IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-10 ~ Issue-1 ~ January 2016

Abstract: The present investigation has been conducted to study the sublethal toxic effect of chromium 14.2 ppm (40% of 96h LC50) on the testis of the fresh water fish Clarias batrachus for a period of 45days. The histopathological changes observed as distortion of seminiferous tubules, disorganization of spermatogonia, spermatocytes and spermatids with cytoplasmic vacuolization and nuclear pycnosis. These alterations in the histology of testis in the fish Clarias batrachus exposed to sublethal chromium solution may be due to toxicity induced by the irritant present in the aquatic medium. Hence these changes can be used to assess the quality of water contaminated with heavy metal salt(s).

Key words: Histopathology, testis, chromium toxicity, Clarias batrachus.

[1] S Madhusudan, L. Fatma, L and C. Nadim, Bioaccumulation of Zn and Cd in fresh water fishes, Indian Journal of Fisheries, 50 (1), 2003, 53-65.
[2] DV Muley, DM. Karanjkar, and SV Maske, Impact of industrial effluents on the biochemical composition of Fresh water fish Labeo rohita. Biology, 28 (2), 2007, 245-249.
[3] PLRM Palanippan, and S. Karthikeyan,(2009) Bioaccumulation and depuration of chromium in the selected organs and whole body tissues of freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala individually and in binary solutions with nicke,. Journal of Environmental Science 21, 2009, 229–236.
[4] ATSDR, Toxicological profile for chromium. U.S. Department of Health and Human services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia, 2013.
[5] NV. Bhatkar, Chromium, Nickel and Zinc Induced Histopathological Alterations in the Liver of Indian Common Carp Labeo rohita (Ham.), Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management 15 (2), 2011, 331 – 336.
[6] E. Hodgson, A textbook of modern toxicology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication, Hoboken. 2004.

Abstract: The Phytochemical, antinutrient and mineral compositions of four cassava leaf varieties (TME 419, TMS 92/0326, TMS 92B/0061 and NR8213) were investigated. The presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, cynogenic glycosides and saponin were determined. Antinutrients such as tannins, oxalate, phytate and trypsin inhibitor and some mineral elements such as Ca, Mg, K, Na, P, Hg, Mn, Zn were also present. The results of the phytochemical composition showed that alkaloid values ranged from 26.03 to 38.33 mg/100g, flavonoid content ranged from 48.07 to 58.94mg/100g, saponin content ranged from 1.58 to 1.65mg/100g,cynogenic glycosides content ranged from 0.49 to 0.57mg/100g, and tannin content ranged from 0.45 to 0.71mg/100g.

[1] A.O. Fasuyi, Nutrient Composition and Processing Effects on cassava leaf (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) antinutrient, Pakistan Journal of Nutriton 4 , 2005, 37-42.(1)

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[3] J.K. Mensah, R.I Okoli, J.O. Ohaju-Obodo, K. Eifediyi, Phytochemical, nutritional and medicinal properties of some leafy vegetables consumed by Edo people of Nigeria, Africa Journal of Biotechnology, 7, 2008, 2304-2309.(14)

[4] M. Bokanga ,Processing of cassava leaves for Human consumption, Acta Hort, 375, 1994, 203-207.

[5] N. Wargiono, N. Richana and A. Hidajat , Contribution of cassava leaves used as a vegetable to improve human nutrition in Indonesia, International center for Tropical Agriculture, 2002, 466-471

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Abstract: The objective of this study is to find the cause and effect of Vehicle pollution on the Auto Rickshaw Drivers (ARD) of the city during traffic jam and conjunction..This study focuses up on the implicit relation between alternative occurrences of traffic jam and amount of toxic pollution inhaled by ARD in the city and its relation to diseases .The survey viewed that the health of city AR Drivers has been worsening gradually subsequent up on concentrated heavy and fine of air pollution dust which linger and floating on city atmosphere and fell in as victims of many illness.

[1]. Oberdörster G, Sharp Z, Atudorei V, Elder A, Gelein R, Kreyling W, Cox C. Translocation of inhaled ultrafine particles to the brain. Inhal Toxicol 16,437-445, 2004.
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[3]. World Health Organization, Geneva. January 2007. Estimated deaths &DALYs attributable to selected environmental risk factors, by WHOMember State, 2002. community-based intervention program," IndianHeart Journal,vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 28–33, 2006.
[4]. Arun V. Joshi, Bhagyasri R Hungund, SM Katti, MD Mallapur, RG Vivek Prevalence of hypertension and its socio demographic and occupational determinants among bus drivers in North Karnataka Medica Innovatica, December 2013.
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Abstract: The use of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment has been proposed as an intermediate technological solution for handling wastewater.The aim of the study was to assess the efficiency of a constructed wetland at Egerton University, Kenyafor heavy metals removal from wastewater. The wetland has been used for tertiary treatment of effluent from waste stabilization pondssystem since 2007. Aninvestigation was conducted between August 2013 and January 2014.Water samples were collected from the wetland and analysed forselected heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cd and Zn) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Temperature, pH, electrical conductivity and dissolved oxygen were also measured. The results indicated that the concentration of cadmium was below the detection limit.Influent levels of lead, copper and zinc were 1.25 mg/L, 1.09 mg/L and 0.15 mg/L respectively during the study period.

