iosr-JDMS   Volume-17 ~ Issue-6 ~ June-2018

Abstract: Hypertension is recognised as a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. The risk of cardiovascular diseases, like coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular accidents, etc., rise significantly with elevated blood pressure. Although features of such target organ damage are evident in adults, in children overt symptoms of target organ changes are often absent. Among 385 male subjects between 5-60 years of age, the prevalence of hypertension in subjects ≤ 18 years of age was 16%. Prevalence of overweight was 8%. In the adult group (> 18 years of age) prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension were 40.2% and 12.4% respectively. The prevalence of obesity and overweight in this group was 24.5%. Out of them obesity......

Key words: Hypertension, overweight, obesity, BMI, male.

[1]. Dan L. Longo, Anthony Fauci, Dennis Kasper, Stephen Hauser, J. Larry Jameson, Joseph Loscalzo (Editors). Hypertensive Vascular Disease, Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 18th Edition. 2012; 1463–81
[2]. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr, Jones DW, Materson BJ, Oparil S, Wright JT Jr, Roccella EJ; Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. Hypertension. 2003;42(6):1206-52
[3]. James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, Cushman WC, Dennison-Himmelfarb C, Handler J, Lackland DT, Lefevre ML, Mackenzie TD, Ogedegbe O, Smith SC Jr, Svetkey LP, Taler SJ, Townsend RR, Wright JT Jr, Narva AS, Ortiz E. Report From the Panel Members Appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8): 2014 Evidence-Based Guideline for the Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults. JAMA. 2014; 311(5): 507-520
[4]. Marc B. Lande. Systemic Hypertension. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 19th Edition. 2011; 1639-1647
[5]. Lawrence J. Appel, Michael W. Brands, Stephen R. Daniels, Njeri Karanja, Patricia J. Elmer and Frank M. Sacks. Dietary Approaches to Prevent and Treat Hypertension: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Hypertension. 2006;
47:296-308..

Abstract: Introduction: Pregnancy induced hypertension contributes significantly to maternal morbidity & mortality with an increasing prevalence, affecting nearly 7-15% of all gestations. It is a multi system disorder with various biochemical markers, physiological changes & clinical presentations. Thrombocytopenia is a relatively common haematological abnormality encountered in PIH. It can be easily evaluated & is a prognostic marker in assessing feto maternal outcome in PIH. Aim: 1. To study the accuracy of platelet count as a prognostic marker in preeclampsia &eclampsia. 2. To evaluate feto maternal outcome in relation to low platelet levels in cases of PIH. Methodology: A prospective study.........

Key words: Preeclampsia, Thrombocytopenia, Ecclampsia, Platelet count, Prognostic marker.

[1]. Mohapatra S, Pradhan BB, Satpathy UK, Mohanty A, Pattnaik JR. Platelet estimation: Its prognostic value in pregnancy induced hypertension. Indian J PhysiolPharmacol. 2007;51(2):160-4.

[2]. McCrae KR. Pregnancy induced thrombocytopenia: pathogenesis and management. Blood. 1992;80;2697-714.

[3]. Charo IF, Kieffer N. Platelet membrane glycoproteins. Hemostasis and thrombin; Basic principles and clinical practice, Philadelphia: JB Lippincott co. 1994;489-507.

[4]. Lee GR, Fester J. Thrombocytopenia pathophysiology and classification. Wintrobe's clinical hematology.10th edition. Philadelphia: lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 1999:1579-1611.

[5]. Rodgers RPC, Levin J. A critical reappraisal of bleeding time.Semthromhemost. 1990;16:1-144..

Abstract: OBJECTIVES: Centchroman (Ormeloxifene) is a novel non-steroidal, selective antiestrogen. Because of its selective antiestrogen action, centchroman has been used for treatment of mastalgia and fibroadenoma. Tamoxifen is an older congener of the same which is used widespread for the benign breast diseases. Our aim is to compare the efficacy of both drugs in similar selected group of patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 100 Benign breast disease patients up to 35 years of age attending our surgery outpatient department from 2017 to 2018 and fulfilling the inclusion........

Key words: Benign breast diseases,fibroadenoma,mastalgia,ormeloxifen,tamoxifen.

[1]. "NCI Drug Dictionary". Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 28 November 2015.

