iosr-JEEE   Volume-10 ~ Issue-2 ~ March-April 2015

Abstract: Partial Shading is an important issue in PV Panels. It occurs due to the non-uniform illumination of a PV Panel or a part of it. This decreases the overall output of the PV Panel. As a result of partial shading, the unshaded cells cause a reverse bias on the shaded cell and hence large power is dissipated on the shaded cells, thus overheating the shaded cell which results in glass crack or melting/degradation of the solar cell. This is called Hot-spot. Here different control strategies are analysed and investigated for maximum power point tracking capabilities for maximum power generation of the photovoltaic panel under partial shading conditions. An online model based control of PV-Converter unit is presented in this project. This will involve practical tests as well as simulations done in MATLAB and SIMULINK.

Keywords: Partial Shading, Photo Voltaic, Hot-spots, Maximum Power Point Tracking, Buck Converter

[1]. S.C.W. Krauter, Solar Electric Power Generation - Photovoltaic Energy Systems: Modeling of Optical and Thermal Performance, Electrical Yield, Energy Balance, Effect on reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2006.
[2]. L. Gao, R. A. Dougal, S. Liu, and A. P. Iotova, "Parallel-Connected Solar PV System to Address Partial and Rapidly Fluctuating Shadow Conditions," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol.56, no.5, pp.1548-1556, 2009
[3]. Markvart T.: "Solar Electricity", John Wiley & Sons, 1994
[4]. J. Nelson, The physics of solar cells, London: Imperial College Press, 2003.
[5]. H. Kawamura, K. Naka, N. Yonekura, S. Yamanaka, H. Kawamura, H. Ohno, and K. Naito, "Simulation of I–V characteristics of a PV module with shaded PV cells," Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells, vol. 75, no. 3/4, pp. 613–621, Feb. 2003.
[6]. C. Ben Salah, M. Ouali, "Comparision of Fuzzy Logic and Neural Network in Maximum Power Point Tracker for PV Systems," Electric Power Systems Research, Vol. 81, pp. 43-50, July 2010.

Abstract: Li-Fi stands for Light Fidelity .Li-Fi technology provides transmission of data through illumination by sending data through LED that varies in intensity faster than the human eye can follow. This paper focus on developing a Li-Fi based system and analyze its performance with respect to existing technology. The heart of this technology is a new generation of high brightness LEDs. The paper discusses about an apparatus consisting of a transmitter which includes a light source and the receiver circuit which receives the data transmitted via light waves. The same system can be employed in industries making industrial automation using the existing light source a reality. A biomedical sensor is also introduced herewith which helps in diagnosis of a patient's medical conditions and is quickly made available to all the emergency points through light.

Keywords: FLED, Li-Fi, VLC, Wi-Fi

[1]. Jib-Hun Yun, Geun-Bin Hong and Yong-kab Kim, "A Study on Realization of Visible Light Communication System for Power Line Communication Using 8-bit Microcontroller", KSII Trans. Vol. 11, No. 5, pp. 238-241, October 25, 2010.

[2]. T.Komine and M. Nakagawa, "Integrated System of White LED Visible Light Communication and Power-Line Comm.", PIMRC 2002, .

[3]. T.Komine and M. Nakagawa, "Performance Evaluation of Narrowband OFDM on Integrated System of Power- Line Communication and Visible Light Wireless Communication", IEEE 2006.

[4]. T. T.Komine and M. Nakagawa, "Performance Evaluation of Narrowband OFDM on Integrated System of Power- Line Communication and Visible Light Wireless Communication", IEEE 2006.

[5]. M.Kavehrad, Z. Hajjarian and A. Enteshari, "Energy-Efficient Broadband Data Communications using White LEDs on Aircraft Power-lines", 2008 IEEE.

Abstract: The paper presents the analysis and modelling of BLDC motor with adaptive fuzzy logic controller for achieving improved performance of BLDC servomotor drive. For designing controllers it is necessary to know the exact model of the system. Here it has to be assumed that the system parameters never change during operating conditions, but practically the mechanical load parameters like inertia and friction may change due to change in load.. In this paper, adaptive fuzzy logic controller for BLDC motor has been proposed. The controller consists of two structures, one is fuzzy PI controller and the other is fuzzy PD controller. Based on the speed error signal received, switching takes place between these two controllers. Comparison is made between P, PI and the proposed adaptive fuzzy logic controller. In order to improve the performance during transient and steady state phase adaptive fuzzy logic controller has been developed.

