IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-9 ~ Issue-2 ~ February 2015

Abstract: L'objet du présent travail est d'évaluer, à travers un essai expérimental, la productivité végétale de différents types d'eau d'irrigation préparés à partir d'eau usée épurée avec des matériaux de filtration. Les résultats de ce travail montrent que, selon les matériaux de filtration, la productivité d'eau usée épurée est similaire ou significativement distincte de celle d'eau usée non épurée. En effet, La production en matière fraiche des plantes irriguées avec l'eau usée épurée par le sable de mer ou par le charbon de bois est semblable à celle des plantes irriguées avec l'eau usée non traitée. Tandis que, l'irrigation avec l'eau usée épurée par l'argile permet d'améliorer cette production d'environ 30%.

[1]. Lahmami D., Messaoudi L., Messaoudi Z., Diagnostics socio-économique et environnemental de l'irrigation des cultures maraichères avec les eaux usées non traitées : cas de la zone urbaine et périurbaine de la ville de Meknès au Maroc, Sciences Lib Editions Mersenne, 5 (2013) 130212.
[2]. Karrouch L., Chahlaoui A., Bio-évaluation de la qualité des eaux de l'oued Boufkrane (Meknès Maroc), Biomatec 3 (2009) 617.
[3]. Tremel S. A., Feix I., contamination des sols transferts des sols vers les plantes (Edition ADEM, 2005, France)
[4]. Hillel D., l'eau et le sol principe et processus physique (Collection PEDASUP 5, 1988, Belgique)
[5]. Nivault N., Schwartzblod L., Waste water treatement by infiltration percolation on sand: Result in Ben Sergo, Morrcco, Wat. Sci. Tech. 27 (9), 1993, pp 55-91
[6]. Dagnilie P. principes d'expérimentation planification des expériences et analyse de leurs résultats (Les Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux Belgique 2003)

Summary: Lead poisoning in children is a possibly preventable health problem associated with environmental pollution. Millions of children, pregnant women and unborn babies (foetus) around the globe are the most severely affected by this environmental hazard. Adults are equally affected by this dangerous heavy metal but the deadly impact is acute and rapidly manifested in children. Several factors have been shown to be responsible for these health problems especially in developing countries where there is negligence to reduce the risk exposure to lead. Keeping focus to achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDG's) in which the protection and promotion of maternal and child health is one of the key targets. Studies have shown that millions of lives are lost due to lead poisoning unexpectedly. Lead poisoning has become a public health concern and should be tackled with all sense of urgency especially in resource poor countries.

[1]. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ( 2007). "Lead Toxicity: Who Is at Risk of Lead Exposure?". Environmental Health and Medicine Education. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Course: WB 1105.
[2]. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Environmental Health. Lead exposure in children: prevention, detection, and management (2005) . Pediatrics.;116(4):1036–1046.
[3]. Aub JC, Fairhill LT, Minot AS, Reznikoff P, and Hamilton A. (1926). Lead Poisoning. Medicine Monographs Volume 7. Baltimore, Md.: Williams & Wilkins.
[4]. Bellinger, DC (2004). "Lead". Pediatrics 113 (4 Suppl): 1016–22.
[5]. Bellinger, DC (2005). "Teratogen update: lead and pregnancy". Birth defects research. Part A, Clinical and molecular teratology 73 (6): 409–20.
[6]. Bellinger, DC (2008). "Very low lead exposures and children's neurodevelopment". Current Opinion in Pediatrics 20 (2): 172–7.
[7]. Betancourt O, Narvaez A, and Roulet M. (2005) Small-scale gold mining in the Puango river basin, southern Ecuador: a study of environmental impacts and human exposures. Ecohealth.;2(4):323–332.

