iosr-JDMS   Volume-14 ~ Issue-10 ~ October-2015

Abstract: Strongyloidiasis is a helminthic infection caused by Strongyloidis stercoralis .The most commonly affected population is the rural population residing in the tropical and sub-tropical climate. Strongyloidiasis may present clinically with typical features but often may be atypical in their presentation and pose a diagnostic challenge for the clinician. We here report a case of a 52 year old male patient admitted in Department of Medicine with a history of weight loss, dyspepsia and with a first degree family history of gastric malignancy

[1]. Naves, M.M, Kosta-Cruz JM, High Prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis infection among the elderly in Brazil. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. 2013; 55 {5}:309-313
[2]. WHO. Neglected tropical diseases. Available from http://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/diseases/strongyloidiasis/en
[3]. Peter FW, Thomas BN. Intestinal Nematode infections. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (18th edition, vol 1). Mc Graw Hill,2012
[4]. Norman RS. This wormy world. J Parasitol. Vol 85 (Jun., 1999), pp. 392-396. Publisher by Allen Press on behalf of The American Society of Parasitologist [5]. Swapna K, Munesh S et al. Intestinal parasitic infection-intensity, prevalence and associated risk factors, a study in the general population from the Uttarakhand hills. Int J Med Public Health 2014;4:422-5 [6]. Mani RK, Sardana R. Respiratory failure, coma and cutaneous lesions due to disseminated strongyloidiasis. Indian J Crit Care Med 2003;7:132-6

Abstract: Background: A reliable & safe method of mid trimester pregnancy termination is very essential. Present study was undertaken to compare the efficacy of prostaglandin E2 gel and Ethacridine lactate in induction of second trimester pregnancy termination. Methodology: 25 patients were subjected to termination of pregnancy by extra-amniotic instillation of 0.1% ethacridine lactate and 25 patients to intracervical PGE2 gel application. All were admitted to hospital and evaluated for fitness by detailed history taking, general physical examination and systemic examination.

[1]. Park's Text book of Preventive and Social Medicine 15th ed. "Demography and Family Planning" pp 315.
[2]. Alwani M. C., Gogte G.S. and Purendare N.V. Termination of second trimester pregnancy: Journal of Obst. & Gyn. of India Vol. 25, 180 Feb. – Dec., 1975.
[3]. TeLinde's Operative Gynaecology. 8th Edition 1996, Management of abortion, 477 – 97.
[4]. Magne V., Bichile Lalita. PGs use (PGE2 gel + inj. PGF2 alpha) for second trimester termination of pregnancy HX1/ 30/ M/ 4 Abstracts of free communication papers and posters 42nd All India Congress of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hyderabad, Dec. 28 – 30, 1998.
[5]. Gupta S., Bhatra R., Smriti K. Singh. A study on the role of PGE2 gel in first and second trimester abortions. Journal of Obst. & Gyn. India 49, 60-66, Feb. 1999.
[6]. Anjaneyulu R., Dani P.S. Extra-amniotic injection of ethacridine lactate for termination of pregnancy in 2nd trimester: Journal of Obst. & Gyn. of India Vol. 27, No. 1, Feb., 1977 page 30.

Abstract: Turnaround time (TAT) is commonly defined as the time from when a test is ordered until the result is reported which includes the pre- analytical, analytical and post-analytical time. Increased attention to patient's needs is demonstrated by efforts to improve the quality of the entire service provided, e. g reduction of laboratory turnaround time (TAT). The availability of the results from a laboratory in defined time increases the patient's satisfaction and also proves the clinician's efficiency. A total of 300 samples were taken for analysis of TAT, out of which 150 were from outdoor patients and 150 from indoor patients. The contribution of the analytical time to the total turnaround time was found to be less than the contribution of pre and post-analytical time in both OPD and IPD patients.

[1]. Hilborne LH, Oye RK, McArdle JE, et al. Evaluation of stat and routine turnaround times as a component of laboratory quality. Am J Clin Pathol. 1989 ; 91: 331-335.
[2]. Howanitz PJ, Cembrowski GS, Steindel SJ, et al. Physician goals and laboratory test turnaround times. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1993 ; 22-28.
[3]. Steindel SJ, Jones BA, Howanitz PJ. Timelineness of automated routine laboratory tests: a College of American Pathologists Q-Probes study of 653 institutions. Clin Chim Acta. 1996 ; 251: 25-40.
[4]. Kenagy JW, Berwick DM, Shone MF. Service quality in health care. JAMA. 1999 ; 281: 661-665.
[5]. Lundberg GD. Acting on significant laboratory results. JAMA. 1981; 245: 1762-1763. doi: 10.1001/ jama.245.21.2212.

Abstract: The prevalence of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is increasing worldwide.Diabetes mellitus has long term effects leading to damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs especially the eyes, kidneys, heart and blood vessels.In a patient of diabetes, the presence of persistantmicroalbuminuria is usually the first sign of diabetic nephropathy.The overall prevalence of microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria is around 30-35 % in Type 1 Diabetes[1]. The diabetic sibling of a patient with Type 1 diabetes and nephropathy has a 72% cumulative risk of developing renal disease, whereas the diabetic sibling of a person with Type 1 Diabetes but without nephropathy has only a 25% risk [2].

