IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-8 ~ Issue-10 ~ October 2014

Abstract: Humans Are Constantly Exposed To Pesticides Knowingly Or Unknowingly Via Sprays, Drinking Water And Food Products. Carbaryl, A Synthetic 1-Napthyl-N-Methyl Carbamate Insecticide, Commercially Known As Sevin, Has Been One Of The Most Commonly And Extensively Used Insecticide In Commercial Land, Agriculture, Poultry And Livestock Due To Its Broad Spectrum Activity. However, It Is A Matter Of Concern That Many Of The Food Products That Are Available In The Market Have Been Found To Contain Pesticide Residues Which Could Cause Serious Toxic Effects On Humans. One Of Such Possibilities Could Be An Increasing Risk Of Infertility. The Present Work Was Conducted To Study The Histomorphological Changes In The Testis Produced By The Insecticide Carbaryl And Its Effect On Fertility. Inbred Adult Wistar Albino Rats(Rattus Norvegicus) Weighing150-200gm Were Injected With 200mg/Kg Body Weight Of Carbaryl In Corn Oil Intraperitoneally, Five Days A Week For Thirty Days. Controls Were Maintained. The Animals Of Both The Groups Were Sacrificed Within Twenty Four Hours Of The Last Injection By Perfusion. Testis Was Dissected Out, Paraffin Sections (7μ) Were Cut And Stained For Light Microscopy. The Fertility Index Was Calculated According To Johnson, 1970. Data Was Tabulated And Statistically Analyzed. The Seminiferous Tubules Were Seen To Be Hypocellular With Lack Of Organization Of The Epithelial Cells . Most Tubules Showed Sloughing With Degenerating Cellular Debris In The Lumen. There Was Collection Of Inflammatory Fluid In The Interstitial Tissue Which Caused Thinning Of The Connective Tissue Septa And Compression Of The Seminiferous Tubules. The Fertility Index Of The Experimental Group Was 6.89±2.57 Which Was Found To Be Statistically Significant (P<0.001). The Above Findings Suggests That The Insecticide Carbaryl Caused Inflammatory And Degenerative Changes In The Testis With Decreased Fertility Index Indicating Hypospermatogenesis Which Further Suggests An Infertile Testis Due To Carbaryl Toxicity.

Key Words: Carbaryl, Carbamates, Fertility Index, Infertility, Pesticide, Testis

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Abstract: One of the most pressing environmental issues facing the world today is the issue of waste management and disposal. This problem crosses all international borders and touches the lives of all the people of the world. Solid waste in most cities of developing countries is a serious threat to urban environment. Poor solid waste management is a threat to public health and causes a range of external costs. However, solid waste management in the developing countries has received lesser attention from policymakers and researchers than the other environmental problems, such as air and water pollution. Waste management encompasses everything from collection and handling to disposal by incineration, landfill and other methods, and recycling. Also included are the serious associated implications for the health of people and the environment. As waste producing activities proceed and intensify, the world community will be faced with hard choices on how to best manage and dispose of wastes. These decisions should be based on hard science and sound management practices. However, there are geopolitical dimensions to be found in the decision-making process of waste management and disposal. The purpose of this study has been to determine how geopolitical factors affect waste management on global and local scales. Specifically, this investigation has been guided by looking at how social and economic factors affecting the waste management. The Importance has been placed on Municipal solid waste generation quantity in Indian cities and its effects on environment and public health. Population growth and its impact on municipal waste. Finally, concludes that the problem of solid waste needs some holistic approaches such as reuse of solid waste to produce energy and biomennures.