[2]. "Tamoxifen". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.

[3]. to:a b "Tamoxifen Citrate". NCI. August 26, 2015. Archived from the original on 4 January 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2015.

[4]. to:a b c d e f g h "Tamoxifen Citrate". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08. Retrieved 27 Nov 2015.

[5]. "Selective estrogen receptor modulators". Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2015.

Abstract: Ceramic veneers are indicated for the esthetic rehabilitation of teeth with midline diastema, fluorosis. The objective of this case report is to highlight the steps in rehabilitation using ceramic veneers. In this case the patient had fluorosis. After preliminary procedures, diagnostic models, waxing, and mock-up were completed, an impression was made with addition silicone, and the veneers were fabricated and cemented with light-cure resin cement. As a result, the esthetics and function expected by the patient were achieved. The use of ceramic veneers enabled a conservativeand esthetically successful rehabilitation treatment.The patient was satisfied with the enhanced esthetic appearance. One year follow up displayed acceptable esthetics.

Key words: Ceramic veneers, Conservative preparation, Dental fluorosis, Teeth discolouration.

[1]. Akpata ES, Occurrence and management of dental fluorosis. Int Dent J 2001 Oct, 51: 325-333.
[2]. Sherwood IA, Fluorosis varied treatment options. Journal of conservative dentistry 2010 June, 13: 47-53.
[3]. Shah N, Nadgere J, Khanna T, Restoring Maxillary Lateral Incisors with Ceramic Laminate Veneers: An Esthetic Challenge.
International Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 2010, 1: 10-11.
[4]. Denbesten P, Li W, Chronic fluoride toxicity: dental fluorosis. Monogr Oral Sci2011,22: 81-96.
[5]. Peumans M, Van Meerbeek B, Lambrechts P, Vanherle G, Porcelain veneers: a review of the literature. J Dent 2000 28: 163-177..

Abstract: Introduction: In India 1-3% of all pregnancies are complicated by maternal cardiac disease, an association that is responsible for about 15% of all maternal deaths. The incidence has remained stable for many years since the significant decrease in the occurrence of rheumatic heart disease in the last 40 years has been compensated by a significant increase of pregnancy with congenital heart disease. Methods: This study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Patliputra Medical College, Dhanbad, Jharkhand from January 2017 to December 2017. 70 women with heart disease which were previously established or diagnosed during pregnancy were enrolled in the study. Results: In 70 women pregnancies was complicated by heart disease in the study. The prevalence of heart disease amongst all pregnancies found in hospital.........

Key words: Rheumatic heart disease, Cardiomyopathy, Mitral valve stenosis, Pregnancy.

[1]. Cunningham FG, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, Spong CY, Dashe JS, Hoffman BL, et al. Williams obstetrics, 24th Edition, Appleton and lange; 2014:973.
[2]. Grewal M, Biswas MK, Perloff D. Cardiac, hematologic, palmonary, renal and urinary tract disorder in pregnancy. In Decherney AH, Nathan (Eds). Current Obstetrics and Gynaecologic Diagnosis and Treatment, 9th Edition; 1991:387-427.
[3]. Asghar F, Kokab H, Evaluation and outcome of pregnancy complicated by heart disease. J Pak Med Assoc. 2005;19:1-2.
[4]. Bangal VB, Singh RK, Shinde KK. Clinical study of heart disease complicating pregnancy. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy. 2012;2(4):25-8.
[5]. Guleria R, Vashist K, Dhall GI, Grover A, Wahi PL, Pregnancy with heart disease. Experience at

Abstract: Background and objectives: Studies have indicated that type 2 Diabetes mellitus (DM) patient suffer from depression and anxiety, but there are no reports from this region. Hence, this study was undertaken from July 2016 to Dec 2017 to assess the prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms in type 2 DM patients. Material and method:The study included 748 type 2 DM patients attending the medicine OPD of SCB MCH. The symptoms of depression and anxiety were estimated by the Hospital anxiety and depression rating scale. The Associated risk was calculated by logistic regression analysis glycated hemoglobin was measured by commercial kit adapted to automated chemical chemistry analyzer.

Key Words: Anxiety,Depression, Diabetes Mellitus.