[1]. Williams ME, Stanton RC. Management of Diabetic Kidney Disease. Joslin's diabetes mellitus. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
[2]. Quinn M, Angelico MC, Warram JH et al. Familial factors determine the development of Diabetic Nephropathy in patients with IDDM. Diabetologia 1996; 39; 940-945.
[3]. The DCCT research group. Clustering of long term complications in families with diabetes in the diabetes control & complications trial. Diabetes 46; 1829-1839; 1997.
[4]. Harjutsalo J, Katoh S, Sarti C et al. Population based assessment of familial clustering of Diabetic Nephropathy in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 53, 2448-2454; 2004.
[5]. Jenkins AJ, Lyons TJ, et al. Serum Lipoproteins in the Diabetes control & complications trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes intervention & complications cohort: association with gender &glycemia. Diabeter care, Mar2003, 26: 810-818.
[6]. Molitch ME, Demetra Rupp, Carnethon M. Higher levels of HDL cholesterol are associated with decreased likelihood of albuminuria in patients with long standing type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 29, no.1, jan2006, 78-82.

Abstract: Objectives: To determine the prevalence of common ocular morbidities and their demographic correlates. Study Design And Setting: Descriptive cross sectional study done in Schools of Ajmer city. Study Period: October 2012 to September 2013. Results: A total of 2754 students were subjected to eye check up, where a total of10-18 years age group with(M:F ratio=0.97:1.Ocular morbidity was detected in 440(15.98%) and 5%students had more than one ocular disorders. among males were 40.23% while females constituted 59.77%. According to age, ocular morbidity were significantly more(50.5%) in 13 to 15 years of age group (P=0.023S)and in females .(P<0.05S) Out of 2754 students 381 had refractive error, the most common ocular morbidity which accounted to 13.83% while of 440 students of total ocular morbidity it contributed to 86.59% followed by conjunctival mole (3.86%) then conjunctivitis (3.4%)

[1]. World Health Organization (1999) Report of WHO/IAPB scientific meeting, Hyderabad, India 13– 17, April. Childhood Blindness Prevention. WHO/PBL/87 3. Murthy GVS.
[2]. Sharma PM :School eye health – much more than vision screening. School health in India, e-magazine from SHARP NGO. 2008;Vol. 10, Jul.-sept.
[3]. Park K. Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine. Banarasidas Bhanot Publications. 2007;19th Edition.337-338.
[4]. Desai S, Desai R, Desai NC, Lohiya S, BhargavaG, Kumar K; School eye health appraisal. Indian J Ophthalmol., 1989; 37: 173–175.
[5]. Shrestha RK, Joshi MR, Ghising R, Pradhan P, Shakya S, RizyalA : Ocular morbidity among children studying in private schools of Kathmandu valley : A prospective cross sectional study. Nepal Med Coll J 2006 Mar;8 (1) : 43-46.
[6]. Singh Harpal: Pattern of ocular morbidity in school children in central India. National Journal ofCommunity Medicine. Oct-Dec.2011; vol. 2, issue 3 :429-431.

Abstract: Introduction: Viral hepatitis is a common disease in India and it occurs in epidemic and endemic forms. The variability in the nature of the disease regarding its onset, presenting symptoms, clinical course and the development of complications in hepatitis is an important aspect which requires attention from time to time. Present study describes clinical profile of viral hepatitis from a rural tertiary care centre in Maharashtra. Methods: It is a descriptive observational study. Study duration was from Feb 2000 to Oct 2001. 100 diagnosed cases of viral hepatitis were included in the study. The clinical profile was described with details regarding age, sex wise distribution, incidence of presenting symptoms and physical signs, month wise distribution of cases, HBsAg positivity in cases, biochemical investigation results including serum bilirubin levels.

[1]. World Health Organisation. Bulletin, 66 (4): 1988, 443-445
[2]. Sharma RS, Datta KK, Datta M. Field trial on village level surveillance of epidemic prone diseases and its evaluation. Swasth Hind, 1987, 31: 301 – 303 and 319
[3]. Indrani Khandelwal, Prasad SP. Jyothsna S, Pal SR. Etiological Spectrum of acute sporadic viral hepatitis amongsts adults in Chandigarh. Indian J. Med Res. 1990; 91:91-93.
[4]. Khuroo MS. Study of an epidemic of non-A, non-B hepatitis. Possibility of another human hepatitis virus distinct from post-transfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis. Am J Med 1980; 68: 818-24.
[5]. Sreenivasan MA, Sehgal A, Prasad SR, Dhorje S. A seroepidemiological study of water borne epidemic of viral hepatitis in Kolhapur city. J. Hyg., Camb. (1984), 93, 113-122.

