IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-9 ~ Issue-12 ~ December 2015

Abstract: Three types of ice cream, different by their overrun levels, were produced and the effect of the overrun levels on the microbial safety was analyzed. Five replicates of vanilla ice creams were processed and named as Sample A, Sample B, and Sample C with overruns of 45%, 60%, and 90%, respectively. Aerobic plate counts (APC), total coliform counts (TCC), Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and yeasts & molds counts (YM) were assessed in ice cream samples along with the ice cream mix, both after Day One and Day Ten of processing and frozen storage, and the results were recorded. The microbial analysis results by using one way ANOVA and T-Test revealed that both the ice cream mix and ice cream samples were not significantly different. However, all the ice cream samples presented lower microbial counts than the mix, both after Day One and Day Ten of frozen storage; and higher overrun levels and prolonged frozen storage negatively influenced the viability of microorganisms under study. Medium overrun levels coupled with good manufacturing practices, especially after pasteurization, should be adopted in ice cream making.

Key words: ice cream; overrun; microbial counts; microbial safety; frozen storage

[1] Clark S., Wasselin A.C., Lloyd O. L. & Barry G. S. (2004). Impact of stabilizer usage and High Hydrostatic Pressure on ice cream properties, Journal. Food Technology, 2(1); 41-49.

[2] Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). (2003b). Title 21.Part 135. Frozen Desserts. Food and DrugAdministration, Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, D.C. [3] Schmidt, K. A. (2004). Dairy: Ice Cream. Food Processing: Principles and Applications, 287-296.

[4] Sofjan, R.P. & Hartel R.W. (2004). Effects of overrun on structural and physical characteristics of ice-cream. International Dairy Journal, 14, 255–62.

[5] Goff, H. & Griffiths, M. (2006). Major advances in fresh milk and milk products: fluid milk products and frozen desserts. Journal of dairy science, 89, 1163-1173.

[6] Kokkinakis E.N., Fragkiadakis G.A., Ioakeimidi S.H., Giankoulof I.B. & Aikaterini N. (2008). Microbiological quality of ice cream after HACCP implementation: a factory case study, Czech Journal of Food Science, 26, 383–391.

Abstract: In this study, a GIS was developed for PFS site suitability assessment. The standard criteria set for PFS siting by Oyo State Urban and Regional Planning Board (OSURPB) and the Nigerian Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) were considered. The DPR criteria were incorporated to assess possible lapses in the local standards. The study is multi-dimensional, incorporating suitability, proximity and spatial statistical techniques. The results showed that, out of the 113 PFSs in the area, only 3, representing just 2.654 percent are in high suitability zone, 6 PFSs (5.309 percent) in in medium as well low and 98 stations(86.725 percent) in very low suitability zone. Considering the OSURPB criterion, 76 PFSs are at unacceptable distances to residential land use and as much as 102 PFSs considering the DPR criterion. Also, assessing the size of PFSs, 41 stations (39 percent) have the standard land area while 69 PFSs (61 percent) were deficient.

[1] World Health Organization, Switzerland, Why Health Matters, 2010Sourced from: http://www.who.int/worldhealthday/2010/media/whd2010/background.pdf

[2] S. Ahmed et al; Health, Risk and Safety of Petrol Stations in Minna Town, an Overview, World Applied Sciences Journal, 32(4), 2014, 655-660

[3] Karen K. Kemp (Editor), 2008,Encyclopedia of geographic information science (SAGE Publications, Inc., Page 21, 66, 192)

[4] Guillermo A. Mendoza, GIS-Based Multi-Criteria Approaches to Land Use Suitability Assessment andAllocation, In: Seventh Symposium on System Analysis in Forest Resources, Traverse City, 1997.
[5] Oyo State Ministry of Local Government Chieftain Matters (OSMLGCM), 2014; www.oyostate.gov.ng

[6] Ahmed HarbRabia and Fabio Terribile, Introducing a New Parametric Concept for Land Suitability Assessment, International Journal of Environmental Sciences and Development, 4(1), 2013.