[1] UNESCO,The United Nationsworld water development report 3: water in a changing world (Paris/New York, 2009).
[2] O.B. Akpor, Wastewater Effluent Discharge: Effects and Treatment Processes, Proc. 3rd IPCBEE Conf. on Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Pretoria, South Africa, 2011, 85-91
[3] M. Sundaravadivel and S. Vigneswaran, Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment,Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology,31(4), 2010, 351–409.
[4] WHO and UNICEF,Meeting the MDG drinking water and sanitation target: a mid-term assessment of progress. Joint monitoring programme for water Supply and sanitation (World Health Organization, Geneva and United Nations Children‟s Fund New York. 2004).
[5] I. O. A. Hodgson, Performance of the Akosombo waste stabilization ponds in Ghana,Ghana Journal of Science, 47, 2007, 35-44.
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Abstract: The environment is degraded severely by so many factors, some of which are caused by the activities of Construction Projects. The integration of environment into development planning is the most important tool in achieving sustainable development. EIA certainly has a vital role to play in addressing environmental issues surrounding project development. EIA is considered the starting point in the process of implementing sustainable development agendas. In terms of benefits, it has identified EIAs as the most effective tool for integrating environmental concerns in development planning and implementation. EIA also provide a good example on how a combination of 'top-down' and 'bottom-up' approaches could improve democracy and service delivery. The present review focuses on EIA process, which is necessary for providing an anticipatory and preventive mechanism for environmental management and protection in any development.

Key-words: EIA, Construction Projects

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Abstract: Irvingia species are important fruit trees. Although the microbial postharvest quality of its fruits have been studied, the potential relationship between postharvest disease and the proximate composition of its fruit are yet unknown. Hence in this research, changes that occur in postharvest Irvingia fruit wastes on the 0th , 3rd and 6th days after harvest (DAH) was assessed with respect to brownish-black rot disease and proximate components. Results showed that brownish-black rot disease advanced significantly (P≤ 0.05) as DAH increased. Mean weighted percentage brownish-black rot disease on 0th, 3rd and 6th DAH were 2.37%, 22.24% and 87.86% respectively. Mean percentage moisture was 82.99% followed by dry matter (16.91g), Carbohydrate (15.00g), fibre (0.67g), protein (0.63g), ash (0.49g) and lipids (0.10g).

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Abstract: Fresh cassava tubers of the bitter variety (Manihot esculenta) were processed into gari (fermented for five different periods).The proximate composition, chemical properties, cyanide content, functional and sensory properties were determined. The results showed that moisture content ranged between (7.45 -8.18%) in which the sample fermented for five days had the highest moisture content of 8.18% .The ash ranged between (1.74 - 2.19%), protein content ranged between (2.44-2.72%), crude fat ranged between (1.20-1.50%), crude fiber was between (2.60-3.20%) while carbohydrate content ranged between (83.09-83.94%) which were not significantly different from each other except the one fermented for four days which had the highest carbohydrate content of 83.94%.

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Abstract: Microbes, iron, arsenic and turbidity is encountered in drinking water across numerous states in India. These contaminants could either coexist or may be present individually in water. Coexistence is largely evident in Eastern states of India. Presently, most of the population either does not use any solution of purifying water or the solution is inadequate. Thus, there is a daunting need to facilitate removal of these frequently occurring contaminants simultaneously as well as individually.

[1] WHO and UNICEF, Progress on sanitation and drinking water joint monitoring programme update 2014 (World Health Organization (WHO),Geneva, Switzerland, 2014).
[2] Ibid 42.
[3] WHO-Geneva, CH. International Network to Promote Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage ,Combating waterborne disease at the household level (World Health Organization(WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, 2007).
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Abstract: Accumulation of waste materials is a major crisis in the present world causing increased environmental threat. Aerobic composting is the process of conversion of solid waste materials into stable compost by the activity of aerobic microorganisms. Thermophilic microorganisms involved in aerobic composting, especially which encompass elevated ability for the production of waste degrading enzymes play a superior role in escalating the degradation rate. A consortium of 14 different thermophilic microorganisms which is having the maximum enzyme production was selected for composting weeds, herbal medicinal waste materials, coir pith and sawdust. The consortium could increase the rate of degradation by 30 to 40 % for weed waste, herbal medicinal waste and coirpith. In the case of sawdust also the selected consortium could reduce the C/N ratio, but could not make final quality compost.