Summary: The genotoxic effects of the industrial effluent from a paint (100%, 50%, 25%, 10%, 5%, 1%, 0.50% and 0.25%) manufacturing company in Ikotun, Lagos was evaluated using the root meristem cells of Allium cepa. chromosomal aberration assays were used to determine the mitotic index and chromosome aberration rate. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the average root length of Allium cepa exposed to the various concentrations of the industrial. The phase index for each mitotic phase arrest was evaluated. There was a significant difference (p<0.0001) in phase index. There was an increase in the mitotic inhibition as the concentration increased whereas there was a decrease in the mitotic index, indicative of an inverse relationship shared by the two properties. The effluent induced chromosomal aberrations in the meristematic cells of the A. cepa root tip and laggards were the most frequently observed of the aberrations induced. The use of less or non-toxic alternatives, in the manufacturing process, was advocated as well as the suitability of A. cepa chromosomal assay as a tool for biomonitoring of environmental pollution by industrial effluents and wastewater was discussed.

Keywords: Chromosomal Aberrations, mitotic inhibition, phase index, biomonitoring

[1]. Abu, N.E. and Ezeugwu, S. C. (2008).Risk evaluation of industrial wastewater on plants using Onion (Alliumcepa l.)Chromosome aberration assay.Journal of Tropical Agriculture, Food, Environment and Extension.7(3):242 – 248.
[2]. Acharya, U.R., Acharya, S., and Mishra, M. (2003). Lead acetate induced cytotoxicity in Male Germinal Cells of Swiss Mice. Industrial Health.41 : 291- 294
[3]. Akinboro, A., Mohammed, K., Rathnasamy, S. and Muniandy, V. R.(2011) Genotoxicity Assessment of Water Samples from the Sungai Dua River in Pulau Pinang, Malaysia, Using the Allium cepaTest.Tropical Life Sciences Research, 22(2): 23–35
[4]. Amin A.W. (2002). Cytotoxicity testing of sewage water treatment using Allium cepachromosome aberrations assay.Pakistan Journal of Biological Science. 5(2):1884-1888.
[5]. Borooah D.D. (2011).Genotoxicity assessment of water extract of OcimumgratissimumL. using the Allium cepaassay. International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Science.1(2): 185-188
[6]. Dimitrova I., 1993. Studies of grass plants under conditionsof industrial pollution with heavy metals andsulphur dioxide.Author's summary of Ph.D. Dissertation."P.Hilendarski" Plovdiv University.

Summary: Water coolers are common source of drinking water in teaching institutes of Lahore. Drinking water from water coolers has the potential to cause waterborne diseases to consumers due to contamination with different microbes and chemicals. Present study aimed to assess cooler water quality from different teaching institutes in Lahore city. A total of 55 water samples were taken in sterile polyethylene bottles according to standard water collection techniques (APHA). Physicochemical and bacteriological parameters were tested for each sample and values compared with World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water. Laboratoryanalysis of water established that physicochemical quality of water samples was satisfactory as values were within the permissible limit established by WHO while 44 samples (80%) showed positive results for bacterial contamination.

[1]. D.J. Bopp, B.D. Sauders, A.L. Waring, J. Ackelsberg, N. Dumas, E. Braun-Howland, D. Dziewulski, B.J. Wallace, M. Kelly, and T. Halse, Detection, isolation, and molecular subtyping of Escherichia coli O157: H7 and Campylobacter jejuni associated with a large waterborne outbreak. Journal of clinical microbiology 41(1), 2003, 174-180.
[2]. A. Jones, S. Majowicz, V. Edge, M. Thomas, L. MacDougall, M. Fyfe, S. Atashband, and S. Kovacs, Drinking water consumption patterns in British Columbia: an investigation of associations with demographic factors and acute gastrointestinal illness. Science of the Total Environment, 388(1), 2007, 54-65.
[3]. S. Umar, M. T. Munir, T. Azeem, S. Alib, W. Umar, A. Rehmand, and M. A. Shah, Effects of Water Quality on Productivity and Performance of Livestock: A Mini Review. Veterinaria,1(2), 2014, 11-15.
[4]. A. Prüss, D. Kay, L. Fewtrell, J. Bartram, Estimating the burden of disease from water, sanitation, and hygiene at a global level. Environmental health perspectives110(5), 2002, 537-542.

