IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-14 ~ Issue-8 ~ Aug. 2020

Abstract: This study was aimed to access the knowledge, attitude and perception of the youth of Jammu region about Indoor Air Pollution. A survey was done with the help of an online Open-End Questionnaire. Youth of different age group were included in this survey; youth of the age of 16-31 were included in our analysis. Education status of the respondents was postgraduate, undergraduate and 12th grade students. Regarding parents occupation of the youth there were farmers, businessman, shopkeepers, labor class, professors, housewives, policeman, and bank employees. Therefore the parents of the respondents were from diverse status and so their income also varied according to the professions. Participants completed and submitted the online questionnaire, while going through the data it was concluded that the maximum youth of Jammu region are aware about the Indoor Air Pollution and regarding its.....

Key Word: Indoor air pollution, Qualitative Research Survey, Jammu

[1]. Brooks, B.O. and David, F.W. 1992. Understanding Indoor Air Quality. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
[2]. Bruce, N., Perez-Padilla, R. and Albalak R. 2000. Indoor air pollution in developing countries: a major environmental and public health challenge. Bull WHO, 78(9):1078-1092.
[3]. Ezzati, M.,Kammen,D.M. 2001 Quantifying the effect of exposure to indoor air pollution from biomass combustion on acute respiratory infections in developing countries.Environ Health Perspect 109:481-488.
[4]. House listing and Housing Census Data Highlights-2011. Available on http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/hlo/hlo-highlights.html.
[5]. Nazaroff, W.W., Goldstein, A.H., 2015. Indoor Chemistry: research opportunities and challenges .Indoor Air 25(4), 357-361.

Abstract: Chitosan obtained by deacetylation of second most abundant natural biopolymer 'Chitin' is found as the most reasonable material in the adsorption due to presence of the amino functional groups as well as hydroxyl groups in its molecule. These functional groups act as adsorbent sites for various types of organic like dyes, pesticides, phenols, drugs etc. as well as inorganic pollutants like heavy metal ions and others. The amino and hydroxyl groups on chitosan can be modified (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) to enhance physical, mechanical and adsorption qualities of this material. Related to the knowledge obtained from research papers published previously in literature, scientists have done many modifications of chitosan molecule by reacting with suitable reagents that react with the functional groups on this molecule to increase number of binding sites and adsorption capacity. This review compiles the research work of the last few....

Keywords: Chitosan, grafting, cross-linking, modification, adsorption, contaminants, dyes, heavy metals, adsorption capacity.

[1]. Dwivedi AK 2017 Researches in water pollution IRJNAS 4 118-142
[2]. Chauhan S, Gupta KC and Singh J 2015 Purification of drinking water with the applications of natural extracts Jorrnal of global bioscience 4 1861-1866
[3]. Nazhad M, Heydarifard S and Xiao H 2017 Water Purification Novascience publications.
[4]. Ahmed S, Tapley K, Clemett A and Chadwick M 2005 Health and Safety in Textile dyeing Industry.
[5]. Akhter K 2007 Studies on Water Quality in the peripheral River System around Dhaka City.

Abstract: The current global campaign for sustainable development demands that meeting housing and infrastructural needs of the people should be implemented in tandem with sustainability philosophy. Green building delivery is one of the major ways to drive the sustainable development agenda within construction sector. However, in many developing countries of the world, this effort is faced with a number of challenges among which inadequate capacity for design and delivery of green building projects is prominent. Therefore, this study investigates skills challenges limiting the delivery of green buildings in South Western Nigeria. The study employs questionnaire survey,....

Keywords: Delivery, Green buildings, Technicians, Training, Skills gap.

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[4]. Anderson, A. H. (1994). Successful training practices. Oxford: Blackwell publishers. London. England. Gottfried, D. A. (1996). Sustainable Building Technical Manual - Green Building Design, Construction and operation. Selecting Enviromentally and Economically Balanced Building Materials,Washington DC:Building Green.
[5]. Anigbogu, N. A. (2002) an appraisal of the Nigerian construction industry informal labour market. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2 (4), 96-10.

Abstract: Ten sampling stations located on RiverSironko catchment area were used to assess the contribution of selected land uses to the nutrients and Physico-chemical water quality levels of river Sironko for a period of six months from November 2019 to April 2020. This was done so as to capture wet and dry seasons. The data was also used to examine whetherland use size, altitude and discharge had an impact on water quality in the catchment area. The catchment area was divided into the upper, middle and lower reaches. Based on visual interpretation of Google Earth map and field observation data, polygons for the reference land use classes of forest, agriculture, sand mining, industrialization, and urbanisation that contributed their run off to the catchment were created using "heads up" digitizing tools in Google Earth program and sizes were calculated. The water quality parameters from land uses were compared,....

Keywords: E-Coli, protected area, river reaches, land use area

[1]. APHA, (1992), Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th Edition.
American Public Health Association, water environment federation and American water works Association Washington D.C.
[2]. Bagalwa, M., Yalire, M., Balole, E., and Karume, K. (2014). A Preliminary Assessment of Physico-Chemical and Bacteriological Characteristicsof Lake Edward and Major Tributaries Rivers, Democratic Republic of Congo. Scholars Academic Journal Biosciences (SAJB), 2(3): 236-245
[3]. Kasangaki, A., Champan L.J., Balirwa J., (2008). Land use and the Ecology of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Assemblages of high altitude rainforest Streams in Uganda. Freshwater Biology (2008) 53: 681–697
[4]. Kobingi, Nyakeya, Raburu, Philip Okoth, Masese, Frank Onderi and Gichuki, John (2009), Assessment of pollution impacts on the ecological integrity of the Kisian and Kisatrivers in Lake Victoria drainage, basin Kenya. Journal of Environmental science and Technology.Vol. 3 (4), pp. 097-107
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Abstract: Comparative evaluation of blanching and boiling on two cocoyam varieties were studied. Raw Colocasia esculenta and raw Xanthosoma sagittifolium were subjected to blanching in water at 1000C for 5 minutes and boiling in water at 1000Cfor 20 minutes. All the samples were subjected to analysis. The result of the functional properties showed significant differences (p<0.05) among the raw, blanched and boiled Colocasia esculenta and Xanthosoma sagittifolium flours bulk density, water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity,emulsion capacity, foam capacity and swelling capacity. The pasting results showed that boiled Colocasia esculentaflour and boiledXanthosoma sagittifolium flour recorded the lowest and second lowest values respectively, for peak, trough, breakdown, setback and final viscosities, and in pasting temperature and peak time compared to the other samples. This implies that the boiled cocoyam floursamples were more durable against heat and shear stress and more stable after cooling compared to the blanched and raw samples.

