IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-11 ~ Issue-7 ~ July 2017

Abstract: Life, the everlasting mystery of origin in this very planet emerges from either non-living material or eternal one which was introduced in this Earth from these ever existence of the depths of the space. Mass size, gravitational pull, luminosity, optimum incoming and radiant energy and alternative diurnal thermal extreme may have fulfilled the criteria of generation. Whatever are these sequences or arrangement or presence of elements and congenial atmosphere, life might be evolved in the natural setting of mostly open air theatre. Environment, i.e. the unique circumferential circumstance which is more or less affected by external, internal and extra terrestrial............

Keywords: Atmosphere, Earth, Environment, Life, Universe

[1] K. Bryan, et al., Knowledge Encyclopaedia: The World As You've Never Seen It Before, L. Munsey et al. (Ed.), (London: Dorling Kindersly Limited, DK- A Penguin Random House Company, 2017) 76.
[2] M.M. Kamshilov, Evolution of the Biosphere (Moscow: Mir Publishers, 1976) 15-16, 34, 100.
[3] R.W. Christopherson, Geosystems: An Introduction to Physical Geography (3rd Edition), (New Zealand: Prentice Hall, 1997) 44.
[4] A.I. Oparin, and V.G. Fesenkov, Life in the Universe (Moscow: The Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1956) in M.M. Kamshilov, Evolution of the Biosphere (Moscow: Mir Publishers, 1976) 26.
[5] B.K. Hall, and B. Hallgrimsson, Strickberger's Evolution: The Integration of Genes, Organisms and Populations (4th Edition) (Sudbury, Ontario, Canada: Jones and Barlett Publishers, 2008).

Abstract: The extraction of pectin from ripe Banana peels was done using 0.5M of hydrochloric acid (HCl) under the same temperature of 95oC at different time intervals; 1hour, 2hours, 3hours and 4hours successively at pH 2.7. Qualitative and quantitative analysis were carried out to determine the colour and the texture respectively of the extracted pectin. Characterization of the extracted pectin shows that the pectin was insoluble in cold water but dissolved when heated. Also, the pectin formed yellowish precipitates in Alkali solution and dissolves when heated. The pectin yield at different time interval is as follows: 3.5% for 1hr, 5.9% for 2hrs, 9.5% for 3hrs and 9.2% for 4hrs; indicating that at 95oC.............

[1] Joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives. www.revolvvy.com/main/index.php. Retrieved june 2016
[2] Mesbahi, G., Jamalian, J.andFarahnaky, A. (2005). Comparative study of functional properties of beet and citrus pectins in food systems.Food hydrocolloids, 19 (4): 731-738
[3] Emaga,T.H., Robart, C., Ronkart, S.N., Walhelet, B.andPaquot, M. (2008). Characterization of pectin extracted from banana peels (Musa accuminata) under different condition using an experimental design.Food chemistry, 108(2) 463-471
[4] Taylor and Frances. (2016). Chemistry of pectin: reviews in food science and nutrition. International journal of remote sensing.
[5] Kukwa, R.E., Ochefu L., Kukwa, D.T., and Samoh, F. (2017).Comparative extraction and characterization of crude pectin from green citrus peels of grape (Citrus paradisi) sweet orange (Citrus sinesis) and lime (Citrus acida) obtained from Makurdi-Benue State-Nigeria. Nigerian journal of pure and applied Sciences, 8:79-84

Abstract: Heavy metals constitute part the contaminants released to soils during auto-mechanic service activities, crude oil exploration, production and transportation, and lead mining. Communities hosting industries usually highlight the companies operating around them as the ones associated with highest risk to the local population. This study was designed to compare the risks resulting from soils contaminated by toxic metals from crude oil, auto-mechanic spills and lead mining. Nine (9) archive composite surface soil samples previously collected from cities and towns in............