Keywords: BLDC Motor, Adaptive Fuzzy logic controller, PI controller, PD controller , P controller

[1]. E. Kaliappan,C.Chellamuthu,Modelling,simulation and experimental analysis of permanent magnet brushless DC motors for
sensorless operation,Archives of Electrical Engineering ,vol.61(4),pp.499-515(2012).
[2]. R.Shanmughasundaram, member IEEE, K>Muhammad Zakariah and N.Yadaiash, IEEE, Implementation and performance analysis
of digital controllers for BLDC motor drives , IEEE/ASME transactions on mechatronics, vol.19,no.1,February 2014.
[3]. Tae-Hyung Kim, Hyung-Woo Lee ,Advanced sensorless drive technique for multiphase BLDC motor, 30th annual conference of
the IEEE industrialelectronics society, November 26, 2004, Busan,Korea.
[4]. Omar Aydogdu, Ramzan Akkaya, An Effective real coded GA based fuzzy controller for speed control of BLDC motor without
speed sensor, Turjelec Eng & Compsci, Vol.19, no. 3, 2011.
[5]. Xiaoxi, Wang Yufei, Liyaondong and Wang Xiangheng, Performance analysis of Multiphase permanent magnet brush;less dc
motor drives.

Abstract: This paper deals with the optimal location and parameters of TCSC and SVC in electrical power systems, using Particle Swarm Optimization technique (PSO). The objective is to maximize the transmission system loadability subjected to the transmission line capacity limits and specified bus voltage levels. Using the proposed method, the location of SVC and TCSC and their parameters are optimized simultaneously for IEEE 30 bus system. PSO is used to solve the above non linear programming problem for better accuracy. Keywords: Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor, Static Var Compensator, Particle Swarm Optimization, Evolutionary Computation, Power flow.

[1] N. G. Hingorani and L. Gyugyi, "Understanding FACTS Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission Systems". (Piscataway: IEEE Press, 1999).
[2] F. D. Galiana, K. Almeida, M. Toussaint, J. Griffin, and D. Atanackovic, "Assessment and control of the impact of FACTS devices on power system performance," IEEE Trans. Power Systems, Vol. 11, No. 4, Nov. 1996.
[3] S. Gerbex, R. Cherkaoui, and A. J. Germond, "Optimal location of multi type FACTS devices in a power system by means of genetic algorithms," IEEE Trans.Power Systems, Vol. 16, pp. 537-544,2001.
[4] S.N.Singh and A.K.David, "Congestion Management by optimizing FACTS devices location", IEEE Power Engineering Review,September 2000,pp.58-60.
[5] Keshi Reddy Saidi Reddy, Narayana Prasad Padhy, and R.N.Patel, "Congestion Management in Deregulated Power System using FACTS devices"IEEE 2006.

Abstract: Economic load dispatch (ELD) problem is very important part of the power system. The purpose of economic dispatch is to determine the generation of different units in a plant such that the total fuel cost is minimum and at the same time the total demand and losses at any instant must be equal to the total generation. Many traditional methods such as lambda iteration, gradient method, Newton's method etc. are applied to determine the optimal combination of power output of all generating units so as to meet the desired demand without violation of generator constraint. This paper presents lambda iteration method to solve the ELD problem using MATLAB for three and six generating units with and without transmission losses.

Keywords: Economic Load Dispatch (ELD), Fuel Cost, Lambda Iteration Method, Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB), Transmission Loss.

[1] Asbfaq Husain, "Electrical power system," CBS publishers and Distributers, Fifth Edition, 2007.
[2] C.L. Wadhwa, "Electrical power system," New Age Publication, Fifth Edition, 2009.
[3] D.P. Kothari, J.S. Dhillon, "Power system optimization," PHI, Second Edition, 2010.
[4] J. Wood and B.F. Wollenberg, "Power generation operation and control," New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1984.
[5] Hadi Saadat, "Power system Analysis," Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company, New Delhi, 2002.
[6] Samir Sayah, Khaled Zehar, "Using evolutionary computation to solve the economic load dispatch problem," Leonardo Journal of Sciences, Issue 12, January-June 2008, 67-78.
[7] M. Sailaja Kumari, M. Sydulu, "A fast computational genetic algorithm for economic load dispatch," International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering, vol. 1, No. 1, May 2009, 349-356.