Keywords: Raw, blanching, boiling, Colocasia esculenta, Xanthosoma sagittifolium.

[1]. Adebowale, Y.A., Adeyemi, A. and Oshodi, A.A. (2005). Functional and physic-chemical properties of flours of six Mucuna species. African Biotechnology 4(12): 1461-1468.
[2]. Akpan, E.J. and Umoh, I.B. (2004). Effect of heat and tetracycline treatmentson the food quality and acridityfactorsin cocoyam
(Xanthosomasagittifolium (L) Scott). Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 3: 240-248.
[3]. Akubor, P.I. and Badifu, G.I.O. (2004). Chemical composition, functionalproperties and baking potential of African breadfruit kernel and wheat flour blends. International Journal of Food Science and Technology 39: 223-229.
[4]. Akubor, P.I. and Eze, J.I. (2012). Quality evaluation and cake makingpotential of sun and oven dried carrot fruit. Int. J. Biosci. 2(10): 19-27.
[5]. Appiah, F., Oduro, I. and Ellis, W.O. (2011). Functional properties of Artocarpus altilis pulp flour as affected by fermentation. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America 2(5): 773-779.

Abstract: Spilled oil threatens groundwater resources in many parts of the world. Evaporation increases crude oildensity, viscosity and fraction of lower molecular weight substances which reduce its infiltration into the soil and groundwater. In this work, we studied the impact of wax crystallization on the evaporation rate of waxy crude oil.The characterization of this crude oil shows that it has a high wax content. To characterize its tendency towards solidification,the variation of its viscosity as a function of the temperature was measured, which shows that it is very viscous from a temperature of 40 °C, it crystallizes at 27°C. Subsequently,we determined its evaporation rate at room temperature, the change in composition by GC-FID chromatography analysis. The results indicate that wax in crude oil can greatly decrease its evaporation rate.

Keywords: Waxy crude oil; Evaporation rate; Viscosity; Density; Gaz chromatography analyses.

[1]. Alcazar-Vara LA, Buenrostro-Gonzalez E (2011) Characterization of the wax precipitation in Mexican crude oils. Fuel Process Technol 92:2366–2374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2011.08.012
[2]. Ashoori S, Sharifi M, Masoumi M, Mohammad Salehi M (2017) The relationship between SARA fractions and crude oil stability. Egypt J Pet 26:209–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2016.04.002
[3]. Barker C, Bufarsan A (2001) Evaporative Losses from the Surface "Oil Lakes" of Southern Kuwait. Environ Geosci 8:123–129. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-0984.2001.82004.x
[4]. Bufarasan A, Barker C, Wavrek DA, Al-Sarawi MA (2002) Compositional Changes Induced by Evaporation of Burgan Crude Oil Spilled into the Desert of Southern Kuwait. Environ Geosci 9:8–16. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-0984.2002.91005.x
[5]. Demirbas A, Alidrisi H, Balubaid MA (2015) API Gravity, Sulfur Content, and Desulfurization of Crude Oil. Pet Sci Technol 33:93–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/10916466.2014.950383.

Abstract: West Pokot County is among the 23 Counties that experience chronic droughts exacerbated by the changing climate which threatens food security and livelihoods in ASAL areas of Kenya. The main objective of the study was to examine the use of indigenous knowledge in managing drought and weather predictions in West Pokot County for enhanced disaster preparedness. The study used descriptive research designs. Respondents were selected through random and purposive sampling methods. Questionnaires were used to collect data from 398 respondents randomly selected from different strata of the stakeholders in the drought management and food security....

Keywords: Indigenous knowledge, Early warning system and Weather prediction

[1]. Briggs,R. (2005).Indigenous Knowledge as a Base of Climate Change Adaptation -
[2]. EADI adapting the impacts of drought: resistance crops: eadi.org/.pdf [20th
[3]. May 2016]
[4]. Daniela Salite(2019) Traditional prediction of drought under weather and climate uncertainty: analyzing the challenges and opportunities for small-scale farmers in Gaza province, southern region of Mozambique:NaturalHazardshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-019-03613-4
[5]. Domfeh, P, (2007). Environmental Mine Waste Management: Strategies for the Prevention, Control, and Treatment of Problematic Drainages Volume 1 of 2.

Abstract: Background: Natural preservatives can be extracted from spices and applied to palm oil to extend their storage life. The antioxidative properties of certain spices can be utilized in palm and other vegetable oils when applied as solvent extracts, powders, grits, emulsions, etc. Free fatty acids and peroxide value are commonly used as indices for monitoring the oxidation stability of stored vegetable oils. There was no study on the oxidative stability effects of the three selected Nigerian spices. We carried out this study to determine the antioxidant effects of M. myristica, M. tenuifolia and A. danielli in comparison to alpha-tocopherol on palm oil stored at room temperature for 24 weeks....

Keywords: Palm Oil, Free fatty acid, Peroxide value, Antioxidant, M. myristica, A. danielli, M. tenuifolia

[1]. FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations), "Codex Standard for Named Vegetable Oil, CODEX-STAN 210-1999", FAO Corporate Document Repository, Available at http://www.fao.org/3/y2774e/y2774e04.htm#bm4.1 (Accessed July 14th, 2020).
[2]. Oil World Annual, Oil Production Statistics, ISTA Mielke GmbH, Harmburg, Germany. 2001; 90-109,.
[3]. The Malaysian Edible Oil Manufacturers‟ Association (MEOMA), Handbook 2000–2001, MEOMA, Malaysia, pp 40-59, 2001.
[4]. Malaysia Palm Oil Board (MPOB), "Palm oil processing, utilization and Nutrition" (ed. Choo, Y.M.) Proceeding of the Malaysia-Myanmar Palm Oil Trade Fair and Seminar, pp 1-39, 2013.
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Abstract: The coronavirus pandemic has turned the world's attention to the immune system .Ocimum sanctum and Gingiber officinale has an abundant amount of bioactive compounds which boost our immunity . Both fresh and dried Ocimum sanctum and Gingiber officinale have a beneficial effect. They are natural immunity boosters and keeps infections at bay. They are being used for the medical care and avoidance of respiratory diseases in the past. They showed to contribute as anti-carcinogenic, anti-diabetic, anti-tumor , Immunomodulator activities. Here we focused on the Ocimum and ginger bioactive compounds as an Immunomodulator against covid....