Keywords: Crude oil, auto-mechanic spill, lead mining, Toxic metals

[1] Alloway, B. J. (Ed.). (2012). Heavy Metals in Soils: Trace Metals and Metalloids in Soils and their Bioavailability (Vol. 22). Springer Science & Business Media.
[2] Baird, J. (2010). Oil's shame in Africa. The Daily Beast. Newsweek. July, 18.
[3] Baker, J. M. (1970). Studies on salt marsh communities. The effects of a single oil spillage. The Ecological Effects of Oil Pollution on Littoral Communities. Institute of Petroleum, London, 16-43.
[4] Boisa, N., Bird, G., Brewer, P. A., Dean, J. R., Entwistle, J. A., Kemp, S. J., & Macklin, M. G. (2013). Potentially harmful elements (PHEs) in scalp hair, soil and metallurgical wastes in Mitrovica, Kosovo: the role of oral bioaccessibility and mineralogy in human PHE exposure. Environment international, 60, 56-70.
[5] Cachada, A., Dias, A. C., Pato, P., Mieiro, C., Rocha-Santos, T., Pereira, M. E., ... & Duarte, A. C. (2013). Major inputs and mobility of potentially toxic elements contamination in urban areas. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 1-16.

Abstract: The object of this study is to analyzein antimicrobial activities and radical scavenging of essential oilsof Artemisia absinthium L, Artemisia austriacajaq, Tanacetumdensum (lab). Schultz Bip.subsp, Sivasicum Hub-Mor @GriersonTanacetumvulgare (Asteraceae)obtained from 4 plant species member ofastreceaewhich were selected in use of Turkish medicine.Searching for possible antioxidant activity of samples was evaluatedby β-carotene-linoleic acid and 2, 2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays.Antimicrobial, antifungal activities and minimalinhibitory............

Keywords: Asteraceae, Antimicrobial activity, Antioxidant activity, Sivasicum Hub-Mor @Grierson*,Artemisia absinthium L, Artemisia austriacajaq, Tanacetumdensum(lab). Schultz Bip.subsp, Tanacetumvulgare

[1] Altunkaya, A., Yıldırım, B., Ekici, K., Terzioğlu, O. (2014). Determining essential oil composition, antibacterial and antioxidant activity of water wormwood extracts Gıda. 39 (1): 17-24.
[2] Baytop, T. (1984). Theraphy with Medicanal Plants in Turkey; Istanbul University press: Istanbul, Turkey, 166-167.

[3] Blois, MS. (1958): Antioxidant Determinations by the Use of a Stable Free Radical. Nature.181:1199.
[4] Burits, M., Bucar, F. (2000). Antioxidant activity of Nigella sativa essential oil. Phytother Res.14:323.

[5] Canadanovic-Brunet, MJ., Djilas, SM., Cetkovic, GS., Tumbas,VT. (2005). Free-radical scavenging activity of wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L) extracts. Journal the science of food and agriculture 85(2). P: 265–272..

Abstract: Rice, corn and water chestnut (Trapa natans) were used for prepared extruded puff product by twin screw extruder at a different level (10%, 20%, and 30%) and compare with the control sample. The effect of blending levels (10%, 20%, and 30%) of water chestnut on the physicochemical properties and texture properties were examined. Extruded puff product was prepared by twin screw extruder with the addition of 15 ml of water. The sensory score of 10% extruded puff product found best with the color, flavor, taste, texture and overall acceptability respectively.

Keywords: Trapa natans, twin screw extruder, sensory score

[1] Harper JM. Food extrusion. CRC Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 1978;11(2):155-215.
[2] Riaz, M. N. 2006. Extruded snacks. In: Handbook of food science, technology, and engineering. CRC Press. 168(1)to168(8).
[3] Botany, A., & Museum, A. T. (2005). Allozyme variations and classification of Trapa (Trapaceae ) in Japan, (March 2015). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2005.05.008
[4] Geetha R, Mishra HN, Srivastav PP. Twin screw extrusion of kodo millet-chickpea blend: process parameter optimization, physico-chemical and functional properties. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2014;51(11):3144-3153.
[5] Seth D, Badwaik LS, Ganapathy V. Effect of feed composition, moisture content and extrusion temperature on extrudate characteristics of yam-corn-rice based snack food. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2015;52(3):1830-1838...