Abstract: The present retrospective study was carried out at JIIU's Indian Institute of Medical Science and Research, a tertiary care teaching Hospital in Warudi, Jalna, a rural area in Marathwada region of Maharashtra. The study was designed for a period of two years, three months,between June 2013 to August 2015. Medical reports of the donors were accessed from the Hospital records and analyzed. A total of 1173 blood donations were accepted during the period on voluntary donation basis through blood donation camps and from the blood donations in blood bank; HBV, HCV and HIV were tested by ELISA methods approved by NACO in voluntary as well as replacement blood donors. RPR was carried out for screening of syphilis. On screening the blood for TTIs,47 (4%) donors (44 males & 3 females) were found positive for one of the TTIs. Amongst the TTIs Positive cases, highest prevalence was for HBV (26 cases, 55.32 %) followed by HCV (13 cases, 27.66%), HIV (6 cases, 12.76%) and syphilis (2cases, 4.25%). None of the donor was found positive for malaria. Blood transfusion is still one of the main sources of transmission of infections in our region of Marathwada, a rural region of India.

Keywords: HIV, HBV, HCV, Syphilis,TTIs

[1]. Seroprevalence and Trends in Transfusion Transmitted Infections Among Blood Donors in a University Hospital Blood Bank: A 5 Year Study: P. Pallavi, C.K. Ganesh, K. Jayashree, G.V. Manjunath: Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus (Jan-Mar 2011) 27(1):1-6
[2]. Wake D J and Cutting W.A. Blood transfusion in developing countries, problems, priorities and practicalities, Trop Doct. 1998:28;4-8.
[3]. Nancy Singh. NAT: Safe Blood, Safe India. Available from http://www.expresshealthcare.in/200810/knowledge02.shtml [Last accessed on 2011 Dec 09].
[4]. Zafar N. A survey of blood transfusion practices. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2000;10:90-2.
[5]. Isbister JP. Risk Management in transfusion medicine. Transfus Med 1996;10:90-2.
[6]. Grgicevic D, Balija M, Pirc-Tiljak D, Mihaljevic I, GjeneroMargan I, Zupanic-Salek S. Decreasing riskl of viral transfusion-transmitted diseases in Croatia. Croat Med J 2000;41:191-6.

Abstract: Literacy is the key for the growth of self aiding in gaining knowledge and job opportunity; in the context of the nation it is social and economic development. Education includes literacy and social objectives impeded along with in. The understanding varies among persons and socio-cultural background. Material and methods: Data from SSA from DDPI office, Shimoga was taken and analyzed. Results:Unspecified reasons outstand the causes for school dropouts, House work being the next common cause and the least is fear of teachers and street/Rag picking work by child. The SSA schemes, other Government policies for the improvement of education and decreasing the dropouts of children from school have done major impact in reducing the school dropouts of children. Though the policies cannot address minor problems, those can be solved with the district administration with available resources.

Key words: SSA-Sarvashikshana Abhiyana, DDPI: Deputy Director of Public Instructions.

[1]. Uma rani.R, Reasons for rising school dropout rates of rural girls in India-An analysis using soft computing approach; International Journal of Current Research, vol 3, Iss,9,pp140-143, August 2011.
[2]. H.R.D. Report School Drop-out Rate continues to be alarming: HRD report, The Hindustan Times, NewDelhi, 2009, 3rd May.
[3]. Wingard, D.L.Am.J.Epid. 1982 116[1]:765
[4]. Anupreet S. Education Department clueless on Dropout rate, Indian Express, 2009, 30th July.
[5]. Express News Service. 32 lakh kids do not go to school, Indian Express, 1998, 15th May.
[6]. Suresh R and B.C Mylarappa, Literacy and Education system in Karnataka State. Journal of continuing education and professional development, 2013, 1:1-14.

Abstract: These two case reports present a relatively uncommon clinical case of mandibular first premolar with one root and three root canals. The buccal canal divides in coronal one third region, rather apical. Lingual canal which is unusual finding was broad, easy to locate and treat than two buccal canals which were difficult to prepare & obturate especially third buccolingual canal.

Keywords: First Premolar ,Single Root, Three Canals

[1]. Gluseppe Cantratore, Elio Berutt, Arnaldo Castellucc. Missed anatomy frequency and clinical impact. Endod Topics 2009; 15:3-31.
[2]. Harty's Endodontics in clinical practice, Fourth Edition: 16-17.
[3]. Franklin S. Weine. Endodontic Therapy, Sixth Edition: 126-27.
[4]. Pinech F, Kutller Y. Mesiodistal and buccolingual roentgenographic investigation of 7275 root canals. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1972; 33:101-110.
[5]. Green D. Double canals in single roots. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1973; 35:689-96.
[6]. Zillich R Dawson. Root canal morphology of mandibular first and second premolars. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1973; 36:738-44.
[7]. Saeed Rahim, Shabriar Shahi et al. Root canal configuration of mandibular first and second premolar in an Iranian population. JODDD 2007; 1(2):59-64.