[1]. Maher D, Smeeth L, Sekajugo J. Health transition in Africa: practical policy proposalsfor primary care. Bull World Health Organ
2010;88:943–8.
[2]. Baldé NM, Diallo I, Baldé MD, Barry IS, Kaba L, Diallo MM, et al. Diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in rural and urban
populations in Futa Jallon (Guinea): prevalence and associated risk factors. Diabetes Metab 2007;33:114–20.
[3]. Van Dooren FEP, Nefs G, Schram MT, Verhey FRJ, Denollet J, Pouwer F. Depression and Risk of Mortality in People with
Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE 2013;8: e57058.
[4]. Egede LE, Ellis C. Diabetes and depression: Global perspectives. Diabetes Res Clin10 Pract 2010;87:302–12.
[5]. Gonzalez JS, Peyrot M, McCarl LA, Collins EM, Serpa L, Mimiaga MJ, et al. Depression and Diabetes Treatment Nonadherence:
A Meta-Analysis. Diabetes Care 2008;31:2398–403.
[6]. Pouwer F. Should we screen for emotional distress in type 2 diabetes mellitus? Nat Rev Endocrinol 2009;5:665–71

Abstract: Background: Several studies have reported variable body weight changes in individuals with chronic Spinal cord injury (SCI). This study assessed the sex differences in body weight changes within the first week following SCI. Methods: A total of 16 adult albino rats were used. They were group into two based on their sexand their weights were recorded prior to the induction of SCI. They were then anaesthetized using ketamine 75mg/kg via intra-peritoneal injection and the spinal cord was surgically transacted below T4. After recovery, they were allowed access to food and water as before the injury. Weights were recorded again five days post SCI. Mean weight of the rats pre and post SCI were compared and P < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: The male rats were........

Key Words: Spinal Cord injury: Body Weights: Albino Rats.

[1]. Nwadinigwe, C. U. Iloabuchi, T. C., and Nwabude, I. A. Spinal Cord Injury. TheNational Association of Resident Doctors of Nigeria2013;13: 161– 5.
[2]. Malhotra, S. L., Bhatoe, B. H., and Sudambrekar, C. S. Spinal Cord Injuries. Medical Journal Armed Forces India 2010; 66: 325- 8.
[3]. Yılmaz, T., Turan, Y., and Keles, A. Pathophysiology of the spinal cord injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Investigations 2014; 5: 131–6.
[4]. NHLBI/AHA. Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood institute/ American Heart Association Conference on Scientific Issues related to Definition of metabolic syndrome. Circulation 2014; 109: 433-8.
[5]. Myers, J., Lee, M., and Kiratli, J. Cardiovascular Disease in Spinal Cord Injury. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation2007; 86: 142–52..

Abstract: Periodontal therapy includes many aspects of the supporting structures, and also the prevention and repair of lesions of the gingival sulcus. Endodontic lesions origin is significant as they frequently extend and manifest themselves in the attachment apparatus.The success of the Perio Endo lesions depends on the elimination of both disease processes, whether they exist separately or as a combinedlesion. The fact that the Periodontium ant the dental pulp are anatomically interconnected also implies that exchange of noxious agents may also occur in the opposite direction that is from the external enivornment to the pulp.The aim of this paper is to give a comprehensive insight of several aspects of Perio - Endo lesions.

Key words: Classification, Pathways of communications of endo –periolesions.Diagnostic procedures & Micro biology.

[1]. Christie W.H and HOLTHUIS A .F: The Endo perio problem in dental practise, Diagnosis and prognosis J.Can .Dent Assoc.1999:56:1005
[2]. Stallard RE :Periodontic endodontic relationship
[3]. Singh .P:Dent Res J (Isfahan) : Endo –perio detection a brief review2011,Winter ,8:1:38-47.
[4]. Simon J .H ,Glick D.H ,Frank AL,:The relationship of endo perio lesions: J of Periodontology -1971,43(4),202-208(pubmed).
[5]. TorabinejadM,Trope M-Endodontic and perio interrelationship ,in Walton RE ,TorabinejadM,editors ,Principles and practise of endodontics 1996..

Abstract: To monitor the progress and the viability of the flap by measuring the flap glucose in reference to the capillary glucose level, in par with the colour of bleed from the flap on a pin prick.