Abstract: In this paper, the basic theoretical framework of Lexicography is presented, firstly, by clarifying the definition of this linguistic field. After that, the definitions of the basic concepts of Lexicography that will accompany and guide the creation of the dictionary throughout all its stages are demonstrated. The next milestone will be the introduction of the various types of lexicographic groups and procedures, according to a number of aspects, such as, the profile of the intended users (i.e. linguistic and non-linguistic competences) and the identification of their needs, the definition............

Keywords: Lexicography, Environmental Engineering, Language for special purposes, Terminology, Bilingual Dictionary

[1]. Cowie A. (Ed.), 19894. The New Oxford Dictionary of English. Oxford University Press. Oxford, p.717, ISBN 9780198604419.
[2]. Bergenholtz H. & Rufus H., 2012. What is Lexicography? Lexikos 22, Stellenbosch, South Africa, pp.31-42, ISSN 1684-4904.
[3]. Bergenholtz H. &Tarp S. (eds), 1995. Manual of Specialised Lexicography. John Benjamins Publishing Co., Amsterdam, pp.15-16, ISBN 9789027284907.
[4]. Hartmann R.R.K. & James G., 2002. Dictionary of Lexicography. Routledge, New York, p.83, ISBN 978-0415141444.
[5]. Atkins S. B. T. & Rundell M., 2008. The Oxford Guide to Practical Lexicography. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp.24-25, ISBN 9780199277711...

Abstract: Environmental mycobacteria are responsible for skin infections in humans and animals. In Cote d'Ivoire, very little information is available concerning the presence of these environmental mycobacteria except for the one that causes Buruli ulcer (M. ulcerans). In Côte d'Ivoire almost all regions are affected. It is a real public health problem. The mode of transmission and environmental sources are not well known. The presence of these mycobacteria in the environment would be linked to several physical and chemical factors favoring their growth and proliferation. This would be a significant risk for people in permanent contact with the environment. This study was conducted in order to determine the environmental factors that may influence the presence of mycobacteria in Cote d'Ivoire. The results showed that the physical-chemical parameters influencing mycobacterial proliferation were: Conductivity (p ˂ 0.001) ≤ 84, nitrite (p = 0.001) ≤ 98.5, free chlorine (p ˂ 0.001) ≤ 13.1, and according to the.............

[1]. Griffith DE, Aksamit T, Brown-Elliott BA, et al., An official ATS/IDSA statement Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases. Am J RespirCrit Care Med,175, (2007).,367-416.
[2]. Winthrop, K. L., M. Abrams, M. A. Yakrus, I.Schwartz, J. Ely, D. Gillies, An outbreak of mycobacterial furunculosis associated with footbaths at a nail salon. New England Journal of Medicine 346(18), (2002). 1366-1371.
[3]. Sniezek, P. J., B. S. Graham, H. B. Busch, E. R. Lederman, M. L. Lim, K. Poggemyer, Rapidly growing mycobacterial infections after pedicures. Archives of Dermatological Research 139(1) ,(2003), 629-634
[4]. Marsollier, L. Robert R., Aubry J., Saint Andre J. P., Kouakou H., Legras P., Manceau A. L., Mahaza C. , Carbonnelle B Aquatic insects as a vector for Mycobacterium ulcerans. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. (68 ), (2002).4623-4628
[5]. Marsollier L., Stinear T., Aubry J., Saint André J. P., Robert R., Legras P., Manceau A. L., Audrain C., Bourdon S., Kouakou H., Carbonnelle BAquatic plants stimulate the growth of and biofilm formation by M. ulcerans in axenic culture and harbor these bacteria in the environment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol; (70), (2004) 1097- 1103.

Abstract: The deployment of communication infrastructure in Nigeria in recent times have been massive as a result of ever increasing demand for wireless mobile phone services especially in Nigerian urban areas. The market for mobile telecommunication is very big and it is a major economic driver in many countries including Nigeria. The resultant effect of this growth is that our urban centers have witnessed unprecedented erection of mast by different service providers (Globacom, MTN, Etisalat, Celtel, etc) to accommodate phone users with little regards to standards, health, safety and environment............