Abstract: The alarming increase in the frequency of MBLs presents an emerging threat of complete resistance to all therapeutic drugs in practice, leaving the potentially toxic polymyxin B and colistin as the only options among antibiotics.The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of MBL producing strains among Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species in our hospital setting and to evaluate the various phenotypic methods for detection of Metallo beta-lactamases. All clinical samples were cultured on blood agar and Mac Conkey's agar and the Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas species were identified by standard bacteriological techniques.

[1]. Watanabe S, Iyobe S, Inoue M, Mitsuhashi S. Transferable imepenem resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1991; 35:147-51.
[2]. Navon-Venezia, S., Ben-Ami, R. & Carmeli, Y. Update on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii infections in the healthcare setting. Current Opinion Infectious Diseases. 2005. 18. 306–313.
[3]. Govan JRW, Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, Burkholderia,In: College JG, Fraser AC, Marmion BP, Simmons A, editors Mackie & McCartney practical medical microbiology. 14th ed. New York, London. Churchill livingstone; 1996. 413-24.
[4]. R. Uma Karthika, R. Srinivasa Rao, Suchismita Sahoo, P. Shashikala, Reba Kanungo, S. Jayachandran and K. Prashanth. Phenotypic and genotypic assays for detecting the prevalence of metallo-b-lactamases in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii from a South Indian tertiary care hospital. Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2009. 58. 430–435

Abstract: 21 year old female presented to the surgery department with the complains of swelling over the chin for the past 1 year. Initially the swelling was 1*1 cm and it progressed to the present size 3*1 cm. Patient was subjected to fine needle aspiration cytology, since the report was not conclusive excision biopsy was done and sent for histopathological examination which revealed a picture of intramuscular lipoma. The Intramuscular lipoma of the chin is a uncommon presentation. Recurrence is common when adequate clearance is not achieved. Key Words: Lipoma, Intramuscular lipoma.

[1]. S.N.SanthoshKumar, NandhiniSankaran, RameshwarSakharamDolas, Manju Singh, Sudhanshu Joshi- Infiltrating lipoma of the chin: Report of a rare case DOI: 10.4103/2348-2915.133952
[2]. Ersozlu S, Ozgur AF, Tandogan RH: Lipoma of the index finger.DermatolSurg 2007, 33:382384.
[3]. Christopher D, Unni K, Mertens F: Adipocytic tumors. WHO Classification of tumors. Pathology and genetics: tumors of soft tissue and bone. Lyon, France: IARC; 2002:19-46
[4]. Regan JM, Bickel WH, Broders AC: Infiltrating lipomas of the extremities.SurgGynecolObstet 1946, 54:87
[5]. Salvatore C, Antonio B, Del Vecchio W, Lanza A, Tartaro G, Giuseppe C. Giant infiltrating lipoma of the face: CT and MR imaging findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2003;24:283-6

Abstract: Aim: To study the clinical presentation, the etiology, management and outcome of Non-Neonatal intestinal obstruction in children over a period of 3 years in our department and review of relevant literature. Materials and methods: It is a retrospective study of 100 children with age group of above one month to 12years of age with intestinal obstruction were managed from June 2007 to June 2010 at our department of pediatric surgery. The hospital records were retrieved and analyzed.

[1]. Gangopadhyay AN, Wardhan H. Intestinal obstruction in children in India. Pediatr Surg Int. 1989;4:84-7.
[2]. Shalkow J. [Internet] Pediatric Small-Bowel Obstruction. Available from www.emedicine.medscape.com/article/93 0411-overview. Updated 61-02-2012, cited 11-01-2013.
[3]. Shiekh KA, Baba AA, Ahmad SM, Shera AH, Patnaik R, Sherwani AY. Mechanical small bowel obstruction in children at a tertiary care centre in Kashmir. Afr J Paediatr Surg. 2010;7:81-5.
[4]. Ogundoyin OO, Afolabi AO, Ogunlana DI, Lawal TA, Yifieyeh AC. Pattern and outcome of childhood intestinal obstruction in tertiary hospital in Nigeria. Afr J Health Sci. 2009;9:170-3.
[5]. Ghritlaharey RK, Budhwani KS, Shrivastava DK. Exploratory laparotomy for acute intestinal conditions in children: A review of10 years of experience with 334 cases. Afr J Paediatr Surg. 2011;8:62-9.
[6]. Uba AF, Edino ST, Yakuba AA, Sheshe AA. Childhood intestinal obstruction in Northwestern Nigeria. West Afr J Med.

Abstract: Intestinal atresia accounts for about one third of all cases of neonatal intestinal obstruction.The prevalence of jejunoileal atresia widely varies among different reports.In INDIA intestinal atresias to be the most common cause of intestinal obstruction in newborns and the second most common cause (11.8%) after intussusception (20.8%) in all age groups. Boys and girls are equally affected.Jejunoileal atresias seem to be more common than duodenal atresias, and colonic atresias account for the fewest number of case . Patients with intestinal atresia are epidemiologically characterized by young gestational age and low birth weight, the atresia is associated with twinning, the parents are more often consanguineous compared with parents of healthy neonates, and vaginal bleeding frequently complicates the pregnancies.

