IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-8 ~ Issue-6 ~ June 2014

Abstract: In this work extensive study has been carried out to understand the removal efficiency of chromium (VI) by a low cost sorbent material (lemon peel). Among the various techniques, adsorption is one of the most suitable methods which can be adopted to remove hazardous ions from water and waste water. The development of low cost adsorbent is essential for the benefit of the common people. Experiments were conducted in batch mode to know the removal efficiency of chromium (VI) as a function of size, pH, adsorbent dose, initial concentration and time. The removal efficiency of Cr(VI) was maximum at particle size of 0.46mm, pH-5, adsorbent dose of 2.5%, contact time 120 minutes from the aqueous solution having initial Cr (VI) concentration of 100 mg/L. From this study it is infer that the selected adsorbent is having high potential to remove Cr(VI) and other toxic metal which require further study.
Keywords: Lemon peel, Chromium, Sorption, Isotherm, %removal

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[6]. Dadhaniya PV, Patel AM, Patel MP, Patel RG (2009). A new cationic poly[1-vinyl-V3-ethyl imidazolium iodide], P(VEII) hydrogel for the effective removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous solution. J. Macromol. Sci. Part A: Pure Appl. Polym. Chem. 46: 447–454.

Abstract: During the last two decades the brewing industry has shown increasing awareness for environmental protection and the need of sustainable production processes. Implementation of ISO 14001 certification and more stringent environmental legislation have been important drivers for the brewing industry to invest in biological effluent treatment. The project work was carried with the objective of treating wastewater coming from the brewery effluent was treated with Pseudomonas species over a period of time. The results indicate substantial changes in the effluent. The pH and color of the effluent was found to reduce drastically from higher pH to lower pH i.e. 10.2 to 8.67 and the color from dark black to black. The Pseudomonas on inoculation further reduced the carbohydrate and protein concentration by 56% and 25% respectively. The other components like salts and ammonia were reduced considerably. This particular study further proves the importance of microorganisms in bioremediation of brewery effluent. Based on the socio-economics criteria the anaerobic pretreatment can be combined with aerobic biological post treatment thereby, integrating the advantages of both the processes like reduced energy consumption (net energy production), reduced biological sludge production and limited space requirement. The combination allows for significant savings on operational costs as compared to complete aerobic treatment without comprising the required discharge standards.
Key words: Anaerobic,Bioremediation,Carbohydrate, Colour, Inoculation, Pseudomonasspecies, Protein

[1]. Barker, A.J., Stocks, C. and Guy, S., Options for the disposal of brewery effluents. Proceedings of the 7th Brewing Convention, Inst. Brew. Africa Sect. Nairobi, Kenya, 1999, pp. 186–192.
[2]. Craft, C.M. and Nelson, E.B., Microbial properties of composts that suppress damping off and root rot of creeping bent grass caused by Pythium graminicola. Appl. and Environ. Microbiol., 1996, 62(5), 1550–1557.
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[4]. Johnson, D., Underworld connections. Biologist, 2005, 52(3), 155–160.
[5]. Kanagachandran, K., Biogas generation from brewery wastes. Demonstration at a laboratory scale. Tech. Q. Master Brew. Assoc. Am., 2004, 41(4), 394–397.
[6]. Kanagachandran, K., Optimisation of spent grain slurry for en-ergy generation. Tech. Q. Master Brew. Assoc. Am., 2005, 42(4), 324–328.

Abstract: In the present study, Methyl parathion an organophosphate compound has been induced to the rats to study the activity of acetylcholinesterase on different regions of the brain for short term effects i.e., for 28 days and then an antidote Centella asiatica was given to the rats which were induced with methylparathion.
Keywords: AChE, Brain, Centella asiatica, Methyl parathion, Organophosphate compound