Keywords: GSM, Gombe metropolis, health, infrastructure, mast, Nigeria

[1]. Ajiboye, et al (2007): Stakeholders Perception of The Impact of GSM on Nigeria Rural Economy: Implication For an Emerging Communication Industry. Journal of Information Technology Impact. Vol. 7 (2) Pp 131-144.
[2]. Akintonwa, A., Busari, A. A., Awodele, O. and Olayemi, S. O. (2009): The Hazard of Non-Ionizing Radiation of Telecommunication Mast in Urban Area of Lagos, Nigeria. African Journal of Biomedical Research. 12(1): 31-35.
[3]. Awe, J. (2012): Bridging the Infrastructure Divide http://www.jidaw.com/telecom/telecom8.html
[4]. Bolaji, O. A. and Idowu, P. F. (2012): Risks Associated with Low Level Radiofrequency Exposure at Close Proximities to Mobile Phone Base Stations. Pacific Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 13 Number 2. http://www.akamaiuniversity.us/PJST.html accessed on 22/09/2014.
[5]. Daveri, F. (2001): Information Technology and Growth in Europe. University of Parma. IGIER, Mimeo

Abstract: This study was carried out with an emphasis on the effects of palm oil mill effluent (POME) on the quality of River Awemuwater between June 2015 and September 2015. Temperature, pH, turbidity, conductivity, alkalinity, total hardness, total suspended solids, total dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, major nutrients (NO3, PO4) and heavy metals (Pb, Mg & K) were determined in 32 water samples collected from upper stream and lower stream locations along the river using standard laboratory procedures of APHA (1998). Data obtained were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis............

Keywords: Palm Oil Mill Effluents, Awemu River, Pollution, Physicochemical Parameters

[1] Aderinola, O.J., Clark, E.O., Olarinmoye, O.M., Kusemiju, V. &Anatekhai, M.A. (2009): Heavy metals in surface water, sediments, fish and periwinkles of Lagos Lagoon.American-Eurasian Journal of Agric and Environmental Science 5(5), 609-617.
[2] Adeyemo, O.K., Adedokun, O.A., Yusuf, R.K., andAdeyeye, E.A. (2008): Seasonal changes in physicochemical parameters and nutrient load of river sediments in Ibadan City, Nigeria. Globa NEST Journal 10(3) 326-336.
[3] Ahmad, A.L., Ismail S., and Arawomo, G.A.O. (2011): Water recycling from palm oil mill effluent (POME) using membrane technology. Desalination 157, 87-95.
[4] Ali, H.I., Irvan, D.m, Mohd, N.A., and Arezoo, F.D. (2012): Comparative study on characterization of malysian Palm Oil Mill Effluent. Research Journal of Chemical Science 2 (12) 1-5.
[5] Awotoye, O.O., Dada, A.C. and Arawomo, G.A.O: (2011):Impact of Palm Oil Processing Effluent Discharge on the quality of receiving soil and River in South Western Nigeria. Journal of Applied Science Research. 7(2): 111-118..

Abstract: Bacteriological analysis of drinking water – corporation supplied water, mineral water sold in cans and well water were analyzed by multiple tube fermentation test to find the total or presumptive coliform count, whose results were expressed as most probable number (MPN) index. Of the 20 water samples from three different sources tested, 3 were satisfactory and 17 were unsatisfactory. Of the 3 samples, which were graded as satisfactory, one was mineral water supplied in can and 2 were corporation supplied drinking..........

Keywords: drinking water, coliforms, enteric diseases, contamination, Chennai

[1] World Health Organization (WHO) (2010) Water Sanitation and Health. http:// www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/en/.
[2] World Health Organization (WHO) (2014) Water Quality and Health. Drinking water chlorination – A review of disinfection practices and issues. http:// www.waterandhealth.org/drinkingwater/wp.html.
[3] United Nation Children's Fund (UNICEF) (2014) World Water Day 2025: 4,000 children die each day from a lack of safe water., http://www.unicef.org/wash/ index_25637.html [4] Bassani D.G, Kumar R, Awasthi S, Morris S.K, Paul V.K, et al. Million Death Study Collaborators. Causes of neonatal and child mortality in India: A nationally representative mortality survey. Lancet, 376, 2010,1853–1860.
[5] Kolbel B.J, Anders E.M and Nehrkor N.A. Microbial communities in saturated groundwater environment. Microbiol Ecol 16, 1988, 31..