Abstract: This research was aimed at explaining the cost efficiency, optimization of production, and economically profitable revenue of governance home industry "Kerupuk Ubi Kamang" in Kamang Magek, Agam, West Sumatera. This research was conducted in 30 home industries "Kerupuk Ubi Kamang" in 2014. This research used the identity model cost, and the production function of "Cobb Douglas" as well as the maximum profit model. The results showed that the production function was "increased returns to scale", which is economically efficient and make a profit. This research recommends to any domestic industry "Kerupuk Ubi Kamang" to retain this home industry. In addition, there needs a diversified products "Kerupuk Ubi" as a new innovation implementation.
Keywords: Production Cost, Governance Home Industry, Kerupuk Ubi Kamang

[1]. Besanko, David. ( 2006). Microeconomics. Second Edition. (Asia) Pte Ltd: John Wiley & Sons.
[2]. Glasow, Priscilla A. (2005). Fundamentals of Survey Research Methodology. Washington: Mitre Washington c3 Center McLean
Virginia.
[3]. Hartono, Jogiyanto. (2004). Economy Theory Micro Mathematics Analysis. Yogyakarta: Andi
[4]. Isaac, S., & Michael, W.B. (1997). Handbook in Research and Evaluation: A Collection of Principles, Methods, and Strategies
Useful in the Planning, Design, and Evaluation of Studies in Education and the Behavioral Sciences. (3rd Ed.). San Diego:
Educational and Industrial Testing Services.
[5]. Meier, S. (2005). How Global is Good Corporate Governance. Ethical Investment Research Services
(http://www.eiris.org/files/research publication/howglobaliscorpgov05.pdf. Downloaded on March 12 2015).
[6]. Nazaruddin (2012). Technique Guidance On Developing Agroindustry Crops 2012. Jakarta: Direktorat Pengolahan Hasil Pertanian
Direktorat Jenderal Pengolahan dan Pemasaran Hasil Pertanian.

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the scenario of tobacco farming and its impact on environment and make better policy to reduce environmental degradation. High benefit, ready cash, tobacco market and high demand, activities of Tobacco Company, advance seed & fertilizer and availability of loan are the main causes of spreading tobacco farming in Bangladesh. In the study area by using insecticide, chemical and decomposition of tobacco leaf made the soil barren. 62% of tobacco farmer suffering from coughing and asthmatic diseases. Air is polluted in the farming area through tobacco processing and burning tobacco leaf. Tobacco cultivation replaced50% of paddy field. This trend of tobacco farming made the environment vulnerable and increase food insecurity. Farmers are compromising negative effect tobacco because of economic factors.

Keyword: Tobacco, Farming, Environment, Impact, Bangladesh

[1]. World Health Organization, WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, The MPOWER Package, Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008.
[2]. National Strategic Plan of Action for Tobacco Control 2007-2010,Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government Republic of Bangladesh. 2001
[3]. Jha, P. and Frank J. Chaloupka, Curbing the Epidemic: Governments and the Economics of Tobacco Control, World Bank, Washington D.C., 1999.
[4]. Islam, Khairul (2015, July 7), One Third of Population use Tobacco: BBS Report, New Age.
[5]. Sarkar and Haque, Tobacco Agricultural Research in Bangladesh in the 20th Century, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council, Dhaka, 2001
[6]. M.A. Motaleb, M.H. Irfanullah, Tobacco farming in Bangladesh: is a threat to traditional agro-practice? Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. Vol 10(3),2011.

Abstract: The technologies of GIS nowadays have developed so much so that businesses that create monopoly have now run into competition. The information efficiency and consumer data accessible have made it clear that new businesses are emerging and expanding. The idea is when new products are marketed using simple location analysis and mapping, Customers find it relatively easier to buy goods and services that are closer to them and at cheaper or low price. The functionalities of GIS will help in solving the disparities between distances of sale points. It also help in making decisions of marketing promotion, the use of consumer database to define when and where to locate goods and services is paramount in boosting and easing customer behavior. People preferred to buy goods and services at a closer location of selling point rather than buying at far distance due to price differences. Consumers use maps, charts and online services to determine where goods are sold. Services can be obtained through online libraries for consumers that buy through subscription.
Keyword: GIS, Marketing, Mapping, Information, Libraries