Key Words: MSW, external costs, Central Pollution Control Board

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Abstract: Ineffective solid waste management constitutes a major environmental problem in urban areas, Minna, Nigeria inclusive. This study analysed the spatial patterns of waste dump sites and the health hazards associated with the observed patterns. Also, the study identified possible areas at risk of health hazards; suggests the most suitable location for dump sites and sorting centers for municipal solid wastes; and provides a framework for sustainable solid waste management in Minna, Niger State, Nigeria. The data used for this study were obtained from both primary and secondary sources. The primary source involved the use of GPS receiver to obtain the coordinates of dump sites and pictorial evidence were taken with a digital camera showing open dumps. Also, a set of 144 questionnaires were used to obtain information about people's perception of solid waste disposal and management.

Key words: Solid Waste, Municipal Solid Waste, Solid Waste Management, Dumpsite, Remote sensing, Goegraphic Information Systems (GIS).

[1]. Aderoju O.M (2009). Assessment of Plastic Waste Recycling Methods for a Sustainable Development: A Study of Minna town, Niger State. Unpublished MTech Thesis of Geography Department, Federal University of Technology, Minna.
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[6]. Henstock M.E (1983). Disposal and Recovery of Municipal Solid Waste. Butterworth and Co. Limited, London.
[7]. Karadimas V.N, Vassil G.L (2008). GIS-based Modeling for the Estimation of Municipal Solid Waste Generation and Collection, Waste management and Research Journal D01

Abstract: In the present investigation the physico-chemical parameter of the River Ganga at Shringverpur , Allahabad were analyzed. The analysis of water sample were taken during January 2013– December 2013. Seasonal variations at different sampling sites of Shringverpur were observed. The results shown that the fluctuation occurred in physico-chemical parameter in different seasons. Correlation coefficient value indicates high positive and negative relationships (p<0.01 level) and also show significant positive and negative relationship (p<0.05 level). About 16 physico-chemical parameter were taken in consideration for analysis of the River water such as water temperature, Total Hardness, Total Alkalinity, pH, Total solids, Dissolved oxygen, Biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, Transparency, Turbidity, Electrical conductivity, Sulphate, Nitrate, Phosphate, Chloride and Salinity. This paper deal with the study of river Ganga at Allahabad. From Allahabad the sites were taken Shringverpur that were located at 40km distance from Allahabad main city.

Key words: Physico-chemical parameters , Shringverpur, Correlation coefficient

[1]. Salaskar PB and Yeragi SG (1997) Studies on water quality characteristics of Shenala lake Kalyan, Maharashtra,India., J. Aqua. Biol., 12(1&2): 26-31.
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[4]. S.K. Singh, and J.P.N. Rai, 2003. Pollution Studies on River Ganga in Allahabad District. Pollution Research, 22:469-472.
[5]. APHA, 2005. Standard methods for the examination of water and waste waters, 21st Edn.,Washington, DC. USA.
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Abstract: Rapid industrial, commercial and economic growth in Warri as a result of oil exploration activities has led to a continual increasing urbanization. This promotes flooding with excess rainfall due to the total impervious cover of the area and the unsanitary habit of people dumping refuse into stream channels, drains and also building along the flood pathways. Land cover change for the period 1987, 2002 and 2007of Warri was investigated using satellite remote sensing data. The investigation was necessitated to determine the changes over time and how this changes influence urban flooding in Warri Metropolis Delta State, Nigeria. Landsat images of the study area for the years 1987, 2002, 2007 show that in 1987 total built-up area was 83.15km2 (16.7%) and by 2007 it was 236.76km (43.7%) this reflect an annual frequency of change of 1.09%. Marginal areas and vegetation were converted to residential areas which increased the total impervious cover of the study area and generally increased the peak runoff. The conversion of marginal areas also reduced the channel capacity thus leading to flooding. Questionnaires were also administered using the stratified and systematic sampling methods to get information on how the respondents perceive the cause of flood in the area, the data generated was subjected to ANOVA statistical tool using SPSS. The correlation matrix between Annual rainfall and frequency of flooding show that at P<0.01, r = 0.460 indicating a very significant relationship. The single Factor ANOVA, F >F crit at P < 0.05 showed that an uncoordinated or unregulated urbanization activities is similar in all the flood zones (Warri 1- Warri 4).

