mastitis in Finland 2001- prevalence, distribution of bacteria, and antimicrobial resistance. J. Dairy Sci., 87: 2433-41.
[3]. Hegde, R., (2011) Ph.D. Thesis " Rapid identification of bacterial pathogens causing subclinical bovine mastitis with special reference to Staphylococcus aureus, E.coli and predominant streptococcal species by molecular methods" submitted to Karnataka Veterianry Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar.
[4]. Narayana, T. and Iya, K.K., (1954). Studies on bovine mastitis.Incidence of mastitis in cows and buffaloes. Ind. J. Dairy. Sci., 6: 169-179.

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of elevation altitude rearing and population on carcass quality of the broilers. The materials used are 27 farm broiler farms with populations ranging from 3000-10000 tail/farm and types of cages open house. The method used is the method of field experiment using split plot design in completely randomized design (CRD). Variables observed and measured slaughter weight, carcass weight, carcass percentage and abdominal fat precentage......

Keyword: Altitude, broilers, carcass quality, population, rearing

[1] Hillman, P. E., N. R. Scot and A. V. Tienhoven, Physiological, responses and adaptations to hot and cold environments. Stress Physiology in Livestock. Volume 3, Pultry. Florida: CRC Pr. hal: 1-71, 2000.
[2] Riley, R. P. and I. Estevez, Effects of density on perching behaviour of broiler chickens, Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 71 : 127-140, 2000.
[3] Soeharsono, Respon Broiler terhadap Berbagai Kondisi Lingkungan, Disertasi, Universitas Negeri Padjadjaran, 1976.
[4] Puspani, E., I. M. Nuriyasa dan DSK. P. M. A. Candrawati, Pengaruh Tingkat Penggantian Ransum Komersial terhadap Komposisi Fisik Karkas Broiler yang Dipelihara pada Ketinggian Tempat (Altitude) yang Berbeda, Majalah Ilmiah Peternakan, Vol 14 No 1, 2011.
[5] Bahari, D. I., Z. Fanani, B. dan A. Nugroho, Analisis struktur biaya dan perbedaan pendapaan usaha ternak ayam ras pedaging pada pola skala usaha ternak yang berbeda di Kota Kendari Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara, J. Ternak Tropika Vol. 13, No.1: 35-46, 2012

ABSTRACT: The presence of trypanosome parasites in ixodidae ticks of cattle naturally infected with trypanosomiasis in semi-extensively managed herd of white Fulani cattle was studied. The ticks were naturally attached to the cattle. Each of the cattle harbours about 120 ticks with one tick marked for this study on each of the following regions;......

Keyword: Amblyomma variegatum, Ixodidae, peri-anal, sternal and trypanosomiasis,

[1]. Stevens JR, Brisse S (2004). Systematics of trypanosomes of medical and veterinary importance. In: The trypanosomiases (Eds. 1. Maudlin, P. H. Holmes and M. A. Miles), CABI publishing, Cambridge, USA, pp. 1-24.
[2]. Ormerod WE (1970). Pathogenesis and pathology of trypanosomiasis in man. In. The African trypanosomiases (Ed. H.W. Mulligan). George Allen and Unwin, pp 587-607.
[3]. Animal Disease Factsheets. (2005). The Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA. Retrieved from http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu.
[4]. Oluwafemi RA, Ilemobade AA, Laseinde EAO (2007). The Impact of African Animal trypanosomosis and tsetse on the livelihood and well being of cattle and their owners in the BICOT study area of Nigeria. Sci. Res. Essay 2(9): 380-383.
[5]. Leach TM (1973). African trypanosomiasis. Adv. Vet. Sci. Comp. Med. 17: 119 - 162.

ABSTRACT: Seven isolates of Trichoderma species were evaluated invitro for biological control activity against a post-harvest rot causing strain of A. niger. Simultaneous pairing and culture filtrate assays were carried out and readings of growth inhibitions taken at 48 hour intervals for 5-9 days. T. hamatum gave the highest growth reduction (57.06%) of A. niger in simultaneous pairing, followed by T. harzianum (51.47%). T. longibrachiatum T2 recorded the least radial growth inhibition of A.......

