iosr-JEEE   Volume-19 ~ Issue-5 ~ Sep. – Oct. 2024

Abstract: Background: DC-DC Boost Converters are crucial components in solar power systems, requiring effective control for optimal performance. This paper introduces an adaptive sliding mode controller with a modified sliding function to overcome the limitations of classic sliding mode control in DC-DC boost converters.
Materials and Methods: The study presents a detailed mathematical model of the DC-DC boost converter and derives a state-space representation. A Proportional-Integral (PI) type sliding function is proposed, introducing an additional tuning parameter γ that can be adaptively adjusted based on load variations. The control law and existence conditions for sliding modes are established, demonstrating the robustness of the proposed method to load changes.........

Keywords: Sliding mode control; Adaptive Sliding function; Power Electronic Converter; Solar power system; boost converter.

[1]. V. Utkin, J. Guldner, And M. Shijun, Sliding Mode Control In Electro-Mechanical Systems. Crc Press, 1999.
[2]. B. Bandyopadhyay, S. Janardhanan, And S. K. Spurgeon, Advances In Sliding Mode Control. Springer, 2013.
[3]. S.-C. Tan, Y.-M. Lai, And C.-K. Tse, Sliding Mode Control Of Switching Power Converters. Crc Press, 2018.
[4]. Siew-Chong Tan Yuk-Ming Lai Chi Kong Tse, Sliding Mode Control Of Switching Power Converters: Techniques And Implementation, Crc Press, 2012.
[5]. Sira-Remirez, H., Silva-Ortigoza, R.: Control Design Techniques In Power Electronics Devices. Springer, London (2006)

Abstract: This research paper addresses, How Does Vehicle to Grid Integration (V2G) Impact Energy Management and Grid Stability, and What are the Potential Benefits and Challenges with its Implementation? The need to switch to electric cars (EVs) due to environmental pollution has made it difficult to manage EV energy consumption and include renewable sources. Bidirectional energy flow between EVs and the grid is made possible by Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology, which presents a feasible solution. The potential of V2G to optimize energy use, stabilize grids, and facilitate the integration of renewable energy sources is examined in this research. Energy Management Systems (EMS), communication networks, and bidirectional chargers are important parts. In particular, V2G is vital in areas where energy reliability is a problem..........

Keywords: Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G), Energy Management Systems (EMS), Grid Stability, Bidirectional Charging, Electric Vehicles (EVs), Renewable Energy Integration, Smart Grid Technology, Energy Optimization, Battery Degradation, Economic Benefits of V2G, Power Quality and Harmonics, Virtual Power Plant (VPP), Energy Storage Solutions, Communication Systems in V2G, Peak Load Shifting, Demand Response, Real-World V2G Case Studies, Infrastructure Requirements for V2G, Regulatory and Policy Challenges, Environmental Impact of EVs, Disaster Recovery with V2G, Future Prospects of V2G Technology, Optimal Power Flow Models

[1] Ravi, S. S., & Aziz, M. (2022). Utilization Of Electric Vehicles For Vehicle-To-Grid Services: Progress And Perspectives. Energies, 15(2), 589. Https://Doi.Org/10.3390/En15020589
[2] Mets, K., Ojea, J. A., & Develder, C. (2014). Combining Power And Communication Network Simulation For Cost-Effective Smart Grid Analysis. Ieee Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 16(3), 1771–1796. Https://Doi.Org/10.1109/Surv.2014.021414.00116
[3] Vishnuram, P., & Alagarsamy, S. (2024). Grid Integration For Electric Vehicles: A Realistic Strategy For Environmentally Friendly Mobility And Renewable Power. World Electric Vehicle Journal, 15(2), 70. Https://Doi.Org/10.3390/Wevj15020070
[4] Oladeji, I., Makolo, P., Abdillah, M., Shi, J., & Zamora, R. (2021). Security Impacts Assessment Of Active Distribution Network On The Modern Grid Operation—A Review. Electronics, 10(16), 2040. Https://Doi.Org/10.3390/Electronics10162040
[5] Loni, A., & Asadi, S. (2024). Power System Resilience: The Role Of Electric Vehicles And Social Disparities In Mitigating The Us Power Outages. Smart Grids And Sustainable Energy, 9(1).Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/S40866-024-00204-6

Abstract: The SCADA system was developed to provide fault isolation operation, monitoring and controlling functions for various industrial applicationswhich includes data collection and storage for future analysis.This paper encompassesstudyof the development of a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) based on Remote Terminal Unit (RTU). An embedded Ethernet controller is used as RTU to act as converter for Human Machine Interface (HMI) and to interact with analog and digital input and output modules. RTU is the master and digital input and output modules are the slaves. RTU will initiate the transaction with the digital input and output modules and feed the data's to Communication Feed Server. The integration of the SCADA system and the substation automation system results in a real‐time wide‐area monitoring and control of substation by controlling not only in civil but also in Military Station.