Abstract: This paper addresses the application of a new Pulse-Wide Modulation (PWM) technique called inverted-sine PWM (ISPWM). These technique can be used to control Voltage Source Converters (VSC) of custom power devices which provide valuable supply to customers in low voltage distribution networks. The ISPWM technique generates lower voltage Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) in comparison with conventional Sinusoidal PWM (SPWM) technique. The proposed switching technique has been implemented on Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) and Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR). Simulation results with MATLAB Simulink show the effectiveness of the proposed switching techniques in the reduction of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) than conventional sine PWM technique.

Keywords: PWM, Power Quality, Harmonics, VSC, D-STATCOM, DVR, Custom Power, Voltage Sag.

[1]. N. Hingorani, ―FACTS—Flexible ac transmission systems,‖ in Proc. IEE 5th Int. Conf. AC DC Transmission, London, U.K., 1991, Conf. Pub.345, pp. 1–7.
[2]. Olimpo Anaya-Lara and E. Acha, Modeling and Analysis of Custom Power Systems by PSCAD/EMTDC,‖ IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 17, No.1, Jan. 2002
[3]. A. Ghosh, (2002). ―Power quality enhancementusing custom Power devices,‖ Khuvar Acadamic Publishers.
[4]. Seyezhai and B.L.Mathur, ―Performance Evaluation of Inverted Sine PWM Techniques for an Asymmetric Multilevel Inverter‖, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, Vol.2,No. 2, 2009, pp. 91-98.
[5]. Rodda Shobha Rani1, B. Jyothi2 VSC Based DSTATCOM & Pulse-width modulation for Power Quality Improvement International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology- Volume2Issue2- 2011
[6]. S. Esmaeili Jafarabadi, G. B. Gharehpetian,‖ A New ISPWM Switching Technique for THD Reduction in Custom Power Devices‖.
[7]. S.Malathy,Dr.R.Ramaprabha‖Trapezoidal inveted sine PWM techniques for fundamental fortification in PV fed multilevel inverters‖ International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering ,ISSN 2250-2459, Volume 2, Issue 4, April 2012.

Abstract: This paper describes the detailed modeling and control of a doubly fed Induction Generator (DFIG) interconnected with grid under normal and abnormal condition. The stator and rotor side converters are realized using H-bridge voltage source converter (VSC) with their appropriate control. It is found that DFIG effectively injects power into the grid, simultaneously maintaining grid requirement for synchronization with limited reactive power capability. An extensive digital simulation has been carried out using MATLAB environment in order to study the behavior of DFIG under normal and abnormal condition. The satisfactory system performance proves the suitability of control for DFIG with grid integration.

Keywords: Doubly fed Induction Generator, Grid, Voltage Source Converters, Wind energy.

[1]. BinWu, Yongqiang Lang, NavidZargari,SamirKouro,Power Conversion And Control Of Wind Energy Systems,A John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.2011.
[2]. Thomas Ackermann, Royal Institute of Technology, Wind Power in Power Systems, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern
Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO198SQ,England, 2005.
[3]. Wei Qiao, Ganesh Kumar Venayagamoorthy and Ronald G. Harley, Real-Time Implementation of a STATCOM on a Wind Farm
Equipped With doubly Fed Induction Generators,IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 45, No. 1, January/February
2009.
[4]. R.Pena ,J.C.Clare and G.M.Asher, "Doubly Fed induction Generator using back to back PWM converters and its application to
variable speed wind energy generation" , IEE Proc-Electr. Power Appl.,vol 143,No 3,pp 231-241,3,May 1996.
[5]. LihuiYang,ZhaoXu,Zhao Yang Dong, "Advanced control strategy of DFIG wind turbines for Power System Fault Ride Through",
IEEE Transaction on power systems , vol. 27 No 2, 2,May 2012.