[1]. Sakakibara S, Hashikawa K, Omori M, Terashi H, Tahara S. A simple method of flap monitoring.J ReconstrMicrosurg. 2010;26:433–434.
[2]. Hara H, Mihara M, Narushima M, et al..Possibility of application of metabolomics analysis for supermicrosurgery on children.AcadCollab Sick Child.
[3]. Hara H, Mihara M, Narushima M, et al.. Flap salvage following postoperative venous thrombosis diagnosed by blood glucose measurement in the flaps.
[4]. Leena PS, E Maj-Len K, Markku AH, et al. . Glucose, lactate, and pyruvate response in an experimental model of microvascular flap ischemia and reperfusion: A microdialysis study. Wiley InterScience; 2004.
[5]. Wilson AB Jr, eds. Amputation: Surgical Practice and Patient Management. St Louis, Mo: Butterworth-Heinemann Medical; 1996.ebruary 2015. External link in |website= (help).

Abstract: Retrospective review Materials and Methods: Medical records of patients who underwent Manual Small incision cataract surgery with superotemporal incision or temporal incision during a nine months period from January 2016 to September 2016, with at least two months of follow up, were retrospectively reviewed to analyze the pre operative and post operative corneal astigmatism. The post operative keratometry was recorded at two months and a change in corneal astigmatism was calculated. Statistics: SSPA analysis.........

Key words: Corneal astigmatism, superotemporal incision, Temporal Incision, Keratometry.

[1]. Gogate PM. Small incision cataract surgery: Complications and mini-review. Indian J Ophthalmol 2009;57:45-9
[2]. Mallik VK, Kumar S, Kamboj R, Jain C, Jain K, Kumar S. Comparison of astigmatism following manual small incision cataract surgery: superior versus temporal approach. Nepal J Ophthalmol. 2012;4:54-58.
[3]. Xia WQ ,Chen W,Li JP et al .Astigmatism changes after cataract surgery with different positions of 6 mm sutureless incision. Chinese Journal of Practical Ophthalmology, 2005:23(8): 804-809
[4]. Wang YS . The astigmatism study after extracapsular cataract extraction. Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology 2009:17(6) :537-539
[5]. P. Mishra, S. Manavalan, M. Ramya, M. Jeevitha, R. Vinnarasi, LathaPriyangaa, V. Sridevi, R. Parth."Manual Small Incision Cataract Surgery (MSICS)". Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 2014; Vol. 3, Issue 46, September22; Page: 11249-11261,DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2014/3467

Abstract: Afferent loop syndrome is a mechanical complication after stomach surgery with Billroth II. It can occur in the early postoperative or in thelate postoperative outcome and can be revealed by bilious vomiting, anicteric cholestasis orcholestatic jaundice. We describe the case of a patient who underwent a partial gastrectomy with gastrojenunal anastomosis Billroth II for a gastric cancer, who was admitted for an angiocholitis. Both MRI and CT scan showed an enlarged biliary tract and duodenal loop upstream of a duodenal adhesion. The outcome was favorable after anti bacterial chemotherapy and rehydratation.

Key words: Afferent loop, cholestaticjaundice, gastrectomy, gastrojejunal anastomosis Billroth II.

[1]. Wolfer A. Gastroenterostomie. ZentralblChir1881; 8: 705
[2]. Jordan GL. Surgical management of postgastrectomy problems.ArchSurg1971; 102: 251-9
[3]. Gale ME, Gerzof SG, Kiser LC, Snider JM, Stavis DM, Larsen CR, Robbins AH. CT appearance of afferent loop obstruction.AJR 1982; 138: 1085-8.
[4]. Carbognin G, Biasiutti C, El-Khaldi M, Ceratti S, Procacci C. Afferent loop syndrome presenting as enterolith after Billroth II subtotal gastrectomy: a case report. Abdom Imaging 2000; 25: 129-31.
[5]. Locke GR, Alexander GL, Sarr MG. Obstructive jaundice: an unusual presentation of afferent loop obstruction. Am J Gastroenterol1994; 89: 942-4.