Keywords: SCADA, Remote Terminal Unit (RTU), monitoring and controlling, Human Face Interface (HMI), Input and Output modules, Communication Feed Server, Military Station.

[1]. Ahmad T. Jaiad and Dr.SeyedVahab AL-Din Makki, " Implementation of SCADA System for Data Transmission 33/11kV substation", Webology, Volume 19, Number 1, January 2022, pg 1474-1480.
[2]. Mohamed Zahran, YousryAtia and Ahmed Abulmagd, " Reliable, Cheaper and Modular SCADA System for Wireless Remote Applications", Research Gate, July 2011, Pg no. 1-8.
[3]. Hu Guozhen, Cai Tao, Chen Changsong, DuanShanxu, " Solutions for SCADA system Communication Reliability in Photovoltaic Power Plants", IEEE, 2009, pg 2482-2485
[4]. MevlutKaracor and EnginOzdemir, " Mobile based SCADA automation", Feature 268, Vol 37/9 Nov 2004.
[5]. Adnan Salihbegovic et. al, ―Web based multilayered distributed SCADA/HMI system in refinery application‖, Computer Standards & Interfaces 31 (2009) 599–612.

Abstract: In order to increase the generated power and for better wind conditions, wind turbines are getting taller, the swept area and the blade lengths have been increased, and shifted to offshore locations. All these actions increase the exposure of windplant to lightning. The blades are the most damaged in which case reparing or replacement cost is extremely large. This paper reviews lightning protection and earthing scinenareos such as the receptor, metallic cap, metallic conductor on the blade edges, metallic mesh, two ring electrode, backside electrode, combined method, enhanced method, conductive surface layer on wind turbine blade method and Knitted Soldered.....

[1]. V. Peesapati, I. Cotton, T. Sorensen, T. Krogh, and N. Kokkinos, "Lightning protection of wind turbines–a comparison of measured data with required protection levels," IET renewable power generation, vol. 5, pp. 48-57, 2011.
[2]. H. T. Zavareh, "Wind turbines protection against the lightning struck using a combined method," in Renewable Energy and Distributed Generation (ICREDG), 2012 Second Iranian Conference on, 2012, pp. 51-54.
[3]. M. Minowa, S. Sumi, K. Ito, and K. Horii, "A study of lightning protection for wind turbine blade by using creeping discharge characteristics," in Lightning Protection (ICLP), 2012 International Conference on, 2012, pp. 1-4.
[4]. S. Yokoyama, "Lightning protection of wind turbine blades," Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 94, pp. 3-9, 2013.
[5]. S. Madsen, K. Bertelsen, T. Krogh, H. Erichsen, A. Hansen, and K. Lønbæk, "Proposal of new zoning concept considering lightning protection of wind turbine blades," Journal of Lightning Research, vol. 4, pp. 108-117, 2012.

Abstract: The application of a DC electric motor as a drive for the grain thresher machine uses electrical energy from solar panels, which is then stored in a 24 Volt 50 Ah accumulator. This research aims to understand the characteristics and performance of a DC motor as a driver for the grain thresher machine. The research was carried out in August 2021 at the Electrical Engineering Laboratory of the Samarinda State Polytechnic.The results of testing and calculations when the engine is run without load with a 24Volt 50Ah battery, the output power is 176.24 Watt, the current is 9.15 Ampere, the motor rotational speed is 3070 RPM, and the threshing cylinder pulley speed is 745RPM..........

Keywords: DC Electric Motor, Driving Motor, Motor Power, Rotational Speed

[1]. Irawan, D. and Jamaluddin. 2018. Penerapan dan Pemanfaatan Motor DC Sebagai Penggerak Sepeda Listrik Menggunakan Solar Cell, In Materials Science and Engineering, Sidoarjo doi:10.1088/1757-899X/434/1/012209.
[2]. Kuswardana, A. 2016. Analisis Sistem Motor Penggerak pada Mobil Listrik dengan Kapasitas Satu Penumpang, Thesis of Semarang State University, Semarang
[3]. Admin. 2019. Studi Elektronika. [Online]. https://www.webstudi.site/2019/08/Motor-DC.html (diakses Agustus 2019).
[4]. Siburian, J.D. 2019. Analisa Slip Transmisi Pulley dan V-Belt Pada Beban Tertentu dengan Mengguanakan Motor Berdaya Seperempat HP. Thesis of University of Islam Riau, Pekanbaru.
[5]. Mislaini, R. 2016. Rancang Bangun dan Uji Teknis Alat Perontok Padi. Andalas Agricultural Technology Journal 20 (1) : 6-7.

Abstract: The out-of-focus point spread function of optical systems in the presence of primary spherical aberration has been investigated. Considerable reduction of the central maximum intensity and the presence of non-zero first minimum put a severe restriction for Rayleigh criterion to be applied for two-point resolution studies for these systems..

Keywords: PSF, Primary Spherical Aberration, Defocusing.

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