Keywords: composting, thermophilic microorganisms, consortium, enzymes, C/N ratio

[1]. H. Takaku, S. Kodaira, A. Kimoto, M. Nashimoto, and M. Takagi, Microbial communities in the garbage composting with rice hull as an amendment revealed by culture dependent and independent approaches, Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 101(1), 2006, 42-50.
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Abstract: Guinea fowl, quail and duck eggs were compared in three phases, whole, yolk and white in term of their proximate and mineral composition. The whole guinea fowl had the highest moisture content of 72 .5% compare to the whole duck (69.85%) and the whole quail (67.07%), the moisture content of egg white ranged between (82.63- 87.39%) across the sample but higher than that of the yolk which ranged between (44.74-49.85%). High percentage of protein was found in the yolk of guinea fowl egg and duck egg, but low in the white of quail egg. The three samples were rich in fat, but the highest value of fat content was noticed in the yolk of duck (36.13%), they all had low carbohydrate content which was not significantly different from each other in term of whole, yolk and white. The samples were all rich in calcium but high content (46.10%) was noticed in whole quail, while sodium, zinc and iron for each of the sample were not significantly different from each other but the yolk of guinea fowl had the highest value of zinc (6.60 mg/100g), copper (5.60 mg/100g) respectively.

Keywords: Fowl, duck, guinea, quail, yolk, egg

[1] C. M. Ann-baker, Protein of egg white in egg quality a study of hen's egg carter, (Ed). Oliver and Bayo. (Edinburg, Scotland, 1980).
[2] S. E. Allen, Chemical analysis of egg and egg product. John wiley and sons, New York, U.S.A 1990.
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[5] S. V. Borges, E.T. Martucci, and C.O. Muller, Department of Food Technology ech/17/ ufrrj, km 47 daantigaradaova Brazil. Academic Press Limited 1996, 687-689.
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Abstract: The paper assessed the levels of heavy metals in soil collected in the vicinity of Onyeama and Okpara Coal Mines in Enugu, South East of Nigeria. The concepts of Pollution Index (Pi) and Enrichment Factor (EF) were used to evaluate the heavy metal pollution status in areas around the coal mines. The mean concentration of the metals ranged from 1.00 - 14.37 mg/kg for Cd, 0.37-7.25 mg/kg for Pb, 0.75-18.50 mg/kg for Ni, 0.12- 0.37 mg/kg for As, 0.25-11.25 mg/kg for Cu, 0.12-1875 mg/kg for Cr. The concentration patterns of the metals follows the order Fe> Ni> Zn > Cd > Pb > Cu > Mn > Co > As. The Enrichment Factor (EF) of the metals follows the order Cd >Pb > Ni > Cu > Zn > Co > Cr > Mn > Fe. The source of metal enrichment in soils in the areas is suspected to be leachates import from overlying coal waste dumps into the soil and selective leaching of these metals from their concentration trends. Enrichment factors and Health risk levels indices in the examined area were respectively Cd (192.67, 5); Cr (2.04, 2); Cu (7.30, 3); Mn (0.34, 0); Ni (10.60, 2); Pb (24.03, 4); C0 (3.61, 2) and As (8.30, 3).The results indicate significant enrichment of Pb, Cd and Ni in the examined sites compared to any other elements studied.

Keyword: Pollution index, Enrichment factor, Leachate import, Health risk level

[1]. Kabata-Pendias, A. and Pendias, H.(1992),.Trace Metals in Soils and Plants, 2nd ed, CRC Press Boca Raton FL.www.sci.alert.net/ref.php?doi-ijb.2009.
[2]. Zhang, Chao-Ian and Bai, Hou-yi (2000) Application fuzzy mathematics Assessment on soil heavy metals. Pollution, (J) Guanxi Science of agriculture biology, vol. 22 (1), 54-57.2000
[3]. Crock, J.G. Lichte F.E. and Briggs (1983).Determination of elements in National Bureau of Standards geology reference materials SRM 278 Obsidian and SRM 688 Basalt by inductive .coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy: Geostandards Newsletter,Vol.7, pp335-340.

Abstract: Over the last few decades the contamination of fresh water with a wide range of pollutants has become a matter of concern. Metal contamination accounts for potential threat for aquatic organisms, which are exposed to significant amounts of heavy metals as a consequence of Industrial, Agricultural and Anthropogenic activities. Heavy metals at high concentration can be hazardous to metabolic, physiological and biochemical system of fish, which in turn affects human beings. The aim of the present study is to investigate the changes in biochemical parameters of Channa Punctatus exposed to hexavalent chromium.

Key Words: Channa Punctatus, Hexavalent Chromium, Biochemical Parameters.

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Abstract: Two cereal crops Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.,),Wheat (Triticum astivum )were grown to study the impact of sewage sludge on physical properties of soil. These plants were grown in twelve plots for each plant. And added different levels of sewage sludge ( 0Kg, 4 Kg, 8 Kg, 12 Kg ) as manure to the plots with tree replicate for each level of sewage sludge the experiment was repeat twice in two seasons. The results shown that significant impact because of added the sewage sludge to soil in both years on bulk density, particle density, percentage pore space (% sand %silt & clay , soil texture) at depth 0-15cm and 15-30 cm depth. Keywords: sewage sludge, soil, physical properties , wheat , barley .

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