Keywords: Bioactive compounds ,Covid -19 , ,Gingiber Ocimum ,Immunomodulator

[1]. Acharya Y., editor. Charaka Samhita. Chaukhamba Surbharati; Varanasi, India: 1992.
[2]. Balasubramani S.P., Venkatasubramanian P., Kukkupuni S.K. Plant-based Rasayana drugs from Ayurveda. Chin. J. Integr. Med. 2011;17:88–94.
[3]. Balakumar S, Rajan S, Thirunalasundari T, Jeeva S. Antifungal activity of Ocimum sanctum Linn.(Lamiaceae) on clinically isolated dermatophytic fungi. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2011;4:654–7
[4]. Bora DS, Khanikor B. Selective toxicity of Ageratum conyzoides and Ocimum sanctum against Exorista sorbillans (Diptera: Tachinidae) and Antheraea ussama (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) Natl Acad Sci Lett. 2011;34:9–14.
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Abstract: Lagenaria siceraria fruits are traditionally used for treatment of wide range of diseases, as stringed and wind musical instruments, pipes and in some communities, the dried shell is used as floats on water bodies and as traditional fishing gear. This study investigated the toxic effects of crude fruit endocarp extract of L. siceraria on Clarias gariepinus juveniles by exploring the proximate analyses of the plant, and the behavioural changes, mortality and haematological profile of the C. gariepinus. Materials and Methods: Proximate analyses of the plant were determined by the methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. After a series of range finding tests, definitive tests concentrations of 5, 20, 35, 50 and 65 mg/L were used with 0.00mg/L which served....

Keywords: Proximate analyses;96hr. LC50; Lagenaria siceraria; Blood indices; Clarias gariepinus

[1]. Gavit PJ, Patil RD. Acute toxic effects of acephate on freshwater fish Puntius sophore (Hamilton). Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 2016; 4(4):1364-1366.
[2]. Audu BS, Ajima MNO, Ofojekwu PC. Enzymatic and biochemical changes in common carp, Cyprinus carpio (L.) fingerlings exposed to crude leaf extract of Cannabis sativa (L.). Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 2015; 5 (2):107-115.
[3]. Nguyen LTH, Janssen CR. Embryo-larval toxicity tests with the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus): Comparative sensitivity of endpoints. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2002;42:256 – 262.
[4]. Adeyemo OK. Histological alterations observed in the gills and ovaries of Clarias gariepinus exposed to environmentally relevant lead concentrations. Journal of Environmental Health. 2008;70(9):48–51.

Abstract: Background: The need of an efficient phytoaccumulator plant species for use in the phytoremediation procedure led to the study on the efficacy of two plant species for their ability to phytoextract and phytoaccumulate organic pollutants from soils. Materials and Method: The experiment was laid in the split-split plot design. This design was selected to ensure more precision to the selected plant species. The main plots were the Crude oil contamination (4 levels), Sub plot were the soil amendments (4 levels) while the sub-sub plot factor were the plant species (2 levels). Results:Results indicated that total plant biomass production was best at contaminant's concentrations of 0.5 L/kg soil while that of root elongation was at concentrations of 0.3 L/kg soil. Although phytoaccumulation of the soluble total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH)....

Keywords: Phytoaccumulation; Phytoextraction; Phytoremediation; Bioaccumulation factor.

[1]. Bharani, A., M. Baskar, A. and Solaimalai. Bioremediation Technology. Environmental Contamination and Bioreclamation. Arvind Kumar (Ed). APH publishing corporation, New Delhi, India. 2004. Pp 53-85.
[2]. McPherson, A. Monitoring Phytoremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soils in a Closed and Controlled Environment. 2007. 171p.
[3]. Adams R.H., Osorio F.J.G., Cruz J.Z. et al. Water repellency in oil contaminated sandy and clayey soils. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 2008. 445-454
[4]. O'Brien P.L., DeSutter T.M., Casey F.X., Wick A.F. and Khan E. (2017). Evaluation of Soil function following remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon. A review of current remediation techniques. Current Pollution Reports, vol. 3, no.3. 2017. pp. 192-205.
[5]. Nwilo, P.C. and Badejo. Oil Dispersion and Trajectories on Nigeria Open Sea. Conference Proceedings on the Nigerian State, Oil industry and the Niger Delta. 2008. Pp. 164-192

Abstract: Background: In an attempt to assess the efficacy of E. camaldulensis in the phytoremediation procedure during decontamination of crude oil polluted soils, the following were determined: total dry biomass (DBMT), phytoaccumulation of total petroleum hydrocarbon and its asphaltene fraction and the phytoextraction efficiency using bioaccumulation factor (BAF) and mass influx (Minflux) ratios. Materials and Methods: The experiment was the split-split plot design where the crude oil contaminations (4 levels) were the main plot, the sub-plot factor were the soil amendments (4 levels) and the sub-sub plot factor were the tissues of the plant (3 levels).....

Keywords: Phytoaccumulation, Phytoextraction, Phytoremediation, Bioaccumulation factor, Mass influx

[1]. Lacher, S. Physiological Plant Ecology. Blakwell Publishers, India. 1995. P.1850
[2]. Ayuba D.K., Usman A. and Omokhudu G.I. Phytoaccumulation and bioextraction potentials of ChrysopogonzizanioidesL. Roberty in the bioattenuation of hydrocarbon polluted soils. Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, vol. 10 (7). 2016 pp. 31-38.
[3]. Newman, L.A., Strand, S.E., Choe, N., Duffy, J. and Ekuan, G. Uptake and Biotransformation of trichloroethylene by hybrid poplars. Environmental Science and Technology. Vol. 31, 1997. Pp. 1062–67.
[4]. Berti, W. R. and Cunningham S. D. Phytostabilization of metals. Phytoremediation of Toxic Metals: Using Plants to Clean up the Environment, (ed.) I Raskin, BD Ensley, 2000, pp. 71–88. New York:Wiley
[5]. Cameselle, C., Chirakkara, R.A. and Reddy, K.R. Electrokinetic-enhanced phytoremediation of soils: Status and opportunities. Chemosphere, vol. 93 (4), 2013, pp. 626-636..