Keyword: Trichoderma, Culture filtrates, Simultaneous pairing, A. niger, Post-harvest rot

[1] A.M. Benitez, T. Rincón, M.C. Limón, A.C. Codon, Biocontrol mechanisms of Trichodermastrains, International Microbiology, 7, 2004, 1-260.

[2] C. Kucuk and M. Kivanc, Isolation of Trichodermaspp. and Determination of Their Antifungal, Biochemical and physiological Features, Turkish Journal of Biology, 27, 2003, 247, 248.

[3] S. Compant, B. Duffy, J. Nowak, C. Clement, Use of Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria for Biocontrol of plant Diseases: Principles, Mechanisms of Action, and Future Prospects, Journal of Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71, 2005, 4951.

[4] H. Behzad, T. Mousa, RM. Mohammad, D. Mahdi, Biological potential of some Iranian Trichodermaisolates in the control of soil borne plant pathogenic fungi, African Journal of Biotechnology, 7, 2008, 967-972.

[5] K.K. Pal and B.M. Gardener, Biocontrol of Plant Pathogens (Ohio: Apsnet Education Center, 2006)

ABSTRACT: Dry season vegetable production is gaining ground in Akure metropolis. However, there is the dearth of information among the farmers. The study was carried out to investigate the challenges and information needs of the dry season vegetable producers in Akure South and Akure North Local Government areas. Eighty respondents were selected through a multistage sampling technique.......

Keyword: Dry season Vegetable, Farmers, Information Needs, Training, Importance Index, Productivity.

[1]. Adebayo B. A, G.Ndungurua, Peter Mamirob, BamideleAlenkhec, Nicholas Mlingia, MateeteBekundaa (2013). Post-harvest food losses in a maize-based farming system of semi-arid savannah area of Tanzania [2]. Adebayo O.O. and R.G. Adeola (2008).Sources and Uses of Agricultural Credit by Small Scale Farmers in Surulere Local Government Area of Oyo State.Anthropologist, 10(4): 313-314
[3]. Adebo G.M and Ajiboye A.(2014). Comparative Analysis of Poverty Level among Rural and Urban Farmers in Ekiti and OndoStates.Journal of Developing Countries Studies.The International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE). 4 (20):23-27 (USA)
[4]. Adebo G.M and A.B Sekumade (2013).Determinants of career choice of Agricultural profession among youths in Ekiti State, Nigeria.Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development. 5 (11):249-255 (Kenya)
[5]. Adebo G.M and S.O Ewuola (2002). Efeffective Communication- Atool for Adoption of Improved Farm Technologies by Contact Farmers in Ondo State. Annual Conference , Nigeria Society for Animal Production (pp. 396-399). Akure: NSAP.

ABSTRACT: Farmers' fields were surveyed for incidence and severity of various diseases of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) in Benue State in the rainy seasons of 2012 and 2013. Data on farmers' characteristics in four major tomato growing Local Government Areas (LGAs) was collected through semi-structured interview of 40 heads of major tomato growing households, and analyzed by simple percentages.......

Keyword: Benue State, Farmers' Characteristics, Incidence, Severity, Tomato Diseases

[1]. D.C. Maurice, Resources Productivity in Cereal Crops Production Among Fadama Farmers in Adamawa State, Nigeria, Ph.D.Thesis,
[2]. Department of agricultural Economics and Extension, University of Maiduguri, 2007.
[3]. B.C. Anochili, and H.D. Tindall,"Cash Crops",TropicalAgricultural Handbook (Macmillan Publishers, 1986).
[4]. O.S. Inyang, Tomato production in Northern Nigeria, Samaru Agricultural Newsletter, 1966, 176.
[5]. D.S. Hill and J.M. Waller, Pest and Diseases of Tropical Crops (Longman, 2nd Edition, 1999).