Keywords: Urban flood, Urban centre, Urbanization, Land use change, Landsat

[1]. Adeleye O.A and Oduwaye, L (2004) Correlates of Land Value Determinants in Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria, Journal of Human Ecology, (3) 183-189
[2]. Aderoju O.M, Jantiku J, Fagbemiro O.A, Aliyu I, Nwadike B.K, Ajonye S.E, Salman K.S (2014). Geospatial Assessment of 2012 Flood Disaster in Kogi State, Nigeria. IOSR. Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) e-ISSN: 2319-2402, P-ISSN: 2319-2399. Volume 8; issue 2 Ver IV (March- April. 2014) Pp 74-84.

[3]. Angotti, T (1993) Metropolis 2000: Planning, Poverty and Politics. London, Routledge
[4]. Agobie, O.I ( 2013). Implementation of Physical Planning Laws and Its Implication on flood control in Warri Niger Delta. Unpublished M.Phil Thesis, Institute of Geosciences and Space technology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology. Port Harcourt Nigeria.
[5]. Ekeh, P. P. (2005). Warri City and British Colonial Rule in Western Niger Delta. Urhobo Historical Society. p. 31. ISBN 978-064-924-7.

Abstract: On the 16th of May, 2001, the first Global System for Mobile Communications: originally called Groupe Spécial Mobile (GSM) call was made in Nigeria, thereby opening communication among the teaming population in the country. Given the mode of operation of GSM technology, Base Transceiver Stations (BTS) are required for the provision of GSM services. Consequently, network of base stations were established in areas that enjoyed the GSM services all over Nigeria. However, studies have shown that exposure to GSM radiations are linked to health hazards such as fatigue, headache, decreased concentration, dizziness, local irritation, tumour induction, sperm motility, morphology and viability, cancer, especially brain tumour and leukaemia, viral and infectious diseases. Given these potential health impacts of BTS on humans, the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) established guidelines for National Environmental Standards for Telecommunications and Broadcasting Facilities. The guidelines provided for the establishment of BTS within a minimum setback of ten (10) meters from the perimeter wall (fence) of residential/business premises, schools and hospitals. Similarly, where there is no perimeter wall (fence), the BTS must be at a minimum of twelve (12) meters from the wall of residential/business premises schools and hospitals. Consequently, using spatial analysis techniques, this study examined compliance of GSM service providers with the established guidelines for the mounting of BTS within three Abuja districts in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT); namely, Utako, Garki and Wuse. All the 119 BTS sampled in the study failed the 10m and 12m buffer zone tests. As a result, policy prescription was made on the way forward.

Key Words: Base Transceiver Station (BTS), Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR), Groupe Spécial Mobile (GSM) Mast, Geographic Information system (GIS).

[1]. Ash David (1995): The new Science of the Spirit, The College of Psychic Studies, London.
[2]. Eger H, Hagen H U, Lucas B, Vogel P, Voit H (2004): The Influence of being Physically near to a Cell Phone Transmission Mast on the Incidence of cancer, Published in Umwelt-Medizin. Gasellschaft 17, 4.
[3]. Health Canada Safety Code 6, 2008
[4]. Kwan-Hong N (2003): Radiation mobile Phones, Base Stations and Your Health, Published for Malaysia Communications and Multimedia Commission.
[5]. National Communication Commission Guidelines for the Installation of Telecommunications Mast and tower, 2009.
[6]. National Environmental Standards for Telecommunications and Broadcast Facilities Regulations, 2011, Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette.