Abstract: This paper modelled remotely sensed data in GIS environment to examine (open) water cycle regime of Lake Chad for three periods. The findings would be useful to Lake Chad stakeholders (LCBC, member States, Ministries and Parastatals, local communities and Development Agencies) for Lake's management and decision making for conservation and sustainable development. The studyaimed at examining the hydrologic regime using Earth observation data (EOD) for 1986, 1999 and 2003.This was achieved through theprocessing, extraction, computation and comparison of monthly EOD of theperiod/years. This led to determination of monthly Lake Chad hydrologic trend for the three periods. The study usedLandsatimages obtained from UnimaidGEONETCast and Earthexplorer of USGS. The data covered monthly basis of Greater Lake Chad for the three time periodswere........

Keywords: Lake Chad, hydrologic regime/Lake extent changes, Remote sensing, GIS, Land cover classification.

[1]. ADEWUYI, T. O. (2005). Examination of the Spatial Extent of Lake Chad Over FivTime Points. Pakistan Geographical Review , 1-5.
[2]. Alfa NI, A. C. (2008). Assesment of changes in aerial exend of lake chad using satelite remote sensing data. J.appli. sci. Environ. Manage, Vol. 12(1) , 101-107.
[3]. Birkett, C. (2000). Synergistic remote sensing of Lake Chad. new york: Remote Sens. Environ.
[4]. Bai, J.; Chen, X.; Li, J.; Yang, L.; Fang, H. (2011) Changes in the area of inland lakes in arid regions of central Asia during the past 30 years. Environ. Monit. Assess. 178, 247–256
[5]. Coe, M., Jonathan, F. (2001). Human and natural impacts on the water resources of the lake chad basin,. Journal of geophysical research, Vol. 106, No D4 , 3349-3356.

Abstract: Background: Aluminum (Al) considered the third most ground element present everywhere which is nonessential and toxic metal to humans and accumulates in target organs causing serious effects on different systems including male reproductive system. Arabic gum (AG) is a dried exudate obtained from the stems and branches of Acacia Senegal tree and has antioxidant compounds that have ability to scavenging the free radicals, activation of antioxidant enzymes and inhibition of oxidases.Aim: This study evaluates the modulating effect of Arabic gum (AG)on fertility impairmentand oxidative stress-induced from exposure to aluminum chloride (AlCl3) on adult male albino rats.Materials and methods:Thirty two male albino rats were divided randomly into four equal groups.....

Keywords: Arabic gum, aluminum chloride, oxidative stress, fertility, testis.

[1]. Schetinger M.R.C., Morsch V.M. and Bohrer D. (2002): Aluminum: Interaction with nucleotides and nucleotidases and analytical aspects of determination; 104: 99-137.
[2]. Kim M.S. and Clesceri L.S. (2001):Aluminum exposure: A study of an effect on cellular growth rate. Sci. Total Environ; 278(1-3), 127-135.
[3]. El-Demerdash F.M. (2004):Antioxidant effect of vitamin E and selenium on lipid peroxidation, enzyme activities and biochemical parameters in rats exposed to aluminum. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol; 18(1): 113-121.
[4]. Guo CH., Hus G.W., Chuang CH. and Chen P. (2009): Aluminum accumulation induced testicular oxidative stress and altered selenium metabolism in mice. Environ ToxicolPharmacol; 27: 176-181.
[5]. Bhattacharjee S., Zhao Y., Hill J.M., Culicchia F., Kruck T.P., Percy M.E., Pogue A.I., Walton J.R., Lukiw W.J. (2013):Selective accumulation of aluminum in cerebral arteries in Alzheimer's disease (AD). J InorgBiochem.; 126: 35-37.

Abstract: Background: Land Use/ Land Cover (LU/LC) Change is one of the major human induced global changes. Information on LULC Change and the forces and processes behind such changes are essential for proper understanding of how land was being used in the past, what type of changes have occurred and are expected in the future. This study was carried out to examine expected land use/land cover changes in the Menisa watershed in Offa Woreda, Southern Ethiopia. Materials and MethodsIt was conducted using satellite image of Landsat5 TM 1989 and 1999, Landsat7 ETM+ 2019 to investigate LULC within the study area during 1984-2014 and the resulted LULC maps in 1999 and 2014 were used to predict future LULC map based on Markov Model. ERDAS Imagine 2014 and ArcGIS 10.3 software's were used for satellite image processing and map preparation respectively.....

Keywords: LULC Change, Markov Chain Analysis, GIS & RS, Gesuba, Menisa Watershed

[1]. Molla MB (2014). Land Use/ land cover dynamics in the Central Rift Valley Region of Ethiopia: The Case of ArsiNegele District. Acad. J. Environ. Sci. 2(5): 074-088.
[2]. AwdenegestMoges and Holden, N. M. (2009). Land Cover Change and Gully Development between 1965 and 2000 in Umbulo Catchment, Ethiopia. Mountain Research and Development, 29: 265–276.
[3]. Agarwal, C., Green, G. M., Grove, J. M., Evans, T. P., and Schweik, C. M.,2002. A Review and Assessment of Land-Use Change Models: Dynamics of Space, Time, and Human Choice. General Technical Report NE-297. Newtown Square, Pennsylvania: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station. 61
[4]. Mohammed Assen and Tassew Nigussie.2009. Landuse/cover changes between 1966-1996 in Chirokella micro watershed, SouthernEthiopia. East African Journal of Sciences3 (1) PP 1-8
[5]. Shiferaw, A. and Singh, K.L. 2011. Evaluating Land Use And Land Cover Dynamics in BorenaWoreda,SouthWollo Highlands, Ethiopia. EJBE 2 (1): 69-104.

Abstract: Building failure and collapse is as a result of the progressive deterioration of various components of a building. This study identified the major causes of building failure and collapse, it effects, and precautionary measures to prevent such occurrences.Port Harcourt was purposively sampled for the study. Data were obtained from primary and secondary sources, the primary data were obtained through the use of structured questionnaires and participants were drawn from various professionals and major stakeholders in the building construction industry in the study area. Results were analyzed using the Relative Importance Index (RII).The results of the analysis showed that the major factors responsible for building collapse are usage of substandard building materials, non-involvement of relevant and qualified professionals, defective design, and poor maintenance culture. The study also revealed the effect of building collapse....