Abstract: In India, the projected number of deaths due to CKD was around 5.23 million in 2014 and is expected to rise to 7.63 million in 2020 1 .There is a need for increased dialysis centres and dialysis machines to cater to these patients Stand alone dialysis units can play an important role in fulfilling this need. But for self sustenance of any centre, financial feasibility plays an important role and a study of the external environment is critical to determine the financial feasibility.

[1]. World Health organization. Global status report on non communicable diseases (2014). www.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/148114/1/97989241564854_eng.pdf? ua=1 [accessed 11th January 2015]
[2]. Tan Chee Taik, Importanace of External Environment,SIM Management 360, March 2013
[3]. www.pestleanalysis.com/environmental analysis
[4]. Abishek Gupta, Environment & PEST Analysis: An Approach to External Business Environment ,International Journal of Modern Social Sciences, May 2013
[5]. http://www.icmrindia.org/courseware/Business%20Strategy/External%20Environment%20Analysis.htm
[6]. Textbook of Strategic Management by Hitt and Irelend
[7]. Statistical year book 2015 Directorate of economics and statistics Government of Telangana Hyderabad

Abstract: Variations in renal vascular morphology are common and involve renal arteries and veins. Knowledge of such findings is valuable for urologists with regard to kidney transplantation, nephrectomy and many other surgical procedures on the kidneys. A case of duplication of right renal vein observed in a male cadaver during routine dissection of abdomen is reported in this present study.The understanding of these types of variations in the posterior abdominal wall is of clinical importance to surgeons in renal transplants.

Key words: Anatomical Variations, Renal veins, Venous anomalies.

[1]. Standring S: Gary's Anatomy 40th Ed., New York, Churchill Livingstone. 2008; 905.
[2]. Fernandes RM P, Conte, F H P,Favorito L A, Abidu-Figueiredo M et al. Triple right renal vein: An uncommon variation. Int. J. Morphol. 2005; 23(3):231-233.
[3]. SudeshnaMajumdar, SibaniMazumder, HironmoyRoy,Asis Kumar Ghoshal .A case of bilateral double renal veins.Int J AnatVar (IJAV). 2013; 6: 61–63.
[4]. José Aderval Aragão, Helen Lima Gomes, Hiago Vinícius Dantas Costa et al. Double right renal Vein: clinical and surgical implicationsand review of the literature International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 2015; 4 (2): 178-182.
[5]. Jeyaseelan N, Sundarapandian S. Concurrent anomaly of right renal and testicular vein. Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences. 2006; 2 (1): 81 – 83.

Abstract: Introduction: Women with unmet need are those who are fecund and sexually active but are not using any method of contraception, and report not wanting any more children or wanting to delay the next child. Around 215 million women are said to have an unmet need for modern contraception. Women with unmet needs account for a large majority (82%) of unintended pregnancies. Abortion is a major consequence of unintended pregnancy, and in many developing countries that restrict abortion, terminations often are performed under unsafe conditions and result in women dying or suffering serious injuries. Unintended pregnancies can lead to delayed or no antenatal care, which can pose health risks to both mothers and infants. Keeping this in background, the study was conducted to determine the prevalence and factors associated with unmet needs among married women of an urban area of Manipur.........

Key words: Unmet needs, contraception.

[1]. World Health Organization. Unmet need for family planning. 2009. Available at:http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/family_planning/unmet_need_fp/en/program. [2]. Sharjabad FN, Yahya SZS, Rahman HA, Hanafiah M, Manaf RA. Barriers of Modern Contraceptive Practices among Asian Women: A Mini Literature Review. Glob J Health Sci. 2013 Sep; 5(5): 181–192.
[3]. Key indicators for India from NFHS-4. Available at: http://rchiips.org/NFHS/pdf/NFHS4/India.pdf.
[4]. Singh S et al., Adding It Up: The Costs and Benefits of Investing in Family Planning and Maternal and Newborn Health, New York: Guttmacher Institute and United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), 2009.
[5]. Special tabulations of data for Singh S et al., Adding It Up: The Costs and Benefits of Investing in Family Planning and Maternal and Newborn Health, New York: Guttmacher Institute and UNFPA, 2009.