[1]. Beaumont J R 1991a GIS and market analysis. In Maguire D J, Goodchild M F, Rhind, D W (eds) Geographical information
systems: principles and applications. Harlow, Longman/New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc. Vol 2: 139–51
[2]. Beaumont J R 1991b An introduction to market analysis. Concepts and Techniques in Modern Geography 53 Norwich, Geo-
Abstract Books
[3]. Bertuglia C S, Clarke G P,Wilson A G 1994 (eds) Modelling the city: planning, performance, and policy. London, Routledge
[4]. Birkin M, G. Clark, M. Clarks, and A. Wilson (1996) Intelligent GIS: Location,Decision and strategic Planning. Cambridge UK;
Geoinformatics International
[5]. Birkin M 1994 Understanding retail interaction patterns: the case of the missing performance indicators. In Bertuglia C S, Clarke G
P, Wilson A G (eds) Modelling the city. London, Routledge: 105–20
[6]. Birkin M 1996 Retail location modelling in GIS. In Longley P, Batty M (eds) Spatial analysis: modelling in a GIS environment.
Cambridge (UK), GeoInformation International: 207–26
[7]. Buckley, Peter J, & Ghauri, Pervez N. (2004). Globalisation, economic geography and the strategy of multinational enterprises.
Journal of International Business Studies, 35(2), 81-98.

Abstract: A total of seven surface water and seven groundwater samples were analysed. Na+ and K+ were analysed using a Flame Photometer while Ca2+ and Mg2+ were analysed using a Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (FAAS). CO3 2- and HCO3
- were analysed by acid titration and SO4 2- was determined by turbidimetric method of analysis while Cl- was determined by argentometric titration.Concentrations of the analysed cations and anions in surface water samples were ranged as follows: Ca2+ ( 48.1-813 mgL-1), Mg2+ ( 17.5-296 mgL-1), Na+ ( 34.90-9306 mgL-1), K+ ( 1.65-275.4 mgL-1), HCO3 - ( 80.0-285 mgL-1), Cl- ( 248.2-14995 mgL-1), SO4 2-( 26-1200 mgL-1) and NO3 -( 1.8-10.5 mgL-1). The results of the cations and anions analysis in groundwater samples ranged as follows: Ca2+ ( 32.1-61.3 mgL-1), Mg2+ ( 11.7-24.3 mgL-1), Na+ ( 84.3-179 mgL- 1), K+ ( 0.48-3.65 mgL-1), HCO3 - (150-550 mgL-1), Cl- (106.4-744.5 mgL-1), SO4 2- (11-72 mgL-1) and NO3 - (1.3- 18.8 mgL-1).

[1]. Ademoroti, M. A. 1999. Standard Methods for Water and Effluents Analysis. Foludex Press Ltd, Ibadan. Pg1-4.
[2]. Adeoye, P. A., Dauda, S. M., Musa, J. J., Adebayo, S. E. and Sadeeq, M.A. 2012. Evaluation of water quality standards and sanitary
conditions in Moniya abattoir, Ibadan, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Technology in Environmental Sanitation, 2 (1): 17-22.
[3]. Alabaster, J.S. and Lloyd, R. 1980. Water quality criteria for fish(2nd Edn.) London, Butterworths. 297 p; 1980.
[4]. APHA (America Public Health Association ). 1999. Standard method for the examination of water and waste water. America Water
Works Association, USA. 541pp.
[5]. Baotong, H., Tingting, W., Yingxne, F., Jiayi, D. and Xianzhen, G. 1983. Preliminary Studies on the Effects of three Animal
[6]. Eizenberg, D. and Kauzman, B. 2007. Structure and properties of water. Leningrad Gidrometisdat, Moscow. 280pp.

Abstract: Palangka Raya has some problems about road pavement failure. The failure problems is caused several factors such as the water problems, traffic, the condition of the subgrade, climate, the material is not good and problems of compaction. The aims of this study is to classified the type of road pavement damages for road on peatland especially in Palangka Raya. The type of road damages in Palangka Raya are depressions, hair cracks, edge cracks, raveling, alligator cracks, potholes. With the variety of the damage caused
inconvenience for road users. Road repairs have been done but the damage is almost as still occur because of the rain that falls on the surface of road pavement does not flow into the drainage channel in the vicinity due to the elevation of the road and the land next to the road that do not allow rainwater to flow into drainage channels lead to water flooded the edge of the road and entrance through the cracks are beginning to occur and the more severe because it is not addressed immediately.
Keywords: depressions, edge cracking, potholes, peatlands, ravelling.