Keywords: Building collapse, Causes, Substandard materials.

[1]. Agapiou, A., Flanagan, R., Norman , G., & Notman, D. (1998). The changing role of building mechanics in the construction supply chain. Journal of construction management and economics, 351-361.
[2]. Akande, B. F., Debo, S. B., Akinjobi, S. D., Alao, T. O., & Akinrogunde, O. O. (2016). Causes, effect and remedies to the incessant building collapse in lagos state, Nigeria. international journal of basic and applied sciences.
[3]. Aniekwu, A. N., & Orie, O. U. (2006). The determination of severity indices of variables that cause collapse of engineering facilities in Nigeria. Journal of engineering science and application.
[4]. Ayodeji, O. (2011). An examination of the causes and effects of building collapse in Nigeria. Journal of design and built environment.
[5]. Babatunde, S. O., & Opawole, A. (2009). An assessment of the failure of building components in Nigeria. Journal of building appraisal.

Abstract: Wine is an alcoholic beverage made with the fermented juice of grapes. Technically, wine can be made with any fruit. Its moderate consumption may help people live longer, protect against certain cancers, improve mental health, and enhance heart health. In the present study fermentation and characterization of wine from dried Ficus carica(L) was studied. The ripened fruit was collected and juice was extracted was adjusted to 24°Brix, pH 3.4 and 0.8 % acidity. The juice was supplemented with 0.05 % Diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAHP) and pasteurized at 85°C for 30min. After pasteurization, juice was inoculated with 48 hours old culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiaeandfermentation was carried out at 24°C temperature for 20 days. The wines obtained from various treatments were evaluated for....

Keywords: Ficus racemosafruit, fermentation Juice and wine.

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Abstract:Toxic elements and pathogenic bacteria are important pollution found in raw milk, which is the need for investigations of preventing contaminated milk, therefore, the present study objective was to evaluate the reduction of toxic elements and microbiological pollution in raw camel milk by Moringa oleifera Lam. seed husks after chemical and thermal treatment. Moringa oleifera Lam. seed husks were used after three treatments (T1) without treatments ,T2 (methylation) and T3 (carbonated ) and analysis FTIR before and after treatment and SEM for filters and analysis elements analyzed by ICP-AES (Inductively coupled argon plasma), and microbiology, Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 16.0, The results of the present study showed reduce or remove high frequency of heavy metals and microbiologically contaminated in raw camel milk collected from the different desert areas in Egypt by different biosorbent types of Moringa oleifera Lam. seed husks. Raw camel milk can reduce heavy metals and microbiology before production and storage

Keywords: Camel milk; reduce; heavy metals; microbiological poulution; Moringa seed husk

[1]. Park Y W et al 2006 Handbook of milk of non-bovine mammals: Wiley Online Library [2]. Ziarati P and Moslehisahd M 2017 Determination of Heavy Metals (Cd, Pb, Ni) in Iranian and Imported Rice Consumed in Tehran. Iranian Journal of Nutrition Sciences & Food Technology, 12:97-104. [3]. Ahmad I et al 2017 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometery Detection of Heavy Metals in Milk of Camel, Cattle, Buffalo and Goat from Various Areas of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (KPK). Pakistan. J. Anal. Bioanal. Tech, 8:367 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9872.1000367 [4]. Pajohi-Alamoti M R. et al 2017 Lead and Cadmium Contamination in Raw Milk and Some of the Dairy Products of Hamadan Province in 2013-2014. Journal of Health, 8: 27-34 [5]. Porova N et al 2014 Effect of ultrasonic treatment on heavy metal decontamination in milk. Ultrasonics sonochemistry, 21 2107-211.

Abstract: Background:Ammonium (NH4+) is an inorganic form of nitrogen that is necessary for the growth and development of aquatic plants. However, NH4+ is toxic when its concentrations exceed plant requirement and the extent of its toxicity is poorly understood. Materials and Methods: This study sought to compare the responses of three macrophytes (Ceratophyllum demersum, Vallisneria natans, and Potamogeton maackianus) to varying NH4+ concentrations with respect to their varying growth forms, under four different Ammonium (NH4+) concentrations (control – 0mg/L, low – 0.1mg/L, medium – 15mg/L and high – 50mg/L). Ammonium stress was assessed using the parameters; Chlorophyll a and b, Protein content, Chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), Free amino acids (FAA), and Soluble sugars........

Keywords: Ammonium toxicity, Growth forms, Macrophytes, Phytoremediation, Restoration.

[1]. Apudo AA, Cao Y, Wakibia J, Li W, Liu F (2016) Physiological plastic responses to acute NH4+–N toxicity in Myriophyllum spicatum L. cultured in high and low nutrient conditions. Environmental and Experimental Botany 130:79-85. doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2016.05.009
[2]. Ãzkan K, Jeppesen E, Johansson LS, Beklioglu M (2010) The response of periphyton and submerged macrophytes to nitrogen and phosphorus loading in shallow warm lakes: a mesocosm experiment. Freshwater Biology 55 (2):463-475. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02297.x
[3]. Bates LS, Waldren RP, Teare ID (1973) Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil 39:205–207
[4]. Boyd CE (1970) Vascular aquatic plants for mineral nutrient removal from polluted waters. Economic Botany volume 24:95–103
[5]. Britto DT, Kronzucker HJ (2002) NH4+ toxicity in higher plants: a critical review. Journal of Plant Physiology 159 (6):567-584. doi:10.1078/0176-1617-0774

Abstract: There has been a growing concern about the alarming rate of housing deficit in the urban areas in Nigeria and other developing countries.Experts and policy makers have reached a consensus that the resources available are not enough for the government alone to address housing problems. Consequently, there is a paradigm shift by the government from being a provider of housing to being an enabler. Public Private Partnership (PPP) approach in the housing sector will serve as tool to increase social housing supply. This study examines the prospects of PPP as a tool for social housing provision in Port Harcourt, Rivers State – Nigeria. Data were obtained from both primary and secondary sources. Findings have shown that Public Private Partnership (PPP) for social housing in the study area is directed....

Keywords: Public Private Partnership,social housing,tool, provision.