[1]. O'Neill JA Jr Duodenal atresia and stnosis In : O' Neill JA Jr, Rowe Mi, Grosfeld J L , et al eds Paediatric Surgery 5th ed St. Louis, Mo : Mosby 1998 [2]. Jay L Grosfeld. Jejunoileal atresia and stenosis. In Jay L Grosfeld et. al eds Paediatric surgery 6th ed.,Mosby, 2006 [3]. Dalla Vecchia LK, Grosfeld JL, West KW, et al. Intestinal atresia and stenosis: a 25-year experience with 277 cases. Arch Surg 1998; 133:49"497. [4]. Kumaran N, Shankar KR, Lloyd DA, et al. Trends in the management and outcome of jejuno-ileal atresia. Eur J Pediatr Surg 2002; 12:163 [5]. Festen S, Brevoord JC, Goldhoorn GA, et al. Excellent long-term outcome for survivors of apple peel atresia. J Pediatr Surg 2002;37:61-65. [6]. Waldhausen JH, Sawin RS. Improved long-term outcome for patients with jejunoileal apple peel atresia. J Pediatr Surg 1997;32:1307-1309.

Abstract: Twenty-four (24) male and female adult Wistar rats weighing between 190 kg – 240 kg were randomly divided into four (4) groups: the Control group (A) received pelletized growers mesh and distilled water for four weeks while groups B, C and D were administered 400 mg/kg, 800 mg/kg and 1200 mg/kg of aqueous extract of areca nut respectively for four (4) weeks consecutively.The animals were sacrificed following 24 hours of fasting using chloroform anaesthesia. The results of the biochemical assay of the serum of the experimental rats revealed that the serum value of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in group C was significant (P ≤ 0.05) when compared with the control.

[1] L. Ashok, N.Deepika, G. P.Sujatha, and P. S. Shiva,Areca nut: to chew or not to chew? E-Journal of Dentistry. 1(3), 2011, 56-50. [2] G.A. Lord, C.K. Lim, S.Warnakulasuriya, and T.J. Peters, Chemical and analytical aspects of areca nut. Journal of Addiction Biology. 7. 2002, 99-102. [3] S. Warnakulasuriya, Areca nut use following migration and its consequences. Journal of Addiction Biology. 7, 2002, 127-132. [4] M. Iwu,Pharmacognostical Profile of Selected Medicinal Plant. History of African Medicinal Plants. A handbook of Africa Medicinal Plants. 2nd Edition, 2010 pp. 145. [5] RatschChristian,TheEncyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants: Ethnopharmacology and its Applications. Rochester: Park Street Press, 1998, 57-58. [6] B.J. Boucher and N. Mannan, Metabolic effects of the consumption of Areca catechu. Journal of Addiction Biology. 7, 2002, 103-110. [7] J. Maji, B.C. Maria, P.Vidya, V.Ipe, and S. Manjula, Antimicrobial Properties of Areca Catechu (Areca Nut) Husk Extracts against Common Oral Pathogens. International Journal of Research in Ayurveda Pharmacy 3 (1), 2012, 81-84.
[8] R. Juniper, The Effects of Chewing Betel Nut. Published at www.livestrong.com/article/129158.2013. Assessed on 2nd of August 2014 at 6:05am.

Abstract: Introduction: Periodontal disease is defined as inflammatory destruction of periodontal tissue and alveolar bone supporting the teeth. The key role for inflammation in periodontitis is interleukins; the important one is IL-1β. Limited efforts have been made to inspect the association between periodontal disease and secretor status ABO blood group. The aim of this study was to show if there is any relationship between secretors ABO group and IL-1B in chronic periodontitis subjects in comparison to control.

[1]. Pendyala G1, Thomas B, Joshi SR. Evaluation of Total Antioxidant Capacity of Saliva in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with and without Periodontal Disease: A Case-Control Study. N Am J Med Sci.2013; 5(1):51-7.
[2]. Chiappelli F, Iribarren F, Prolo P. Salivarybiomarkers in psychobiological medicine. Bio information 2006; 8(1): 331-4.
[3]. Kaufman E, Lamster IB. Analysis of saliva for periodontal diagnosis- a review. J Clin Periodontal 2000; 27(7): 453-65.
[4]. Michalowicz BS, Diehl SR, Gunsolley JC, et al. Evidence of a substantial genetic basis for risk of adult periodontitis.J Periodontol.2000;71:1699_1707. [5]. Stashenko P, Jandinski JJ, Fujiyoshi P, Rynar J, Socransky SS. Tissue levels of bone resorptive cytokines in periodontal disease. J Periodontol. 1991;92:504–9.
[6]. Campi C, Escovich L, Valdés V, Garcνa Borras S, Racca L, Racca A, et al. Secretor status and ABH antigens expression in patients with oral lesions. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2007;12: 431-4.

Abstract: Background: Adequate knowledge of the timing of tooth emergence is essential for diagnosis and treatment planning in pediatric dentistry and orthodontics. Furthermore, information on tooth emergence is also used to supplement other maturity indicators in the diagnosis of certain growth disturbances, and in forensic dentistry to estimate the chronological age of children with unknown birth records. Objective: The aim of the present study was to determine the emergence time of primary teeth, their order and sequence of eruption from 4 – 48 months among Kurdish children in Sulaimani city.