ABSTRACT: Aflatoxins (AF) were analyzed in 16 feed ingredient samples fed to Indigenous Chicken collected from Baringo and Kisumu Counties, Kenya. The concentrations of Total Aflatoxins in the samples were determined using direct competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and overall incidence of Total Aflatoxins recorded. According to the results, most of the samples were found contaminated with Total Aflatoxins.......

Keyword: Aflatoxins, Chicken feed ingredients, Indigenous Chicken

[1]. Akande KE, Abubakar MM, Adegbola TA, Bogoro SE (2006). Nutritional and health implications of mycotoxins in animal feeds: a review. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 5: 398-403.
[2]. Alam S, Shah HU, Saleemullah RA (2007). Comparative studies on storage stability of ferrous iron in whole wheat flour and flat bread (naan). International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition, 58: 54-62.
[3]. Anjum MA, Khan SH, Sahota AW, Sardar R (2012). Assessment of aflatoxin B1 in commercial poultry feed and feed ingredients. The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 22: 268-272.
[4]. Azzam, A. H. & Gabal, M. A. 1998. "Aflatoxin and immunity in layer hens." Avian Pathology, 27, 570-777.
[5]. Celik, I., Oguz, H., Demet, O., Donmez, H. H., Boydak, M. & Sur, E. 2000. "Efficacy of polyvinylpolypyrrolidone in reducing the immunotoxicity of aflatoxin in growing broilers." British Poultry Science, 41, 430-439.

ABSTRACT: An experiment was conducted in 2012 and 2013 cropping seasons to determine the combine effect of rice bran and nitrogen fertilizer on soil properties and yield of cassava in Obubra, derived savannah belt of Cross River State, Nigeria. Seven rates of rice bran viz; 0t/ha, 5t/ha, 10t/ha,5t/ha + 10kgN/ha, 5t/ha + 20kgN/ha, 10t/ha + 10kgN/ha and 10t/ha +20kgN/ha were laid out in a randomize complete block design (RCBD) and replicated three times.......

Keyword: Cassava Cutting, Rice Bran, N-Fertilizer, Soil Properties and Yield

[1]. Amanullah, M.M; Vaiyapuri K; Sathyamoothi K and Pazhanivelan S. (2007): Nutrient uptake, tuber yield of cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz) and Soil fertility as influence by organic manures. Journal of Agronomy. 6(1): 183-187.
[2]. Attoe, E. E; Akpan-Idiok, A. U. and Isong, L. E. (2006). Studies on the relationship between organic matter and exchangeable aluminuim in representative soils of Cross-River State. Global Journal. of Agric. Sci. Vol. 5 No. 2: 177-182.
[3]. Bremner, J.M. and Mulvaney C.S. (1989). Total Nitrogen in methods of soil Analysis Part 2. A.L. Page et al.,. American Society of Agronomy, Madison W.Pp595-624.
[4]. Cross River Agricultural Development Project (1992) Review of Cross River Ecological Map.
[5]. Enwezor, W. O.; Usoro E. J; Ayotunde, K. A; Adepeju, A.J; Chude, V.O and Udegbe C.E (eds) (1989); Fertilizer Use and Management Practices for Crops in Nigeria FMANR, Lagos Nigeria 18p.

ABSTRACT: Detection of crop stress is one of the major applications of remote sensing in agriculture. Many types of research have confirmed the ability of remote sensing techniques for detection of pest/disease on cotton. Hence, this research was designed to examine the ability of several vegetation indices to detect mealybug infestations and their effects.......