[1]. Ahmed, Y. & Sipan, IA. (2009). Critical success factor of Public Private Partnership (PPP) for affordable housing in Abuja, Nigeria. International Journal recent technology and Engineering, 8(289).
[2]. Anvuur, A., & Kumaraswany, M. (2006). Making Public Private Partnership work in developing countries; overcoming common challenges. International symposium. Santiago.
[3]. Austin, P. M. (2008). Public Private Partnership for funding affordable housing. Waitakere: Waitakere city council report.
[4]. Babatunde, S. O., Srinatha, P., Udeaja, C., & Zhou, L. (2014). Public Private Partnership implementation indeveloping countries.
[5]. CHMC, (1999). Canada Housing and Mortgage Company. The role of Public Private Partnership in Producing Affordable housing assessment of the USA experience and lessons for Canada

Abstract: Bangladesh is a densely predominant agricultural country with fertile lands whose farmers are trying to grow more and more crops, fruits, vegetables from his limited land by using high yielding varieties or genetically modified crops, chemical fertilizer, etc. which have many negative indictors such as different types of microorganisms, pests or diseases. These genetically modified crops or vegetables, excess chemical fertilizer, warm and humid climate are highly favorable to develop or grow and multiplication of microorganisms or pests. Especially, vegetables and fruits are seriously attracted by different microorganisms and in un-controlling condition, agricultural products are abruptly reduced; even sometimes 100% reduced. So, without pesticides using it cannot imagine to grow or expected.......

[1]. Rasul G. and Thapa G. B., Sustainability of ecological and conventional agricultural systems in Bangladesh: An assessment based on environmental, economic and social perspectives, agricultural system 79 (3); 2004, 327-351.
[2]. A. K. M. Amzad Hossain, Haque M. A. and Anayet U. C., Vegetable research in Bangladesh. Vegetable research and development in South Asia. Pakistan. 1990, 127-133
[3]. Anonymous, Determination of pesticide residue in vegetables and fruits collected from different regions of Bangladesh. In Annual report, 2014-2015. Entomology Division, BARI, Gazipur. 2015, pp. 263-268.
[4]. Abu Khalid, Bangladesh 3rd in global vegetable production, banglanews24, 2016.
[5]. Rakibul I. Vegetable output grows in Bangladesh by 36 pc in 5 yrs but consumption still poor, UNB News, 2019

Abstract: The Ozone layer formed by Ozone gases known to all as a protector of all the organisms from the high frequency and highly harmful Ultraviolet Ray, and saves the living organisms. But around 50 years ago when CFCs are induced into the air and deeply damages the ozone layer by producing free chlorine atom. It breaks the Ozone formation process and affects the Ozone layer. The main source of this free chlorine atom is the arbitrary use of CFCs in refrigeration and various coolant machines. It is a big issue in the present situation that the Ozone layer becomes depleted by the chlorine atom produced from CFCs. Since CFCs absorb produce the free chlorine atom, it further reacts with the oxygen atom which produce the Ozone gas and finally the Ozone layer. But due to the reaction between........

Keywords: Chlorofluorocarbons, Free chlorine, Ozone depletion, Ozone depleting substances, Ozone layer, UV Rays.

[1]. https://www.britannica.com/science/ozone-depletion
[2]. https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/world-of-change/Ozone
[3]. https://ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov/facts/hole.html
[4]. https://www.epa.gov/ozone-layer-protection/basic-ozone-layer-science
[5]. Environment and Development_Basic Principles, Human Activities, and Environmental Implications_2016, Pages 45-136_Chapter 2 - Atmospheric Environment_S.G.Poulopoulos.

Abstract: Geological characteristics and chemical composition of the substrata formations havehigh influence on the quality of groundwater. The contamination of groundwater may be due to natural (geogenic) or anthropogenic sources that deteriorategroundwater quality. Fluoride in water is the major cause of fluorosis. Fluorosis is a serious widespread health issue in India caused by ingestion of fluoride through water and food. The present study was carried out in four selected blocks (Ferozepur Jhirka, Nagina, Nuh, and Taoru) of Nuh district, Haryana, India to map the prevalence of fluoride concentration in drinking water and dental fluorosis among children up to age fifteen. Dental fluorosis is believed to be caused by consuming water with unsafe levels of fluoride concentration. The present study observed cases of dental fluorosis in schoolchildren even when consuming water within safe limits of fluoride concentration. There might be other possible factors that exaggeratethe impact of fluoride even within a safe range.

Key Words: fluoride, dental fluorosis, groundwater, drinking water, health issues

[1]. AIMU, (2017) Fluorosis: Causes, Diagnosis, Management and Preventionhttps://www.aimu.us/2017/08/15/fluorosis-causes-diagnosis-management-and-prevention/.
[2]. Ali S., Thakur S. K., Sarkar, A., &Shekhar, S. (2016) Worldwide contamination of water by fluoride. Environment Chemistry Lett 14(3):291–315.
[3]. Ayoob S., &Gupta A.K. (2006) Fluoride in drinking water: a review on the status and stress effects. Critical Review Environmental Science Technology 36:433–487.
[4]. Brindha, K,. &Elango, L. (2011)Fluoride in Groundwater: Causes, Implications and Mitigation Measures. In: Monroy, S.D. (Ed.), Fluoride Properties, Applications and Environmental Management, 111–136.
[5]. Census (2011). Mewat District Religion Census 2011. Available at: https://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/district/226-mewat-.html.

Abstract: Global Warming and climate change has become a very crucial testing challenge for all over the world. Theory of Relativity has explained that a new affair or a matter is not absolute, everything is related with another, anything like a wave, which is a waving movement. So it is very important to find out the source of diseases and about their nature and activities. Only palliative treatment is not fruitful for mankind. If we could not strike to the ultimate point then everything will be spoil. Recently showed that climate change is the cause of human activities, like burning fossil, fuels, like natural gas, oil and coal, burning these materials........

Keywords - climate change, corruption, diseases, global warming protection , way of release..

........

Abstract: Background:Awareness to renewable energy technologies (RET) can have multiple positive effects as it can be a precursor to greater RET adoption levels as well as promotion of the same. The aim of this study was to assess the level of awareness of rural residents of Njoro constituency to the different renewable energy technologiesas a precursor to their adoption. Materials and Methods: The study was based on primary data collected through personal interviews with household heads in Njoro constituency, Nakuru County, Kenya. Two stage cluster random sampling was used to select the 200 households. The results showed that majority of the respondents exhibited a moderate level of knowledge and awareness to RETs........