[1] Dean Jeffrey A, Avery David R, and McDonald Ralph E, Mcdonald and avery dentistry for the child and adolescent. (Elsevier Health Sciences, 2010).
[2] Nelson Stanley J, Wheeler's dental anatomy, physiology and occlusion. (Elsevier Health Sciences, 2014).
[3] Mugonzibwa Emeria A, Kuijpers-Jagtman Anne M, Laine-Alava Maija T, and van't Hof Martin A, Emergence of permanent teeth in Tanzanian children, Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, 30(6), 2013, 455–462.
[4] Elmes A, Dykes E, A pilot study to determine the order of emergence of permanent central incisors and permanent first molars of children in the Colchester area of the U.K,. J Forensic Odontostomatol, 15(1), 1997, 1–4.
[5] Holman Darryl J., Yamaguchi Kyoko, Longitudinal analysis of deciduous tooth emergence: iv. covariate effects in Japanese children, Am J Phys Anthropol, 126(3), 2005, 352–358.
[6] Ghose L J, Baghdady V S, Eruption time of permanent teeth in Iraqi school children, Arch Oral Biol, 26(1), 1981, 13–5.

Abstract: Anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN) and obesity are eating disorders (DE) are considered to be mental illness, while other contends DE is symptoms of starvation. DE is prevalent worldwide increased prevalence in the west, and in the high income Southeastern countries, female predominance than male. Risk factors include genetic factors psychologic, personal characters, socioeconomic and western culture. Bacterial, parasitic infections play an important role. Eating behavior is controlled by neuroendocrine system, withHypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal-axis(HPA axis) a major component. Physical symptoms of DE are weakness, fatigue, sensitivity to cold, reduced libido, and weight loss.

[1]. American Psychiatry Association(2013).Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of MentalDisorders(5th ed.)Arlington:American Psychiatry Publishing.pp-.329-54.
[2]. RikaniAA,ChoudhtyZ,ChoudhryAM,etal.A critique of the literature on etiology of eating disorders. AnnNeurosci.2013;20(4):157-61.
[3]. What are Eating Disorders.(http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/eating disorders /index. shtml).NIMH.Retrieved 24 May 2015.
[4]. Chen L,MuradMH,ParasML,etal.Sexual Abuse and Lifetime Diagnosis of Psychiatric Disorders: systematic Review and Meta-analysis.MyoClinicProceedings. 2010;85(7):618-29.
[5]. Lozano R,NaghaviM,ForemanK,etal.Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010:a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.Lancet.2012;380(9859):2095-128.
[6]. Hospitalization for Eating Disorders Rose Over the Past Decade.(http://www.eatingdisordersreview.com/nl/nl_edr_24_2.html)EatingDisodersReview.2013;24(2).

Abstract: Introduction:We wish to present a case of liver cirrhosis who was on regular follow up in our department who developed shortness of breath and was found to have pulmonary embolism. On follow up this patient was detected to have hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) and long segment IVC thrombosis. USG abdomen also revealed a mobile clot just below the entry of IVC into right atrium. Methods: A male patient aged about 58, on regular follow up in department of gastroenterology, presented with shortness of breath to the cardiology department in July this year. He was admitted and CT pulmonary angiography was done.

[1]. Lee Goldman, Andrew I Schafer, Guadalupe Garcia-Tsao: Cirrhosis and its sequelae;Cecil text book of medicine;chapter 156:999-1006 25th edition, Saunders An Imprint of Elsevier
[2]. M Nepal, A Bhattarai, H Adenawala, H Usman Cardiac extension of Hepatocellular carcinoma with pulmonary tumor- microembolism in ISPUB.COM The Internet Journal of Gastroenterology Volume 7 Number 2.
[3]. R. Kumar, M. Kumar Saraswat, B. Chander Sharma, P. Sakhuja, S.K. Sarin Characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma in India: a retrospective analysis of 191 cases 25 April 2008 Q J Med 2008; 101:479–485
[4]. Carnero- Fernandez M, Morano-Amado LE, Bodenile Bello P, Calvo Iglesias F. Massive venous thrombosis with cardiac invasion as primary manifestation of hepatocellular carcinoma. An Med Interna.2003 Oct; 20(10):537-9.
[5]. Chan GS, Ng WK, Ng IO, Dickens P. Sudden death from massive pulmonary tumor embolism due to hepatocellular carcinoma. Forens Sci Int 2000(28):215-221.
[6]. Castro OD, Bueno H, Nebreda LA. Acute myocardial infarction caused by paradoxical tumorous embolism as a manifestation of hepatocarcinoma. Heart 2004; 90; 5 e29

Abstract: Drug abuse and addiction is a social maladywhich is responsible for productivity losses, divorce, armed robbery and other social vices. Illicit drugs and alcohol contribute to the death of more than 100,000 Americans, while tobacco is linked to an estimated 440,000 deaths per year. The manifestations and treatment response in female drug addicts differ from those of their male counterparts. In Nigeria, the prevalence of drug addiction among male and female undergraduates was 57.2% and 42.8% respectively; most commonly abused drugs/substances being alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, kolanut, caffeine and sedatives.