Abstract: A novel tuning technique which improves the performances of an RF CMOS band-pass filter based on simulated inductors is presented. Gain enhancement techniques are applied to reduce the inductor losses by using a novel negative resistance topology. The proposed method is sufficiently general to be applied to other active filters topologies based on active inductors as well and is intended to be used for CMOS multi-standard filters design.

Keywords: MOS simulated inductors, active RF multi-standard filters, frequency and Q-factor tuning, negative resistance.

[1]. Y. Koutsoyannopoulos et al, ―Novel Si Integrated Inductor and Transformer Structures for RF IC Design, ‖ IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, vol. 2, pp. 573-576, 1999.
[2]. W. B. Kuh, F. W. Stephenson, and A. Elshabini-Riad, ―A 200 MHz CMOS Q-enhanced LC Bandpass Filter, ‖ IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 31, no. 8, pp. 1112-1122, Aug. 1996.
[3]. S. Hara, T. Tokumitsu, ―Broad-Band Monolithic Microwave Active Inductor and Its Application to Miniaturized Wide-Band Amplifiers‖, IEEE MTT, 1998, Vol. 36, No. 12.
[4]. A. Thanachayanont, ―A 1.5-V CMOS Fully Differential Inductorless RF Bandpass Amplifier‖, Proc. IEEE ISCAS, pp. 49-52, Vol. 1, 2001.
[5]. L. Liang-Hung, L. Yu-Te, and W. Chung-Ru, ―A miniaturized Wilkinson power divider with CMOS active inductors,‖ IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett., vol. 15, no. 11, pp. 775–777, Nov. 2005.

Abstract: Frequent power outages arising from poor state of electricity infrastructure is hindering Nigeria's socio-economic growth. Port Harcourt is one of the foremost cities in Nigeria where business and social activities are becoming rapidly more dependent on electricity. Any power outage, even of the shortest duration, in Port Harcourt City has severe socio-economic impacts and there is no likelihood that the phenomenon would abate even in the nearest future. This research investigated the causes of incessant power outages in Port Harcourt City and suggested remedial measures to reverse the trend. The researcher relied on datacollected from primary sources through personal observations, interviews and discussions with residents of the City and from secondary sources such as the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), the Manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN) and current scholarly literature relating to this research, over a period of twelve months.

[1] H.N. Amadi, Impact of Power Outages on Developing Countries: Evidence from Rural Households in Niger Delta, Nigeria. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy, Vol.5, 2015, No.3.

[2] Thisday, "Nigeria‟s Electricity Crisis: From bad to worse," 9th Jul, 2013.

[3] The Daily Pilot, "The Challenges facing Electricity Market in Nigeria," 3rd Apr, 2014.

[4] E. Usman, "Man electrocuted while vandalising transformer in Lagos," Vanguard Newspaper, Sep 16, 2014.

[5] D. Kio-Lawson, J.B. Dekor, Port Harcourt, the Garden City: A Garden of Residents Nightmare. World Environment, 4(3), 2014, 111-120.

[6] P.N. Ede, O.B.Owei, and C.I. Akarolo, Does the Greater Port Harcourt Master Plan 2008 meet Aspirations for Liveable City? Greater Port Harcourt Master Plan 2008, 47th ISOCARP Congress.

Abstract: This paper aim to design a transformer less soft switched buck DC-DC converter for a photovoltaic application. Hard switched DC-DC converters generate electromagnetic interference, higher switching losses and stress on power devices. Soft switching leads to reduce these demerits. In this paper a quasi-resonant ZVS buck converter is designed and its switching behavior is studied. Simulation model is prepared and results have shown that soft switching scheme does not allow power switch to suddenly turn ON and OFF thereby reducing the switching losses.