Abstract: Introduction: Cartilage-forming tumors as a group are the most common primary bone tumors; this is largely due to the common occurrence of asymptomatic benign lesions. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to retrospectively review our experience with chest wall resections and reconstruction and determine the postoperative complications. Methods: Among 194 cases of chest wall tumors treated between 2010 and 2016, 26 cases of cartilage origin were retrospectively investigated. The results were analyzed using the Fisher's exact test. Results: The mean age of the study population was 45.1 (11.1) years. Thirteen (50%) patients were male and 13 (50%) were female. The mass was located on the right side in 19 (73%) patients on the left side in 7 (27%) patients. It was found that 8 patients (31%) masses were located in anterior chest wall, 6 patients (23%) in lateral chest wall, and 12 patients (46%) in posterior chest wall. Nineteen (63%) masses were benign whereas 7 (37%) were malignant.

[1]. Faber LP, Somers J, Templeton AC. Chest wall tumors. Curr Probl Surg 1995;32:661-747.
[2]. Pass HI. Primary and metastatic chest wall tumors. In: Roth JA, Ruckdeschel JC, Weisenburger TH, editors. Thoracic oncology. 2nd edition. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 1995.p.519-37.
[3]. Burt M. Primary malignant tumors of the chest wall. The Memorial Sloan-Kettering Caner Center experience. Chest Surg Clin N Am 1994;4:137-54.
[4]. Fisher RA. On the interpretation from contingency tables, and the calculation of P. J Royal Stat Soc 1922;85:87-94.
[5]. Mathew T, Robert Shen K. Primary Tumors of the Osseous Chest Wall and Their Management. Thorac Surg Clin 2017;27:181-193.

Abstract: This study focused on the relationship of baseline anthropometric parameters with some WHO approved baseline assessments for people living with HIV /AIDS. A total of 352 individuals of both sexes on ART or PRE-ART, and were attending HIV clinic at Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Teaching Hospital Awka were recruited for this study. The age, weight, height, CD4 count, WHO clinical staging, and functional status of the subjects were obtained. The age had a significant negative correlation with CD4 count and a positive correlation with WHO clinical staging, p-value =0.01. Height showed a positive correlation with clinical staging whi le weight had a negative correlation with functional status. The various BMI categories correlated significantly with CD4 count, p=0.035, and functional status, p=0.002. They did not correlate with WHO clinical staging. Body mass index categories in conjunction with functional status can be used as a screening tool for predicting prognosis of HIV/AIDS in poor resource areas where CD4 count machine is not available and affordable.

Key Words: Art,Pre-Art, Functional Status/Perfomatory, Cd4 Count.

[1]. Angela A, Aranka A, Karen P, Alissa W, Deborah H, Katelyn B.(1993). Archives of clinical neuropsychology; 8: 123-135.
[2]. Benjamin AE (1989). Perspectives on a continuum of care for persons with HIV illnesses. med care rev ;46: 411-437.
[3]. CDC,(2000).HIV/AIDS Surveillance report. ;12(1):1-42.
[4]. CDC,(2002). Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease.MMWR; 51 (No. RR-11):1–24.
[5]. Cecella AJ.(2006).Usefulness of observational data base to assess antiretroviral treatment trends in India. The national medical journal of India;19:10-14..

Abstract: Background: Bacterial vaginosis is a popular condition, influencing a large number of women yearly and related with various wellbeing issues including preterm labor leading to low birth weight, pelvic inflammatory disease and procurement of the human immunodeficiency infection. The main manifestation of bacterial vaginosis is foul vaginal discharges and numerous influenced females are asymptomatic. Objective: This study aimed to detect G.vaginalis among women in the reproductive age in Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, KSA. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional laboratory based study was performed on 119 HVS collected from patients who attended Maternity and Children Hospital and were clinically suspected with bacterial vaginosis, during the period from September 2016 to April 2017. Specimens were processed with conventional tests and positive results were confirmed by PCR..........

Keywords: Bacterial vaginosis, G.vaginalis,Vaginal flora,Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, KSA.