1]. World Health Organization, WHO, Expert Committees on Drug Dependence, Technical report Series 915, 2003, 22.
[2]. National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIDA, The science of drug abuse and addiction, 2000. Available at http: www.drugabuse.gov/publications/media-guide/science-drug-abuse-addiction Accessed June 3, 2013).
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Abstract: In recent years, laparoscopic surgery has gained popularity in clinical practice. The key element in laparoscopic surgery is creation of pneumoperitoneum and carbon dioxide is commonly used for insufflation. This pneumoperitoneum perils the normal cardiopulmonary system to a considerable extent. The aim of our study was to evaluate the impact of SA combine with GA in maintaining hemodynamic stability in laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. The secondary outcome studied were requirement of inhaled anesthetic, vasodilators, and recovery profile. We conducted a prospective, randomized study in ASAI/II patients posted for laparoscopic Cholecystectomy, who were willing to participate in the study.

[1]. Jean LJ. Anesthesia for laparoscopic surgery. In: Miller RD, editor. Anesthesia. 7th ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 2010. pp. 2185–202. Sinha R, Gurwara AK, Gupta SC. Laparoscopic surgery using spinal anesthesia. JSLS 2008;12:133-8.
[2]. Yeager MP, Glass DD, Neff RK, Brinck-Johnsen T. Epidural anesthesia and analgesia in high risk surgical patients. Anesthesiology 1987; 66: 729-36

[3]. Vaghadia H, Viskari D, Mitchell GW. Selective spinal anesthesia for out patient laparoscopy. Can J Anaesth. 2001;48:256–60. [PubMed]

[4]. Rodgers A, Walker N, Schug S, McKee A, Kehlet H, van Zundert A, et al. Reduction of post operative mortality and morbidity with epidural and spinal anesthesia: Results from overview of randomized trials.BMJ. 2000;321:1493. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

[5]. Calvo-Soto P, Trujillo-Hernández B, Martínez-Contreras A, Vásquez C. Comparison of combined spinal and general anesthesia block and epidural and general anesthesia block in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Rev Invest Clin. 2009;61:482–8. [PubMed].

Abstract: Though origin of formation of giant cells is still not clear, several studies discussed by various authors gave us a clear understanding that giant cells are formed by numerous mechanisms. These mechanisms involve fusion of monocyte lineage, myoblast fusion, macrophage fusion and also virus affected cell changes, along with anaplastic changes which gives rise to giant cells in various parts of the human body. Keywords: Giant cell formation.

[1]. Ipe Varghese Ashwin Prakash. Giant Cell Lesions Of Oral Cavity; Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology Journal [ Ompj ] Vol2 No 1jan-Jun2011;107-110.1
[2]. C. Creighton; The physiological type of the giant-cells of tubercles and granulations; Journ of Anat and Phys; Vol XIII; Plate XVII; 183-195.
[3]. Shafers W.G, Hine.M.K, Levy B.M,"Text book of Oral pathology"4th Edition, W.B.Saunders Company, Philadelphia 1997.
[4]. Harsh Mohan "Essential Pathology for Dental Students, 22nd Edition, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publisher (P) ltd. New Delhi, 2002.
[5]. Arnold e. Postlethwaite et al; Formation of multinucleated giant cell from human monocyte precursors mediation by a soluble protein from antigen- and mitogen - stimulated Be Liu et al; Multinucleated giant cells in various forms of giant cells containing lesions of the jaws express features of osteoclasts;J Oral Pathol Med 2003;32;367-375.

Abstract: Tooth loss may be associated with trauma, caries, periodontal disease, congenital defects, and iatrogenic treatment. It has a negative impact on physical and mental attitude of the patient. It also affects masticatory functions, aesthetics, and self-image of the patient [10]. Prosthodontic rehabilitation involves restoration of all of them. Over denture in the era of implant dentistry allows the preservation of teeth that prevents residual bone resorption, improves retention and stability and provides proprioception, which enhances the masticatory efficiency.

[1]. Attachment Retained Removable Partial Denture: A CaseReport.Sumit Makkar et al;IJCDS;may 2011:2(2)
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[4]. Cristian Schuch. An alternative method for the fabrication of a root supported over denture: A clinical report. J Prosthet Dent 2013; 109(1):1-4
[5]. Jorgensen E. Effect of controlled oral hygiene in over denture wearers:a 3-year study. Int J Prosthodont 1991;4:226-31.
[6]. Lord JL, Teel S. The over denture. Dent Clin North Am 1969;13:871-81.
[7]. Morrow RM, Feldmann EE, Rudd KD, Trovillion HM. Tooth-supported complete dentures: an approach to preventive prosthodontics. J Prosthet Dent 1969;21:513-22.