Keywords: soft switching converter, photovoltaic converter, transformer less single transistor converter

[1]. Muhammad H. Rashid, Power Electronics Handbook, Devices, circuits and applications, (Elsevier), pp.409-453.
[2]. Damien Coutellier, Vassilios G. Agelidis, Sewan Choi, Experimental verification of floating output interleaved input DC-DC high gain transformer less converter topologies, IEEE power electronics specialists conference 2008, 562-568.
[3]. Esam H. Ismail, Large step down DC-DC converters with reduced current stress", Energy conversion and management 50 , 2009, 232-239.
[4]. Ho Sung Kim, Jong Kim, Byung Min, Dong Yoo, Hee Jim, A highly efficient PV system using a series connection of DC-DC converter output with a photovoltaic panel, Renewable energy 34 ,2009,2432-2436.
[5]. Shamkumar .B.Chavan, Mahesh .S. Chavan, Power switch faults, diagnosis and tolerant schemes in converters of photovoltaic systems- A review, International journal of advanced research in Electrical , Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering, 3 (9) 2014, 11729-11737
[6]. M.A. Farahat, H.M.B.Metwally, Ahmed A.E.Mohammad, Optimal choice and design of different topologies of DC-DC converter used in PV systems, at different climatic conditions in Egypt, Renewable Energy 43,2012, 393-402.

Abstract: There is an emergency need to work out an extension of non-conventional hand in total power generation as we see a lot of power scarcity which results in power cuts in cities as well as villages due to lack of surplus amount of natural resources. Our project "WIND-O-SOL" is an archetype which helps in harnessing wind and solar energy within a single model, which provides good output for power generation. In view of considering different aspects like low installation costs, production of power at low cost, decrease in cost charge per unit, improvement in education, development in the area, employment, direct connection to conventional grid, wind currents and many aspects villages and places where wind currents would be high will be of good use for the constructive output of our prototype.

Keywords: WIND-O-SOL, thermal, Nuclear, grid, vanes, monolithic, WITRICITY, spin cells

[1]. http://www.laserfocusworld.com
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[7]. http://v3solar.com/
[8]. http://solar-panels-review.toptenreviews.com/grape-solar-390w-review.html

Abstract: Considering the versatility of usefulness and ease of control of the DC motor both for domestic, industrial and entertainment, research works have continued unabated on further and better ways to achieve its control. Among the many methods used in the control of the speed of a DC motor the microcontroller – based method was adapted in a closed-loop real time control system approach making use of the PIC16F877A with a program in Flow Code developed to implement a feasible control system. The PIC16F877A microcontroller was programmed and used for the control of the speed of DC motors at the desired speed range of up to 500 – 600 rpm with variation of load. An LCD was used to display the feedback motor speed signal fed back to the controller.

Keywords: DC Motor, Speed Control, Microcontroller, Flow Code Programming, Control Systems.

[1]. Tipsuwan, Y and Chow, M-Y, (1999), "Fuzzy Logic Microcontroller Implementation for DC Motor Speed Control," Proceedings of the IEEE 25th Annual Conference of the Industrial Electronics Society, 1999 (IECON '99), Volume 3,, pp.1271-1276.
[2]. Uma, G.; Chellamuthu, C, (2000), "Design and implementation of constant frequency soft switched regulated power supply for aerospace applications," Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, 2000 (ISIE 2000), Volume 2,pp.735-740.
[3]. Carroll, B.; Klug, D.; Dimitrov, L.; Marmara, S.; Montemayor, R.; Schaffer, A.; Shaub, P.; Tse, E.; and Thompson, M. (1999), "Design of a motor speed controller for a lightweight electric vehicle," Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation, Electrical Manufacturing & Coil Winding, Cincinnati OH, 1999, 26-28 Oct, 1999, pp.559-562.
[4]. Ismail, A.; and Sharaf, A.M., (2002), "An efficient neuro-fuzzy speed controller for large industrial DC motor drives ," Proccedings of the 2002 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications, Vol. 2, pp.1027-1031.
[5]. Soliman, H.F.; Sharaf, A.M.; Mansour, M.M.; Kandil, S.A.; and El-Shafii, M.H., (1994), "A fuzzy logic tunable speed controller for a rectifier fed PMDC motor drives," Proceedings of the 26th IEEE 1994 Southeastern Symposium on System Theory, Athens, OH, 20-22 March, 1994, pp.22-26.
[6]. Castagnet, T. and Nicolai, J. (1992), "Digital drive for home appliances DC motor," IEE Colloquium on Variable Speed Drives and Motion Control, London, 4th Nov, 1992, pp.6/1-6/4.