[1]. ASTM Annual Book. 1996. Standard Classification of Peat Samples by Laboratory Testing (D4421-92). ASTM Standard.
[2]. B. C. Ministry of Transportation (2007) Pavement Surface Condition Rating Manual, 2 nd Edition, Geoplan Consultant Inc.,
Victoria, B.C.
[3]. Bennett, C. R. (2004) Sectioning of Road Data for Pavement Mangement, Proceeding of the International Conference on Managing
Pavements, Brisbane. www. lpcb.org/lpcb-downloads/papers/2004_pms.pdf.
[4]. Bennet C. R. (2007a) Business Processes and Data Collection for Road Management Systems, The World Bank, Washington, D.C.
[5]. Bennet C. R. (2007b) Pavement Data Collection Technologies, The World Bank, Tokyo.
[6]. Ditjen Bina Marga (2006a) Kajian Pengembangan Metode Kuantifikasi Impact untuk Manajemen Jalan, Departemen Pekerjaan
Umum, Jakarta.

Abstract: Growth of plant species in an area is affected by environmental factors and biological area.To determine the potential habitat of plant species, studies on the ecological of the species and the Climatic and edaphic characteristics of the study area are necessary. In this study, potential habitat of Crataegus pontica in Central Zagros (Lorestan province) was modeled using geographic information systems (GIS) and Logistic Regression model. In order to collect the different maps such as topographic, geological, climate and soil of various organizations, these maps were digitized to provide the required data layers.

[1]. Chahouki Z, Zare Chahouki A. 2011. Predicting the distribution of plant species using logistic regression (Case study: Garizat rangelands of Yazd province). Desert.15:151-158.
[2]. Dehkordi NG, Ghannadi A. 2012. Crataegus pontica C. Koch; microscopical, macroscopical and chemical investigations and their uses in chemotaxonomy. Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences.7:S711.
[3]. Fattahi M. 1994. Study on Zagros oak forests and the most important their destruction causes. Institute of Forests and Rangelands Research press, Sanandaj, Iran.
[4]. Finley AO, Banerjee S, McRoberts RE. 2009. Hierarchical spatial models for predicting tree species assemblages across large domains. The annals of applied statistics.3:1052.
[5]. Guisan A, Thuiller W. 2005. Predicting species distribution: offering more than simple habitat models. Ecology letters.8:993-1009.
[6]. Heydari M. 2013. Floristic study of Dalab woodlands, north-east of Ilam province, west Iran. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology (Sciences).37:301-308.

Abstract: Vehicles mainly consume non-renewable fossil fuels, and are a major contributor of green house gases, particularly CO2 emission. Transport accounts for 26% of global CO2 emissions and is one of the few industrial sectors where emissions are still growing. Relatively small amounts of carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), lead (Pb) and hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) are emitted during the combustion of petroleum-based products in internal combustion engines. The present study involves the analysis of ambient air quality surrounding Maharishi Markandeshwar University (MMU). Due to rapid commercialization in the area the traffic load has greatly increased contributing to a large amount of vehicular emissions. Motorized vehicles namely, Buses, Tractor/Trolley, 2 Axle Truck, Cars, Motor Cycles and Auto Rickshaw were considered for the purpose of generating an emission inventory. Traffic frequency was collected for a period of 24 hours.

[1]. Chapman, L., 2007, "Transport and Climate Change: A Review", Journal of Transport Geography,15(5), pp. 354-367.
[2]. Ghose, M.K., Paul, R., and Banerjee, S.K., 2004," Assessment of the Impacts of Vehicular Emissions on Urban Air Quality and its Management in Indian Context: The Case of Kolkata (Calcutta)", Environment Science and Policy, 7(4), pp. 345-351.
[3]. Kerali, H.R., Robinson, R., and Paterson, W.D.O., 1998, "Role of the New HDM-4 in Highway Management", 4th International Conference on Managing Pavements School of Civil Engineering, The University of Birmingham.
[4]. Martin, T.C, Toole, T., & Oliver, J.W.H., 2004, "The Development of HDM-4 Technology Road Deterioration Models for Australia's Sealed Granular Pavements", 6th International Conference on Managing Pavements, ARRB Transport Research, Australia. [5]. Ramachandra, T.V. and Shwetmala, 2009, "Emissions from India's Transport Sector: Statewise Synthesis", Atmospheric Environment, 43(34), pp. 5510-5517.