Abstract: The pollution of aquatic ecosystems with heavy metals has become a worldwide concern. This is because of their ability to bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms and especially in fish which is a source of livelihood for human populations. Therefore, an assessment of heavy metal contamination (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr and Mn) in two selected food fish species, Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromis spirulus niger in Masinga reservoir was carried out between January 2013 and December 2013. Heavy metal Concentrations were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The data obtained was analyzed using one way analysis of variance and significant differences accepted at p ≤ 0.05. Post Hoc Turkeys' test was used to separate means. In Clarias gariepinus, mean metal concentrations (mg/kg) in muscles were Cu (0.677 – 0.974), Zn (32.929 – 37.205), Pb (0.643 – 1.078), Cr (0.516 – 0.858) and Mn (0.452 – 0.990). Pb exhibited a significance difference between the sites (p < 0.05). Mean values for heavy metals in Oreochromis spirulus niger (mg/kg) for different sites were Cu (0.515 – 0.782), Zn (29.645 – 37.999), Pb (0.552 – 0.765), Cr (0.559 – 0.791) and Mn (0.183 – 1.480). Only Mn showed significant differences between the sites (p < 0.05). Heavy metal concentrations in the two fish species were lower than World Health Organization (WHO) set limit except for Cr. Results from this study demonstrate the need for an ecosystem approach towards sustainable management of reservoirs. This will curb aquatic pollution which is a health risk for people consuming aquatic resources contaminated with heavy metals.

Key Words: Heavy metals, Bioaccumulation, pollution, fish, Masinga reservoir.

[1]. Wim, V., Issabelle, S., Karen Stefan, D. H. and John, V. C. (2007). Consumer perception versus scientific evidence of farmed and wild fish: exploratory insights for Belgium. Aquaculture International 15: 121-136

[2]. Gamal, E.D and Shamery, M.R. (2010). Studies of contamination and quality of fresh fish meat during storage. Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Science, 2:65-74

[3]. Jarup, L. (2003). Hazards of heavy metal contamination. Br.Med.Bull.68: 167-182

[4]. Gupta A., Rai D. K., Pandey R. S. and Sharma B. (2009). Analysis of some heavy metals in the riverine water, sediments and fish from river Ganges at Allahabad. Environ. Moni. Assess.157:449-458

[5]. Wright D.A. and Welbourn P. (2002). Environmental Toxicology, Cambridge Press, Cambridge

[6]. Indrajith, H.A.P., Pathiratne, K.A.S. and Pathiratne, A. (2008). Heavy metal levels in two fish species from Ngembo estuary, Sri Lanka: Relationships with the body size. Sri Lanka J. Aquat. Sci. 13 (2008): 63-81

Abstract: Botulinum toxin (BoNT), being the most poisonous substance poses a great threat to global public health as a deadly bio-weapon. BoNT/A, BoNT/B and BoNT/E serotype toxicity cause flaccid paralysis in human by blocking neurotransmitter activity. Thearubigin, a black tea extract is found to be effective in neutralizing BoNT when experimented with animal models. This hypothesis opens a new frontier of Biological Science to understand the antitoxin property of thearubigin and applying the same in large scale to prevent BoNT neurotoxicity. Individualized dosage recommendation of thearubigin extract thus represents a natural antitoxin therapy in managing severe botulism in humans.

Keywords: Bio-Weapon, BoNT/A, BoNT/B, BoNT/E, Metal Chelating, Public Health, SNARE Protein, Thearubigin

[1] P. K. Nigam and A. Nigam, Botulinum toxin, Indian J Dermatol, 55(1), 2010, 8-14.

[2] S. Ali, E. Firouz, H. Abbas, R. Mosayeb and K. Hani, Expression and Purification of Neurotoxin-Associated Protein HA-33/A from Clostridium botulinum and Evaluation of Its Antigenicity, Iran Biomed J, 17(4), 2013, 165-170.

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[4] E. Satoh, T. Ishii, Y. Shimizu, S. Sawamura and M. Nishimura, The mechanism underlying the protective effect of the thearubigin fraction of black tea (Camellia sinensis) extract against the neuromuscular blocking action of botulinum neurotoxins, Pharmacol Toxicol, 90(4), 2002, 199-202.