Keyword: LST, TVDI, LSWI, MSI-1, Mealybug, Severity Index and remote sensing

[1]. K. Boote, J. Jones, J. Mishoe and R. Berger. Coupling pests to crop growth simulators to predict yield reductions [Mathematical models]. Phytopathology (USA). 73(1983, 1581–1587.
[2]. P.K. Aggarwal, N. Kalra, S. Chander and H. Pathak. InfoCrop: a dynamic simulation model for the assessment of crop yields, losses due to pests, and environmental impact of agro-ecosystems in tropical environments. I. Model description. Agricultural systems. 89(1),2006, 1-25.
[3]. R.K. Tanwar, Jeyakumar, P., Monga, D. (2007) Mealybugs and their managemented.New Delhi.<http:// www.ncipm.org.in/mealybugs/Bulletin-Mealybugs%20(English).pdf > (accessed 24.09.13).
[4]. D. Monga, R. Kumar, V. Pal and M. Jat. Mealybug, a new pest of cotton crop in Haryana-a survey. Journal of Insect Science. 22,2009, 100-103.
[5]. K.R. Kranthi, Kranthi, S., Kumar, R., Nagrare, V.S., and Barik, A. (2009) Advances in Cotton IPM. In Technical Bulletin, Central Research Institute for Cotton Research,Nagpur,India .2009, pp. 26

ABSTRACT: Aluminium is one of the major components that are present in soil and it forms complexes with oxygen and silicates. These complexes are stable and rapidly soluble in soil water under low pH conditions. Some microorganisms present in soil have great potential to survive under these acidic conditions. The present study was aimed to check the effect of aluminium toxicity on Bacillus species when their growth media was supplemented with 20mM AlCl3 concentration........

Keyword: Bacillus, Zea mays, Aluminum, chlorophyll, Toxicity

[1]. Sani R K., Copper-induced inhibition of growth of Desulfovibrio desulphuricans G20: Assessment of its toxicity and correlation with those of Zinc and Lead. Appl Environ Microbiol., 2001, 67: 4765-4772.
[2]. Mishra V K and Tripathi B D., Concurrent removal and accumulation of heavy metals by the three aquatic macrophytes. Bioresour. Technology, 2008, 99: 7091-7097.
[3]. Lin S C, Ye G W, Wu J Z, Zheng Y B and Lin W X., Studies on the Comparison of the Chemical Compounds in Lotus Seeds (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) Between "Tai-Kong lotus 36" and "Jian lotus". Strait Pharmaceutical Journal, 2005, 17 (4): 91–93.
[4]. Molas J., Changes of chloroplast ultrastructure and total chlorophyll concentration in cabbage leaves caused by excess of organic Ni II complexes. Environ. Exp. Botany, 2002, 47: 115-126.

ABSTRACT: A field experiment was conducted during spring season of 2012 in the field of Horticulture department – Faculty of Agriculture – University of Baghdad –Abu Ghraib – Baghdad, Iraq to study effect of foliar application with Zinc and Manganese on mean weight of potato tuber, tuber yield per plant and total tuber yield, The experiment was a factorial in randomized complete block design with three replication. Treatments were foliar application.......

Keyword: Potato, Organic, Foliar application, Micronutrients.

[1]. AL -Fadlly, J. T. M..2011. Effects of Organic and Mineral fertilization on growth and Yield of Potato Plants. PhD Dissertation, College of Agric. Univ. of Baghdad.
[2]. AL- Mohammadi, H. Sh. Sharqi. 2005. Effect of Foliar application of Zn and Fe on growth and yield of Sorghum bicolori Moench. Msc. Thesis, College of Agric. Univ. of AL- Anbar University. AL. Farhan, H. N. 2001. Potato Physiology, Awan for information Services, Sanaa, Yemen.
[3]. lloway, B. J., 2004. Zinc in soil and crop nutrition International Zinc Association (IZA). www. Zincworld. Org.
[4]. Black, C. A. 1965. Methods of soil analysis. Am. Soc. Agron. No. 9, part 1. Madison, Wisconsin, USA
[5]. Central Bureau of Statistics. 2009. the annual Statistical Symposium, Ministry of Planning, Republic of Iraq.