Summary: Effect of time of day, fruits stage and weather parameters was investigated on foraging activities of insect species on Carissa edulis and Jasminum dichotomum fruits. Data was collected through video recording of insect activity on fruits between June and August, 2011. A bunch of more than 15 fruits was zoomed on 3 different sections on the plant for 15 minutes each in the morning, afternoon and evening. Temperature, humidity and rainfall were recorded at the start and end of each session. The videos obtained were transcribed into the following information: number of insect visitors and duration of foraging. Results showed that insect visit rate and duration of visit did not vary significantly between morning, afternoon and evening. Visit rate varied significantly but duration of foraging did not vary among insect orders between morning, afternoon and evening. Number of visits of insect orders when considered separately was not affected by time of day and weather parameters. The various insect orders responded differently to weather parameters and time of day in their foraging behaviours.

Keywords: Carissa edulis, Jasminum dichotomum, Time of day, Weather parameters, Foraging activity

[1]. P. Jayatilaka, A . Narendra,. S. F., Reid, P. Cooper, and J, Zeil, Different effects of temperature on foraging activity schedules in sympatric Myrmecia ants, The Journal of Experimental Biology, 214, 2011, 2730-2738.
[2]. B. P, Kotler, J. S. Brown, S. R. X. Dall, S. Gresser, D. Ganey and A. Bouskila, Foraging games between gerbils and their predators: temporal dynamics of resource depletion and apprehension in gerbils. Evol. Ecol. Res. 4, 2002, 495-518.
[3]. N. Kronfeld-Schor, and T. Dayan, Partitioning of time as an ecological resource. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 34, 153-181.
[4]. J. C. Biesmeijer and H. de Vries (2001). "Exploration and exploitation of food sources by social insect colonies: a revision of the scout-recruit concept," Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology,. 49 (2-3), 2003, 89–99.
[5]. D. L. do Nascimento and F. S. Nascimento, Extreme Effects of Season on the Foraging Activities and Colony Productivity of a tingless Bee (Melipona asilvai Moure, 1971) in Northeast Brazil, Psyche, doi: 10.1155/2012/267361, 2012.
[6]. A. Kleinert-Giovannini, The influence of climatic factors on flight activity of Plebeia emerina Friese (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponinae) in winter, Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 26, 1982, 1–13.
[7]. M. J. Sommeijer, G. A. de Rooy, W. Punt, and L. L. M. de Bruijn, A comparative study of foraging behaviour and pollen resources of various stingless bees (Hymenoptera, Meliponinae) and honey bees (Hym., Apinae) in Trinidad, West-Indies, Apidologie, 14, 1983, 205–224,.

Summary: The incidence of using some plants to activate fish catches is part of traditional methods of fishing which is not environmentally friendly to the aquatic ecosystem. A survey was carried out using structured questionnaire distributed among One hundred (100) fishermen fishing on lake Geriyo, Ribadu lake, Mubi and Upper Benue River to assess their awareness about the Piscicidal plants, uses, other significance, side-effect on aquatic fauna and flora, potency in catching fish were all responded to by the fishermen. The result of the study showed that 65% of the respondents were within the ages of 41-70 years while 35% were from 1 -40 years old. 45% had no formal education, 35% Quranic and primary education while 20% secondary school education and above. All of the respondents were aware about the uses and potency of the piscicidal plants. 75% of the respondents have above ten (10) years fishing experiences. 13 Piscicidal plants were assembled during this survey from various fishing locations studied. Three of the plants, Adenium obesum, Balanite aegyptica and Thevetia nerrifolia were commonly used by the fishermen. A. obesum was reported as the most effective plants and the Bark is the most effective parts of this shrub. The side effect of the piscicidal plants were mentioned by the fishermen. The uses of any of the piscicidal plants should be discouraged; fishermen should be educated on the ecological negative impact of these plants so as to preserve the biolife in the aquatic environment.