Key Word: Knowledge and awareness; renewable energy technologies; rural households

[1]. Mai T, Wiser R, Sandor D, et al. Renewable Electricity Futures Study. Vol 1.; 2012.
[2]. Twayigize WA. African Women and Africa's Natural Resources Management: A Pillar to Conflict Prevention and Sustainable Peace. Published 2014. Accessed April 12, 2015. http://www.anremi.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=193:african-women-and-africa%25E2%2580%2599s-natural-resources-management-a-pillar-to-conflict-prevention-and-sustainable-peace&Itemid=107
[3]. Government of Kenya (Gok) Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife. Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife Analysis of Drivers and Underlying Causes of Forest Cover Change in the Various Forest Types.; 2013.
[4]. Dincer I. Renewable energy and sustainable development: A crucial review. Renew Sustain energy Rev. 2000;4(2):157-175. doi:10.1016/S1364-0321(99)00011-8
[5]. Government of Kenya(GoK). Republic of Kenya Kenya Gazette Supplement The Energy Act, 2019. 2019;71(71).

Abstract: Field was carried out to evaluate the soil morphological properties, classification, suitability and capability classification on Bali Local Government toposequence with the opinion to improve the soil management practices and intensify the production of food crops by farmers of the study area. GIS was used to describe the sampling unit and the study area was divided into 3 different slope positions on the topo sequence and each slope position was regarded as a sampling unit. Two soil types were identified and classified into Typic Plinthustalfs and Psammentic Paleudalfs. Mostly, structural development increased alongside the gradient from upper gradient to the bottom slope position. Capability classification occured in the upper slope: as C3 (IIIse) with limit in texture and erosion threat while.....

Keywords: Psammentic ; Paleudalfs ; morphology; sampling unit; topo sequence.

[1]. Madison WI. Manitoba Agriculture, Food And Rural Development. Land soil survey; the importance of soil survey in Manitoba. Methods of soil analysis, Part 1: Physical and Mineralogical Methods. 2nd ed. Monogr. 9. ASA and SSA; 2013.
[2]. Landon LR. Booker tropical soil manual. A handbook for soil survey and agricultural land evaluation in the tropics and subtropics. Longman Scientific and Technical Group U.K. Ltd, Essex, England. 1991;474.
[3]. Sys I, Van Ranst E, Debaveye J. Land evaluation, part I. Principles in land evaluation and crop production calculations, General Administration for Development Cooperation, Brussels. 1991;40.
[4]. Bandyopadhyay S, Jaiswal RK, Hegde VS, Jayaraman V. Assessment of land suitability potentials for agriculture using a remote sensing and gis based approach. Int. J. Remote Sens. 2009;30(4):879– 895.
[5]. Sharu MB, Yakubu M, Noma SS, Tsafe.

Abstract: Quality of air and water are essential elements and they play vital role in every point of human life. Integrated air and water management is a key in environmental balance and sustainable economic development. With growing population and heavy industrialization in developed nations are facing huge threat from deteriorating quality of air and water caused by pollutants becoming an alarming situation and throwing many challenges to find new methods and policies to improve quality management methods. Besides air pollutant emissions by anthropogenic (stationary, mobile, organic & inorganic, fumes, waste deposition) and natural (dust, methane, radioactive decay, smoke, etc) sources are becoming unstoppable due to modern life style of humans. Such pollutants are having impacts on human health need to understand very well to treat and manage the quality of air and water......

Keywords: Air and Water Quality, Air Pollution, Water Pollution, Types of Air Pollutions, Types of Water Pollutions, Air Quality Index, Water Quality Index, Public Health in India, Pollution and Public Health.

[1]. Irfan, U. (2018, October 31). Why India's air pollution is so horrendous. Vox. https://www.vox.com/2018/5/8/17316978/india-pollution-levels-air-delhi-health
[2]. Meyer, R. (2019, December 3). 5 big trends that increased earth's Carbon Pollution. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/12/carbon-emissions-hit-new-high-2019-here-are-5-takeaways/602950/
[3]. WHO (2016). Preventing disease through healthy environments: A global assessment of disease from environmental risks. https://www.who.int/gho/phe/en/
[4]. Jiang, M., Kim, E., & Woo, Y. (2020). The Relationship between Economic Growth and Air Pollution—A Regional Comparison between China and South Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(8), 2761. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082761
[5]. United nNations (2020). World Economic Situation and Prospects as of mid-2020. https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-.

Abstract: Smoked fish in South Benin deteriorate very quickly because of their nutritional richness and the climatic conditions that do not favour their conservation for a long time. The aim of this work is therefore to evaluate the effectiveness of essential oils in preserving the quality of smoked fish in South Benin. It was carried out on two species of fish with the use of two essential oils through two different application methods. The results obtained showed that the two oils used exerted an antibacterial activity on Total Mesophilic Aerobic Flora, Coliforms and Staphylococcus spp in the fish. They also have an antifungal effect on strains of yeast and mould. The two oils tested had similar activity on fish and fish kept in bags degraded much faster. The essential oils preserved the quality of the smoked fish for 5 days

Keywords: Smoked fish, preservation, essential oil

[1]AdjouE.S.,KoutonS.,Dahouenon-AhoussiE.,SohounhloueD.C.K.&SoumanouM.M.,2012.Antifungalactivity ofOcimumcanumEssentialoilagainstToxinogenicFungiisolatedfromPeanutSeedsinpostharvestinBenin,Int.Res.J.Biol.Sci.,1(7): 20-26.
[2]. Agossou, D. S. M., Tossou, C. R., Vissoh, V. P., et Agbossou, K. E., 2012. Perception des perturbations climatiques, savoirs locaux et stratégies d'adaptation des producteurs agricoles béninois. AfricanCrop Science Journal, 20(2), 565-588.
[3]. Alitonou G.A., Noudogbessi J-P., Sessou P., Tonouhewa A., Avlessi F., Menut C., Sohounhloué D.C.K., 2012. Chemical composition and biological activities of essential oils of Pimentaracemosa (Mill.) J. W. Moore. from Benin. International Journal of Biosciences, 2(9): 1-12. [4]. Amusan, E., Oramadike, C.E., Abraham-Olukayode, A.O., &Adejonwo, O.A. (2010).
[5]. Anihouvi, V.B., Hounhouigan, J.D., &Ayernor, G.S. 2005. La production et la commercialisation du lanhouin, un condiment à base de poisson fermenté du golf du Bénin, Cahiers agricultures 14(3): 323–330.