[1]. Kalender, Y., Uzunhisarcikli, M., Ogutcu, A., Acikgoz, F. and Kalender, S. 2006. Effects of diazinon on pseudocholinesterase activity and haematological indices in rats: The protective role of Vitamin E. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 22: 46–51.
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Abstract: The sea level rise due to global warming is a major environmental issue. It is a burning concern for the countries having coastal belt around the world and Bangladesh would be one of the most affected country. Taking the above facts into concern, our thesis study was undertaken particularly to find out the relation of sodium content with distance from the sea, depth of tube well, seasonal variation and daily dietary sodium intake safe limit. The study was based on two inland sites (Nawabganj and Faridpur) and two coastal sites (Laxmipur and Patiya). Deliberate study of the Tube well sampling of Patiya and Laxmipur at varying depth found that salt intrusion increases with the increase in depth. In Patiya, all tube wells were deep tube wells since the potable aquifer is found below 600 ft. This phenomenon confirms the salt water intrusion is higher through deeper aquifer in Paitya. We assessed that due to ground water recharge from both deep percolation and increase in contributing stream flow from Karnafully River in Chittagong district, the salinity intrusion is lowered in monsoon. Our Analysis of the BGS database of sodium in well water shows that for the inland district Nawabganj and Faridpur, the sodium concentration within the W.H.O. recommended limit of 25 mg/L. American Water Works Association (AWWA) reports that normally the dietary intake of sodium from fresh water is limited to 3 to 5% (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2003; American Water Works Association, 1999), and the potential sodium daily intake from the waters of Nawabganj and Faridpur were found in line to that reported by AWWA. Our sampling study and analysis of tube wells and ponds in Patiya Upazilla which is nearer to coast had much higher concentration of sodium than the W.H.O. recommended limit. This is putting the mass people of Patiya Upazilla and the surrounding zone in risk of cardiovascular diseases and also in risk of developing hypertension.
Key Words: costal Bangladesh, drinking water, global warming, hypertension, sodium content

[1]. O'Donnell, Martin J. et al. "Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion and Risk of Cardiovascular Events." Journal of the American Medical Association. Volume 306, Number 20, November 2011.
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Abstract: The time to ensure abundance in food supply to feed the citizenry cannot be better than the present time when the population of Nigeria is increasing at alarming rate. Developing food processing and preservation technologies that can curb food losses and wastage during glut seasons cannot be overemphasized. This paper dealt with various food processing techniques as well as preservation methods and compared them with what obtains in the western world to bring out possible cross fertilization of useful ideas for the Nigerian society.

Key words: cloning, curing, nutrition, Anaerobiosis, food technology, biotechnology

[1]. Alltrista Consumer Products, (2006) Ball Blue Book of Preserving. Muncie, IN: Jarden Home Brands.

[2]. Bentley, A. (1998). Eating for Victory: Food Rationing and the Politics of Domesticity. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

[3]. Frazier, W.C. (1967) Food Microbiology. New Delhi: Tetra Magrow Publ. Co. Ltd.

[4]. IFIC Foundation (Nov/Dec; 2005) Food Insight. Nanotechnology: Does the Science of the small offer big possibilities for food and consumer products?

[5]. IFIC Foundation (March/April, 2006) Food Insight: Plant Biotechnology. Contributingto Food Security in Africa. Available at http://ific.org/foodinsight.

Abstract: In order to investigate the present status of aqua-medicines used in various aquaculture activities in Bogra district, Bangladesh a survey was conducted with fish farmers and representative of pharmaceutical companies from December, 2011- to May, 2012 (180 days). The study showed that fish farmers were found to be used a wide range of aqua-medicines for aqua health management and for pond and water quality management . Zeo-fish, Zeo-prime, Ecolite, Megazeo plus etc. Tesmin, Emsen, Polgard, Virex are widely used toxic gas remover. Other than these, farmers were found to use several traditional aqua-medicines for aqua-health management, those included Potassium permanganate, Formalin, Salt, Lime, Melathion, Bleaching powder etc. Forty pharmaceutical companies have been recorded to market these products. Most of the products have been marketed from different countries like USA, Thailand, Malaysia, Belgium and China. Prices were variable, but seemed to be affordable by the aqua farmers. The present investigation pointed out several constraints associated with the use of such aqua-medicines, including lack of technical knowledge of farmers about use of aqua-medicines.
Key words: Aquaculture, antibiotic, disease, disinfectant, pond

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[5]. M. Phillips, The use of chemicals in carp and shrimp aquaculture in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Vietnum, in J.R. Arthur, C.R. Lavilla-Pitogo, R.P. Subasighe (Eds), Use of Chemicals in Aquaculture in Asia, (Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Centre, Aquaculture Department Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines, 1996) 75-84.