Keys: Fisheries, Fishing method, Piscicidal plants, phytochemical, Adamawa

[1]. Ade-Serrano, S.: (1982). Growth inhibitory and lymphocytoxic effect of Azadrachta indica. .J. Med. Plants, 5: 137-139
[2]. Adewole, A.M., E.O. Faturoti, O.F. Oladeinde and O.O Ayelaagbe (2002).: A survey of some indigenous fish phytotoxic plants in Ibadan, south Western Nigeria. Book of Abstract of the 1st Annual conference of the Zoology Society of Nigeria
[3]. Adewumi, C.O. (1990). Plant Molluscicides. Potential of Aridan, Tetrapleura telraptera for schistosomiasis control in Nigeria. Environment 102: 21-33.
[4]. Ahmed S. and Grainge, M. (1986). Potential of Neern tree (Azadirachta indica) for pest control and rural development. Economy Botany: 201-209.
[5]. Akinwande, A. A., Sogbesan, O. A., Moody, F.O., Ugwumba, A.A. (2007). Piscicidal potential of mesocarp of neem plant (Azardirachta indica L.) fruit on hybrid, 'Heteroclarias'. Journal of Environmental Biology 28 (3):533-536
[6]. Ascher, K. R. S (1993). Nonconventional insecticidal effects of pesticides available from the neem tree, Azadirachta indica. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol, 22: 433-449

Summary: Metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used in the world for different purposes. This is the first report on the LD50 and the effects of CoO, MgO and PbO NPs on mice. LD50 for acute and 30 day's chronic dosage of these metal oxide NPs was calculated. Our results showed that the acute (single dose exposure) LD50 for CoO is 7835 mg/kg, MgO is 3954 mg/kg and PbO is 14,677 mg/kg of body weight. Whereas, the LD50 for 30 days chronic dosage for CoO is 1066 mg/kg, MgO is 1315 mg/kg and PbO is 634.88 mg/kg of body weight. The NPs were deposited in different tissues of mice when exposed to acute and chronic dosages of all afore mentioned three different NPs. The NPs were maximally absorbed by the muscles on acute and chronic exposure to CoO, MgO as well as PbO NPs. The chronic exposure of CoO, PbO and MgO led to changes in behavior, body weight and organ index of the mice. Keywords: Absorption, Cobalt oxide NPs; LD50; Lead oxide NPs; Magnesium oxide NPs, Organ Index. Abbreviations: Nanoparticles (NPs), Cobalt oxide (CoO), Magnesium oxide (MgO), Lead oxide (PbO), body weight (bwt).

[1]. Yah CS, Simate GS, Iyuke SE. NPs toxicity and their routes of exposures, Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 2012; 25(2): 477-491.
[2]. Mandal S, Phadtare S, Sastry M. Interfacing biology with NPs. Curr. App. Phys. 2005; 5: 118–127.
[3]. Pankhurst QA, Connolly J, Jones SK, Dobson J. Applications of magnetic NPs in biomedicine. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2003; 36: R167–R181.
[4]. LaConte L, Nitin N, Bao G. Magnetic nanoparticle probes. Nano today 2005; 19: 32–38.
[5]. Ito A, Shinkai M, Honda H et al. Medical application of functionalized magnetic NPs. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 2005; 100: 1–11.
[6]. Liu X, Qiu G, Li X. Shape-controlled synthesis and properties of uniform spinel cobalt oxide nanotubes. Nanotechnology 2005; 16: 3035–3040.

Summary: The Diversity and Association of Polychaete fauna collected at the shoreline of the Bonny Estuary was analyzed to assess the temporal changes in abundance and composition through a twelve month cycle. The diversity indices of Shannon-Weiner and Margalef indicated a poor to moderate environment as supported by the ecological quality assessment (EQS) which in turn was corroborated by the poor to moderate diversity values of Shannon-Weiner (1.81-2.49) and Margalef (1.9-3.79) obtained in this study.The three polychaete associations identified using average linkage cluster analyses were tightly associated with temporal co-occurrence between distributions.