[5] C. Mazuet, E. Ezan, H. Volland, M. R. Popoff and F. Becher, Toxin detection in patients' sera by mass spectrometry during two outbreaks of type A Botulism in France, J Clin Microbiol,50(12), 2012, 4091-4.

Abstract: Sweet orange fruit (Citrus sinensis,L.) peels were dried to constant weight using oven, box solar and sun drying methods. The dried orange fruit peels were processed into flours and used to substitute 10, 20 and 30 % wheat flour (WF) in biscuits. The orange peel flours were analyzed for photochemical composition. The biscuits were analyzed for photochemical composition and evaluated for sensory properties. The content of flavanoids (0.48 mg/100g) of the solar dried orange fruit peel flour (SOFPF), saponins (0.73 mg/100g), tannins (0.91 mg/100g) and alkaloids (0.99 mg/100g) of oven dried orange fruit peel flour (ODOFPF) were higher than those of the sun dried orange fruit peel flour (SDOFPF). The carotenoids (0.32 mg/100g), flavanoids (0.38 mg/100g), saponins (0.33 mg/100g), tannins (0.59 mg/100g) and alkaloids (0.82 mg/100g) of the 30 % SDOFPF based biscuit were higher than those of the other biscuits. The 100 % WF biscuit (control), followed by 10 % SDOFPF biscuit had higher overall acceptability scores of 8.0 and 7.1, respectively than the other biscuits. The overall acceptability score of 5.5 for biscuit containing 30 % ODOFPF was the lowest.

Keywords: Biscuit, Drying methods, Orange fruit peel flour, Phytochemicals

[1]. S. Ersus and M. Cam, Determination of organic acids, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of sour citrus aurantium fruits, Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 43 (5), 2007, 607-609.
[2]. I. A. Onimawo and P. I. Akubor, Food chemistry. Integrated approach with biochemical background (Ibadan, Nigeria, Joytal printing press, 2012) 287-290.
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Abstract: Microorganisms are the important factors in the degradation of the toxic substances in our environment. Diesel oil is one of the complex mixtures which cannot be easily degraded. Many microorganisms are involved in the degradation of diesel like complex toxic substances into non toxic. In our study we have identified nine different isolates from the diesel polluted. The identified isolates were morphologically and biochemically characterized. The identified isolates were morphologically and biochemically characterized. Then the colonies were grown in the Bushnell Haas medium to identify the degradation capacity of an organism by zone formation. The isolates with a High zone of clearance were 16s rRNA sequenced by using specific primers and identified has Pseudomonas stutzeri. The ability of these isolates to degrade hydrocarbons is clear evidence that their genome harbors the relevant degrading gene. These bacteria were screened for the presence of hydrocarbon degrading gene catechol 2, 3 dioxygenase gene, PCR amplification of a gene using specific primers. High diesel degrading potential organism was treated for biogas production with cow dung as substrate. In which the Pseudomonas stutzeri treated biogas digester showed better production of methane comparing to the other organism.

Keywords: Diesel, degradation, Pseudomonas

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Abstract: River water pollution is very common in most urban rivers in Nigeria. The obvious reason is that many human activities take place especially within their immediate watershed. The Ekulu river basin is wholly located within the built up areas of Enugu and the result is that a range of human and economic activities produce contaminants that daily pollute the river as the river serve as a receptacle for the discharge of these waste effluents. The aim of this paper is to identify those human activities and land uses that tend to produce wastes and the extent of pollution of the river by these contaminants using physico-chemical and microbiological parameters. Data for the study was generated from the water samples collected from six sections of the river; these include a point before the river enters the urban area, while four other sample points were within the urban area and the last is at a point outside the urban area. Two analytical techniques were employed in the study and they area; Kruskal Wallis test and Post Hoc test. The result shows that the samples from various sites are statistically different while the degree of pollution was highest in the built up areas. Implications of the pollution on urban development was discussed while recommendations were made on how the problem will be contained.

Keywords: Rivers, pollution, samples, techniques, urban

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