Abstract: Background: Irritable bowel syndrome is a major chronic gastrointestinal disorder which is also referred as functional bowel disorder. Overall worldwide prevalence ranges from 12%-30%. Etiology of IBS is currently unknown, although infection, genetic, environmental, psychosocial or physiological factors are likely to contribute to the disorder. Bacteria and parasites have been described having a possible role in etiology.

[1]. Limsui D, Pardi D S, Camilleri M, Loftus E V, Kammer P P, Tremaine W J. Symptomatic overlap between irritable bowel syndrome and microscopic colitis. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 2007;13:175-184
[2]. Ghoshal UC, Abraham P, Bhatt C et al. Epidemiological and clinical profile of irritable bowel syndrome in India: report of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology Task Force. Indian J. Gastroenterol. 2008; 27: 22–8.
[3]. www.who.int
[4]. Wang LH, Fang XC, Pan GZ. Bacillary dysentery as a causative factor of irritable bowel syndrome and its pathogenesis. Gut 2004; 53: 1096–101.
[5]. Spiller R, Garsed K. Postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome.Gastroenterology 2009; 136: 1979–88.
[6]. Ji S, Park H, Lee D, Song YK, Choi JP, Lee SI. Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome in patients with Shigella infection. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2005; 20: 381–6.

Abstract: An assessment of the use of a dental mouth mirror among students of a dental school. A study was conducted to investigate the use of a dental mouth mirror among pre-clinical and clinical dental students in a private dental school. 20 questions were fabricated in the form of a questionnaire to evaluate the use of a mouth mirror first, among pre clinical students who were using the instrument as part of pre clinical exercises in Year II of dental school and second, among clinical dental students in Year III of dental school who had just begun to use the instrument in the treatment of patients.

[1]. www1.umn.edu/perio/dent5612-04/module_04.pdf
[2]. www.jdentaled.org/content/75/9/1280.full.pdf
[3]. www.ohcow.on.ca/uploads/Resource/Workbooks/ERGONOMICS%20AND%20DENTAL%20WORK.pdf

Abstract: Fetal cystic hygromas are congenital malformations of the lymphatic system appearing as single or multiloculated fluid-filled cavities, most often in the neck. They are thought to arise from failure of the lymphatic system to communicate with the venous system in the neck. They often progress to hydrops and cause fetal death. When a hygroma is detected during fetal life, careful sonographic examination of the entire fetus, determination of the fetal karyotype and an evaluation of the family history are indicated. The disease course of an infant with cystic hygroma is unpredictable.

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[2] Malone FD, Ball RH, Nyberg DA, et al. First-trimester septated cystic hygroma: prevalence, natural history, and pediatric outcome. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 106:288. [3] David Chitayat, Dagmar K. Kalousek, J. Stephen Bamforth; American Journal of Medical Genetics; 33:352-356 (1989) [4] P. J. Emery, C. M. Bailey, J. N. G. Evans, The Journal of Laryngology and Otology, June 1984. Vol. 98. [5] Department of Human Genetics, Division of Medical Genetics , Emory University School of Medicine [6] Okada A, Kubota A, Fukuzawa M, Imura K, Kamata S. Injection of bleomycin as a primary therapy of cystic lymphangioma. J Pediatr Surg. 1992;27(4):440–443.

Abstract: Background: This study has been designed to compare the controlled hypotensive effects of Dexmedetomidine (DEX), Sodium Nitroprusside (SNP) and Esmolol (ESM) during functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). Method: In a prospective, double-blind study; we randomized 45 (15 in each group) ASA physical status I and II patients in the age group 18-60 years scheduled for FESS to receive either DEX (group 1) loading dose of 1μg/kg 10 mins before induction of anaesthesia followed by infusion at the rate of 0.4-0.8μg/kg/hr during maintenance of anaesthesia or SNP (group 2) 0.5-10μg/kg/min infusion after induction of anaesthesia or ESM group loading dose of 1mg/kg infused over 1 min followed by maintenance rate of 0.4-0.8mg/kg/hr. All the infusion rates were titrated to maintain the mean arterial pressure (MAP) between 60-70 mmHg so as to minimise the intraoperative bleeding.

[1]. Ankit Patel, MD; Chief Editor: Arlen D Meyers, MD, MBA;Functional endoscopic sinus surgery overview Updated December 14,2014
[2]. Andre P.Boezaart,Johan van der Merwe,AndreCoetzee.Comparison of sodium nitroprusside and esmolol-induced controlled hypotension for functional endoscopic sinus surgery.Canadian journal of anaesthesia 1995/42:5/pp 373-6
[3]. ATobias JD. Controlled hypotension in children: A critical review of available agents.PaediatrDrugs.2002;4:439–453.
[4]. ElGohary MM, Arafa AS. Dexmedetomidine as a hypotensive agent: efficacyand hemodynamic response during spinal surgery for idiopathic scoliossis inadolescents. Egypt J Anesth 2010; 26:305–311.
[5]. Blowey DL. Antihypertensive agents: Mechanisms of action, safety profiles, and current uses inchildren. CurrTher Res Clin Exp. 2001;62:298–313.