Abstract: The study examined farmers' perception on changes in climate variables in eight LGA of Kwara State. Eight local government areas in Kwara State were purposively selected due to their vulnerability to climate change effects (These are North, Central and South district). Proportionate sampling was employed to select the eight villages from various senatorial districts in the state. A total of two thousand (2000) questionnaires were administered and one thousand four hundred and ninety three (1,493) returned. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze socio-economic characteristics of the farmers. ANOVA was used to test the significant differences between climatic variables in......

Keywords: Perception, Climate Change, Climate Variables, Kwara State

[1]. Abams, T. K. S. (1995). The 1988 floods in Niger Delta, the case of Kiama, in: Proceedings of the International Workshop in Natural and Manmade Hazards in Africa. MGS Publication, pp: 119-130.
[2]. Action Aid International (2006). Climate Change and small holder farmers in Malawi. Understanding poor people experience on climate change adaptation. Malawi Ministry of Natural Resources Report.25pp.
[3]. Action Aid International, (2006). Field Report on Emergency Response to Floods in Western Nepal. News release, 2007, www.defra.gov.uk
[4]. Adeoye, N.O, A. Ayanlade and O. Babatimehin (2009). Climate Change and Menace of Floods in Nigerian Cities: Socio-economic Implications
[5]. Adedoyin R. A,. Mbada C. E, Awofolu O. O and M. O. Oyebami, (2005) The influence of socio economic status on casual blood pressures of the adult Nigerians. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation 12,pp.271 – 273

Abstract: After the attacks of September 11, 2001, federal and state authorities began to wonder what else might offer a tempting target for terror attacks. The environment can also be a conduit for terrorism. Biological elements such as disease-causing bacteria and viruses can become potent weapons when taken out of their natural environment – the biological terrorism. Bio contamination has been a threat not only to the safety of United States of America but to all the nations of the world. Human activities are having great impact on the environment. These are causing greater effects on various factors of the environment and may have far reaching effects on human race and lifestyle.

[1]. Brown, L. 1977. "Redefining Security," WorldWatch Paper 14 (Washington, D.C.: WorldWatch Institute)
[2]. Dabelko, G.D. 1996. "Ideas and the Evolution of Environmental Security Conceptions." Paper presented at the International Studies Association Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, April 1996
[3]. Homer-Dixon, T.F. 1991. "On the Threshold: Environmental Changes as Causes of Acute Conflict, International Security 16, No. 2 (Fall 1991): 76-116
[4]. Mathews, J.T. 1989. "Redefining Security," Foreign Affairs 68, No. 2 (Spring 1989): 162-177
[5]. Myers, N. 1986. "The Environmental Dimension to Security Issues." The Environmentalist 6 (1986): pp. 251–257.
[6]. Ripple WJ, Wolf C, Newsome TM, Galetti M, Alamgir M, Crist E, Mahmoud MI, Laurance WF (13 November 2017). "World Scientists‟ Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice". BioScience. 67 (12):1026–1028.

Abstract: The study was conducted in the Guret village of Una district, Himachal Pradesh. The information was recorded on the plant species available in the study area using by the local people for curing various ailments and diseases .The study documented a total no of 50 plant species of 44 genera belonging to 32 families .Among the families, Euphorbiaceae and Moraceae (5 each ) represented the maximum number of species. Leaves were the most frequently used plant parts recorded from 50 plant species to cure ailments .Plants used by local people were tabulated in alphabetical order of botanical name ,local name ,family and part used. The largest number of 18 species were used to treat infection.........

Key words: Medicinal plant, Traditional healers, Diseases, Local people, Guret village Una district.

[1]. Balu, S., Alagesaboopathi C. and Madhavan, S. 1999, Botanical remedies for diabetes from the caurvey delta of Tamilnadu. J. Econ. Tax. Bot. Vol. 23 (1-2) pp. 359-362.
[2]. Bindu Sharma. (2016) Medicinal Plants Used By Traditional Healers in UNA District of Himachal Pradesh (North Western Himalayan Region), India. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS) Vol.11 pp. 1-5.
[3]. Chauhan, N.S. (1999). Medicinal and aromatic plants of Himachal Pradesh, (Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi).
[4]. Diallo, D., Hveem, B., Mahmoud, M. A., Berge, G., Paulsen, B. S. ,Maiga, A. (1999). An Ethnobotanical survey of herbal drugs of Gourma district, Mali. Pharmaceutical Biology, 37: pp. 80-91.

Abstract: –The main sources of litter are forests, grasslands and aquatic plants. The quantity and chemical nature of litter depends upon the type of vegetation of the forest. The inorganic constituents of litter are Calcium, Potassium, Magnesium, Iron, Manganese, Silicon, Copper, Aluminium, Phosphorous, Nitrogen etc. Difference in the concentration of these inorganic chemicals has been recorded according to the type of forest. In the present study the elemental mobality of the nutrients returned through litter of Quercus incana (oak) and
Shorea robusta (Sal) during pre & post monsoon seasons. The analysis showed that the concentration of macronutrients available from leaf and twig was higher in post-monsoon season, and also nutrient release from litter ofShorea robusta (Sal) is more than litter of Qurcus incana (Oak).

Keywords : Vegetation, Nutrients, Litter, Concentration

[1]. Allen, S.E. (1974), Chemical analysis of ecological material also. Ed. Oxford Blackwell Scientific Publ. p. 565.
[2]. Carlisle, A., Brown, A. H. F. and White, E. J. (1967). The nutrient content of tree stem-flow and ground flora litter and leachates
in Sessile Oak Woodland, J. Ecol., 54 : 65-85.
[3]. Charley, J. R. and Richards, B.N. (1983). Nutrient allocation in plant communities, minerals cycling in terrestrial ecosystem. In :
O.L. Lang, P. S. Nobel, C. B. Osmand and M. Ziegler (Editors), Physiological Plant Ecology, IV, Springer, Berlin, pp. 5-45.
[4]. Edward, P. J. (1977). Studies of mineral cycling in montane rain forest in New Guinea II. The production and disappearance of
litter. J. Ecol., 65 : 971-992.
[5]. Ewel, J. J. (1976). Litterfall and leaf decomposition in a tropical forest succession in eastern Guatemala. J. Ecol., 64 : 293-308