[1]. Chinasa, U., Emmanuel, U., Raymond, A., George, I. U., and Emmanuel, O. (2013). Comparative Assessment of the Relative Abundance and Diversity of Near-Shore andOffshore Communities of Benthic Macro-Invertebrates off the Bonny Estuary, Nigeria. Vol.14. No. 2, 617-625.
[2]. Day, J. (1967). A Monograph of the Polychaeta of Southern Africa. London: British Museum Natural History Publication 656.
[3]. Decker, C., Griffiths, C., Prochazka, K., Ras C., and Whitfield, A. (2003)Marine Biodiversity in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Known and the Unknown Cape Town, South Africa 23-26 September 2003.
[4]. Faraco, L.F.D. and Lana, P.C., (2003). Response of polychaetes to oil spills in natural and defaunated subtropical mangrove sediments from Paranagua bay (SE Brazil). Hydrobiologia 496, 321–328.
[5]. Fauchald, K. (1977). National History Museum, Los Angeles County, Sci. Ser. No. 28, 190 pp.

Summary: The study was conducted to examine the phenomenon of cannibalism among juveniles of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell) of the same year class. At the start of the 21 day experiment, each catfish fingerling weighed approximately 4.1g. The fingerlings were stocked in a plastic tank at a stocking density of 100 fingerlings in the tank. There was unequal weight gain among all the fingerlings in the tanks, resulting in the significant difference of two fingerlings weighing 27.2g and 42.4g respectively. These two fingerlings accounted for over 68% mortality of the original stock. The two large fingerlings were isolated in two tanks of 0.23m3 size and fingerlings weighing approximately 7.6g were introduced daily starting with two and increased in a geometric progression of four and eight for 13 days. In combination the catfishes A and B consumed a total of 42% of the juveniles in 9 days. In separate chambers Catfishes A consumed a total of 11 juveniles in 13 days accounting for 10.6% of entire number of juveniles introduced. Partial cannibalism which consisted of juveniles killed but not swallowed wholly was higher accounting for 19.2% of the total introduced. This is in contrast to Catfish B which consumed a total of 52 juveniles accounting for 50% of number introduced with only a 1.9% partial cannibalism. This accounts for the significant differences in the weight values with Catfish A gaining a total of 8.5g in contrast to 184.5g gained by Catfish B. It is evident from the study that cannibalism among juvenile catfishes within the same year class can be identified and with proper management of size variationimprove the survival rate of the population of each year class.

Keywords: Clarias gariepinus; Cannibalism; Juveniles; Intra specific.

1]. FitzGerald, G. and Whoriskey F. (1992). Cannibalism: ecology and evolution among diverse taxa. Empirical studies of cannibalism in fish. In: Elgar M, Crespi B, editors. Cannibalism: ecology and evolution among diverse taxa. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1992. p.238-255. [2]. Hecht, T., and Pienaar, A.G. (1993). A review of cannibalism and its implications in fish larviculture. J. WorldAquacult. Soc. 24, 246– 261.
[3]. Kaiser, H., Weyl, O., Hecht, T. (1995). Observations on agonistic behavior of Clarias gariepinus larvae and juveniles under different densities and feeding frequencies in a controlled environment. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 11(1‐2), 25-36. [4]. Mukai Y., and Lim, L. S. (2011). Larval rearing and feeding behavior of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus under dark conditions. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2011;6:272-278.
[5]. Obirikorang, K.A., Madkour, H.A., and Adjei-Boateng, D. (2014).A study of Intra-cohort Cannibalism in Juveniles of the African Catfish, (Clarias gariepinus) under Controlled Conditions. International Journal of Science and Technology Volume 3 No. 1, January, 2014.