Abstract: Cockles with sizes ranging from 30 -38 mm were exposed to various concentrations of ammonia to determine the lethal limits of the organisms. In each rectangular plastic container, 5 liter of artificial sea-water was filled containing 0.0 mg/L, 0.1 mg/L, 0.2 mg, 0.3 mg/L, 0.4 mg/L, 0.5 mg/L, 0.6 mg/L, 0.7 mg/l and 0.8 mg/L of total ammonia. The concentrations were prepared from the ammonia liquor containing 25% free ammonia. The temperature was at 290C and salinity at 27 ppt and kept constant throughout the test. The water pH was noted between 8.3-8.5. With known temperature and pH, the values of NH3 were calculated. Using SPSS's Probit analysis, the value of LC50 at 48-h was 0.08 mg/L of NH3 whereas at 96-h, the value was 0.04 mg/L. In the 48-h duration most cockles mortality occurred before the 32-h. The 100% mortality occurred for cockles exposed to concentrations between 0.08 mg/L– 0.13 mg/L before the 84-h. At 0.06 mg/L about 60% mortality was recorded at 92-h and the rest of the concentrations were 0.05 mg/l, 0.03 and 0.02 mg/L with 30%, 23% and 20% mortality respectively. The LC100 at 96-h and at 48-h exposure was 0.16 mg/L and 0.3 mg/L respectively.
Keywords: cockles, ammonia, tolerance, mortality, Probit analysis

[1]. M.F.S. Ramli, F.R. Abu Hasan, M.N. Saadon, "Declining Production of Cockles in Relation to Ammonia Concentrations in Sungai Buloh River, Selangor", Journal of Environment and Earth Science Vol. 3, No.10,pp. 1-5, 2013
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[4]. F.R Abu Hassan, M.F.S.Ramli and M.H. Abdullah. "Trend Perdagangan Industri Ternakan Kerang, Kupang dan Tiram di Malaysia Dari Tahun 2000 sehingga 2010", Proceedings of International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research – ICMR 2012.
[5]. J. Camargo and A. Alonso. "Ecological and toxicological effects of inorganic nitrogen pollution in aquatic ecosystems: a global assessment", Environment International Vol. 32., pp.831-849. 2006
[6]. C. E. Boyd (2013), "Ammonia Toxicity Degrades", Animal Health, Growth, global aquaculture advocate, November/December 2013, pp 40-43

Abstract: The present article reflects the vegetation structure in diverse eco-habitats along with health indicators to conserve the ecosystem in Nayagram areas of Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, India. It broadcasts phyto-diversity and dynamics of vegetation which need to study or not in the present day scenario in lateritic forests of Southwest Bengal of West Bengal. The diverse types of natural resources of the said area are going under threat due to illegal felling and unscientific management which continuously causing serious loss of the biodiversity due to loss of resources in the said area. Ultimate goal is destruction of vegetation and habitats which lead to environmental degradation. Example is "critically cited as the wild life and man conflict" in the said area which is going on year after year. The elephant and wild quadrupeds are the vivid examples after the report collected from forest range office this year. So, it needs the conservation following global management along with the management of local people and forest officers in the said area. Our study signifies the probable goal to cope the global degradation of environment and suggestions forwarding to establish a relationship between ethnic, non-ethnic versus plants and wildlife of the said area to justify the questions of problematic kind. It aims to study more regarding soil and water as resource of the said area. Not only the above one it reflects the total economic value and total environmental value (TEV and TEnV) to mitigate the problem in the said area as model study. A total 10 steps for flow chart are incorporated in this paper which may be used to make the environment eco-friendly and solve the problem in near future through holistic approach using pilot plan.
Keywords: Ecological indicators as Vegetation, Dynamics, Biodiversity Values, Conservation and management at Nayagram, West Bengal.

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Abstract: This study focused on the use of microbial potential for metal ion removal. Scenedesmus obliquus and Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 were compared for accumulation of Cu in batch mode. During time course accumulation, S. obliquus accumulated Cu up to 124 μg mg-1 dry wt after 1h of incubation, whereas for Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 it reached up to 64.9 μg mg-1 dry wt after 2h. Low biomass concentration were found more efficient in accumulating Cu with a value of 178 μg Cu mg-1 dry wt at 0.3 mgL-1 biomass concentrations of S. obliquus. However, for Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 the maxima was reached at 0.6 mgL-1 of biomass concentration. Cu accumulation reached steady-state at a concentration of 1.5 μg mL-1 Cu in the external medium for Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, whereas for S. Obliquus the steady-state was achieved at 2.5 μgmL-1 Cu. Maximum accumulation was observed between pH ranges of 5-7. Adsorption isotherm study depicted Freundlish model for S. obliquus, where as binding in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 followed the Langmuir model. As Freundlich principle indicates a reversible binding, which is regulated by van der Waals forces, it is obvious that the desorption/ recovery of the adsorbed metals could be much easier as compared to Langmuir binding, which is guided by chemical forces. Thus, this study suggests that the biomass of S. Obliquus hold immense potential for use as biosorbent in the removal/ recovery of heavy metal ions.
Keywords: Scenedesmus obliquus; Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803; Biosorption; Cu; Adsorption isotherms

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