[1]. Pavlova, S.I., Kilic, A.O., Kilic, S.S., So, J.S., Nader-Macias, M.E., Simoes, J.A. and Tao, L. (2002). Genetic diversity of vaginal lactobacilli from women in different countries based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. J. Appl. Microbiol. 92:451–459.
[2]. Zhou, X., Bent, S.J., Schneider, M.G., Davis, C.C., Islam, M.R. and Forney, L.J. (2004). Characterization of vaginal microbial communities in adult healthy women using cultivation-independent methods. Microbiology. 150:2565–2573.
[3]. Shi, Y., Chen, L., Tong, J. and Xu, C. (2009). Preliminary characterization of vaginal microbiota in healthy Chinese women using cultivation-independent methods. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res. 35:525–532.
[4]. Forsum, U., Holst, E., Larsson, P.G., Vasquez, A., Jakobsson, T. and Mattsby-Baltzer, I. (2005). Bacterial vaginosis–a microbiological and immunological enigma. APMIS. 113:81–90.
[5]. Schwebke, J.R., Rivers, C. and Lee, J. (2009). Prevalence of Gardnerellavaginalis in male sexual partners of women with and without bacterial vaginosis. Sea. Transm. Dis. 36:92..

Abstract: Context: Spirometry is one of the procedures for determining lung function. The utility of spirometry is for both physiological and clinical investigative purposes. Aim: The aim of the present study is to assess the effectiveness of subject/patient's performance on Spirograph with and without the application of Nose clip. Settings and Design. It is a hospital based observational study conducted at RIMS,Ongole, during the period from December 2017 to January 2018. Methodology: A total of 138 Adult male and female subjects are selected for study. In the subjects tested, static and dynamic lung volumes are taken with and without the aid of nose clip and student t test (paired) performedandP values generated using IBM SPSS software. Results:It was observed that there is no Statistical significance for the static and dynamic lung volumes in spirometry subjects while using nose clip and without nose.........

Keywords: spirometry, nose clip, lung volumes, student t test, P value.

[1]. Shevade M, Apte K, Jadhav S, Madas S, Salvi S, Sorte R. What are the most common respiratory diseases encountered in clinical practice? Results of a pilot study in 737 Indian patients. European Respiratory Journal. 2015 Sep 1;46(suppl 59):PA3864.

[2]. 2.Newall C, McCauley TM, Shakespeare J, Cooper BG. Is it necessary to use a noseclip in the performance of spirometry using a wedge bellows device?. Chronic respiratory disease. 2007 Feb;4(1):53-7.
[3]. 3 Gupta DA, Sood S. Evaluation of Pulmonary Function Testing with and without Noseclips in Healthy Volunteers. Indian J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2004;18(2):83-6.

[4]. Faden DL, Elackatuu A, Platt M. The "Closed-Airway Sneeze" An Unusual Cause of Laryngeal Fracture. Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery. 2011 Sep 1;145(3):515-6.

[5]. Yang W, Sahota RS, Das S. Snap, crackle and pop: when sneezing leads to crackling in the neck. BMJ Case Reports. 2018 Jan 15;2018:bcr-2016..

Abstract: Introduction Disturbances of menstrual bleeding are a medical and social problem. The term dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB)should be reserved for those patients in whom not only the pelvic examination is normal but in whom there is no other demonstrable extragenital cause for bleeding. The present study was designed to analyze the various histopathologic patterns of endometrium with respect to the number as well as morphology of endometrial blood vessel in DUB patients using common stains.
Aims: To analyze the various histopathological patterns of endometrium with respect to the number as well as morphology of endometrial blood vessel in Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding patients using common stains. Methods and Material..........

Key-words: Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding, Endometrial blood vessels, Morphometry, DUB.

[1]. Blaustein's Pathology of female genital tract, Robert J. Kurman,5th edition. Pg 465-475
[2]. Fraser IS, Sungurtekin U. Defining menstrual disturbances. In : Maclean A, O' Briens PMS (editors). Study Group on Menstural Disorders. Royal College of Obstretician And Gynaecologists. 2000 p.141-152.
[3]. Fox H and C. H. Buckley. Biopsy Pathology of the endometrium. Chapman and Hall, London, 1989. Pg 25-35.
[4]. Rogers PA, Au CL, Affandi B. Endometrial microvasculature density during the normal menstrual cycle and following exposure to long term levonorgestral. Hum Reprod 1993; 8: 1396-1404.
[5]. Abulafia O, Triest WE, Sherer DM, Hansen CC, Ghezzi F. Angiogenesis in endometrial hyperplasia and stage I endometrial carcinoma.Obstet Gynecol 1995;86:479-85.