Summary: The incidence of toxigenic fungi and ochratoxin A and total aflatoxin contamination in 147 samples of 5 types of spices (black pepper, turmeric, fennel, green cardamom and mace) were studied. Ochratoxin A producing A. niger and aflatoxin producing A. flavus were the most dominant species present in all types of spice. 52% of A. flavus and 44% of A. parasiticus from black pepper were toxigenic and produce aflatoxins where as 40% of A. ochraceus form black pepper and 33.3% of P. verrucosum from green cardamom were produce ochratoxin A. Qualitative and quantitative detection of mycotoxins in spices were analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). 78.5% of black pepper samples were contaminated with aflatoxins followed by mace (64%). Both aflatoxins and ochratoxin A were present in all types of spices. The maximum amount of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A was in black pepper 320ppb and 155ppb respectively. The result of this study suggests that the spices are rich substrate for growth of ochratoxigenic and aflatoxigenic fungi and further ochratoxin A and aflatoxins production. The amounts detected in these spices were sufficiently high to induce carcinogenesis. This is the first report of occurrence of ochratoxin A in spices from Bihar state (India).

Keywords: Toxigenic fungi; Spices; Aflatoxins; Ochratoxin A; ELISA.

[1]. N Magan, A Medina and D Aldred. Possible Climate-change effects on mycotoxin contamination of food crops pre- and postharvest. Plant Pathology, 60(1), 2011, 150-163.
[2]. JW Bennett and M Klich. Mycotoxins. ClinIcal Microbiological Reviews, 16(3), 2003, 497–516.
[3]. Y Liu and F Wu. Global Burden of Aflatoxin-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Risk Assessment. Environmental Health Perspectives, 118(6), 2010, 818-824.
[4]. P Jeswal. Ochratoxin A induced hepatorenal carcinogenesis in Mice (Mus musculus). Indian National Science Academy – B, 62, 1996, 339-344.
[5]. M Castegnaro, D Canadas, T Vrabcheva et al. Balkan endemic nephropathy: role of ochratoxion A through biomarkers. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 50(6), 2006, 519-529.

Summary: Coal-fired thermal power plants are responsible for a considerable amount of air pollution in the environment. This paper analyzed the ambient air quality, in the vicinity of Narla Tata Rao Thermal Power Station(NTTPS) located in the Ibrahimpatnam village of Andhra Pradesh by measuring the concentration of SOx, NOx and particulate matter using standard methods. For analysis five sampling sites were selected around the thermal power plant under study covering industrial and residential areas. The results showed that the concentration of the air pollutants both in industrial and residential areas are within the standard values recommended by NAAQ(National Ambient Air quality quality) standards but particulate matter PM10 is in the threshold levels in all the sampling sites. This will lead to adverse effects on long term exposure specially on vegetation and human health.

Keywords: Air pollution, thermal power plant, SOx, NOx, PM10, PM2.5, NAAQ, sampling sites.

[1]. Growth of power sector in India from 1947-2013,by Central Electricity Authorit
[2]. Neeraja Mathur,Power Development in India‟, Water and Energy International, CBIP, Vol. 66, No. 1, pp. 11-25, January-March 2009.
[3]. Garg, A.; Kapse, M.; Shukla, P.R.; Ghosh, D., "Large Point Source (LPS) emissions From India: regional and sectoral analysis", Atmospheric Environment. 2002, 36, 213-224.
[4]. Chakraborty, N.; Mukherjee, I; Santra, A.K; Chowdhury, S.; Chakraborty, S; Bhattacharya, S.; Mitra A.P.; Sharma, C."Measurement of CO2, CO, SO2, and NO emissions from coal-based thermal power plants in India", Atmospheric Environment 2008, 42, 1073-1082.
[5]. K. Pokale*Shri Saraswati College of Social Work,Washim (M.S) India.Effects of Thermal power plant on Environment, Sci. Revs. Chem. Commun.: 2(3), 2012, 212-215 ISSN 2277-2669W.