Abstract: This study was conducted at Iyi-Udele stream to determine water qualities as affected by rice mill processing wastes in Abakaliki Southeastern Nigeria. Four replicate water samples were collected from T1 – 1 m away from unburnt rice husk disposal site; T2 – 200 m away from unburnt rice husk disposal site; T3 – 400 m away from unburnt rice husk disposal site and T4 – Control (Non-dumpsite). The samples collected were used for the determination of water properties. Data collected were analyzed using analysis of variance and differences between means dictated using F-LSD............

Keywords: Drinking, human, pollution, standard, treatment

[1]. Abbasi, S. A., Abbasi, N. and. Soni, R. (1998). Heavy Metals in the Environment, Mittal Publications, Delhi, p. 314.
[2]. Adeniyi I.F. (2004). The Concept of Water Quality In: Ife Environmentalist, Official Bulletin of Nigerian Society for Environmental Management (NISEM) O.A.U., 1(1): 2.
[3]. Alloways B.J. (1996). Heavy Metals in Soil. Halsted Press, John Wiley and Sons Inc., London Pp 280 – 339
[4]. American Public Health Association (1998). Standard Method for the Examination of Water and Waste Waters. American Water Works Association and Water Environment Federation, USA.
[5]. Anglin-Brown, A., Armour-Brown, B. A. and Lalor G. C. (1995). Heavy Metal Pollution in Jamaica 1: Survey of Cad-mium, Lead and Zinc Concentrations in the Kintyre and Hope Flat Districts. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, Vol. 17; 51 – 56.

Abstract: The experiment to determine the physioco-chemical properties of erosion site in Abakaliki Southeastern Nigeria was carried out in 2016. Samples were collected form gully, sheet and rill erosion site in Alhaji Sulaman Street while the control was collected at non-erosion site at Azugwu. The experiment was laid out in complete Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments and five (5) replications. The treatment used are as follows T0 = control, T1 = Sheet erosion site, T2 == Rill erosion site and T3 = Gully erosion site. Data generated from laboratory result were subjected...........

Keywords: Control, degradation, deposition, dynamic, washing

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Abstract: An assessment of groundwater potability in two (2) Niger Delta communities of Tombia and Ahoada West was carried out by Water Quality Index (WQI) approach. Physico-chemical analysis was done on 25 (twenty five) water samples from shallow boreholes randomly collected around each community. Results of 11 (eleven) parameters analyzed (pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids, nitrates, chloride, sulphate, bicarbonate, total alkalinity, total hardness, magnesium and iron) were used to compute WQI for groundwater in both areas using the WHO standard for potable water as a reference...........

Keywords: Groundwater, Comparative Studies, Water Quality Index, Niger Delta

[1]. Akoteyon, I. S., Omotayo, O. A., Sodadoye, O. and Olaoye, H. O. 2011. Determination of Water Quality Index and Suitability of Urban river for municipal water supply in Lagos, Nigeria. European Journal of Scientific Research. Vol. 54(2), pp. 263 – 271.
[2]. Amadi, A. N., Olasehinde, P. I., Okosun, E. A and Yisa, J. 2010. Assessment of the Water Quality Index of Otamiri and Oramiriukwa Rivers. Physics International. Vol. 1(2), pp. 116 – 123.
[3]. American Public Health Association (APHA). 2002. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste water. 20th Edition.
[4]. Asuquo, J. E and Etim, E. E. 2012a. Water Quality Index for assessment of borehole water quality in Uyo metropolis, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. International Journal of Modern Chemistry. Vol. 1(3), pp. 102 – 108.
[5]. Chatterjee, C and Raziuddin, M. 2002. Determination of Water Quality Index (WQI) of a degraded river in Asanol Industrial Area, Raniganj, Burdwan, West Bengal. Nature, Environment and Pollution Technology. Vol. 1(2), pp. 181 – 189..