iosr-JNHS   Volume-3 ~ Issue-5 ~ Sep-Oct 2014

Abstract: Sub-Saharan Africa continues to bear the burden of HIV/AIDS in the world, with countries like Ethiopia, Congo, Eritrea and Nigeria constituting the highest percentages of the burden. Women and children are the mostly affected. Nigeria was reported second on the list of countries with the highest number of People living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) which was 3.5 million in 2011 including pregnant women. Despite the fact that prevention of mother-to-child-transmission of HIV/AIDS (PMTCT) services are provided free in Sub-Saharan Africa, research shows inadequate uptake. This study identifies reasons for low uptake of PMTCT associated to male involvement and provides evidence from the literature on best practices to overcome low male involvement. A literature search was conducted and 22 articles were selected for this review. Findings revealed that if men participated in PMTCT programmes and supported their wives, uptake could increase. Important barriers to male involvement identified were fear of stigmatization and the belief that men should not participate in female reproductive health.
Key words: Male barriers, involvement, participation, transmission, HIV

[1]. Akarro, R.R., Deonisia, M. & Sichona, F. (2011) 'An Evaluation of Male Involvement on the Programme for PMTCT of HIV/AIDS: A Case Study of Ilala Municipality in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania', Arts & Social Sciences Journal, vol. 2011.
[2]. Aluisio, A., Richardson, B.A., Bosire, R., John-Stewart, G., Mbori-Ngacha, D. & Farquhar, C. (2011) 'Male antenatal attendance and HIV testing are associated with decreased infant HIV infection and increased HIV free survival', Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), vol. 56, no. 1, p. 76.
[3]. Bajunirwe, F. & Muzoora, M. (2005) 'Barriers to the implementation of programs for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV: a cross-sectional survey in rural and urban Uganda', AIDS Research and Therapy, vol 2, no 10
[4]. Brusamento, S., Ghanotakis, E., Tudor Car, L., van-Velthoven, M.H., Majeed, A. & Car, J. (2012) 'Male involvement for increasing the effectiveness of prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) programmes', Cochrane Database Syst Rev, vol. 10, p. Cd009468.
[5]. Byamugisha, R., Tumwine, J.K., Semiyaga, N. & Tylleskär, T. (2010) 'Research Determinants of male involvement in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV programme in Eastern Uganda: a cross-sectional survey'.

Abstract: Breast cancer is the most common cancer occurring in women among all other types of cancer. The incidence in most continents such as Africa varies in region and its cause is not ascertained in Nigeria. WHO estimated the incidence of breast cancer in 2002 for Nigeria to be 90.7/10,000 for males and 100.9/10,000 for females and the mortality rate was 72.2 and 76.0 compared to the incidence of 89.1/100,000 for males and 104/100,000 for males and the mortality rate of 72.2 and 79.6 recorded for Ghana and less figures for United State of America and United Kingdom. The aim of this study was to ascertain the prevalence of breast cancer in Calabar using patients who have been affected with this deadly disease and who visited University of Calabar Teaching Hospital (UCTH) and General Hospital Calabar (GHC) between 2006 and 2010. All data collected were obtained from the health records and information unit of the UCTH and GHC in Cross River State. The result showed that among 162 cases recorded, 138 (80.3%) females and 24 (19.7%) males were affected from 2006-2010; and the incidence of breast cancer occurrence in UCTH and GHC increases as the years increased. This could be attributed to factors such as genetic, reproductive and hormonal, lifestyle and environment, age, preterm pregnancies, obesity and menopause.

Keywords: Breast cancer, Prevalence, Age, Sex, Tribe

[1]. Sen U, Sankarakarayanan R, Mandal S, Ramanakumar AV, Parkin DM, Siddiq M. Cancer in eastern India: the first report of the Kalkata cancer registry. Int J, cancer. 2002; 100:86-91.
[2]. Parkin DM, Ferlay J, et al.153.Lyon. IARC scientific publication, 2003, Breast cancer 4.2 p. 262-267.
[3]. Afolayan EAO. Cancer in North Western region of Nigeria - an update analysis of Zaria cancer registry data. Western Nig. Jour. Of Med. Sci. 2008; 1:37 – 43.
[4]. Afolayan EAO, Ibrahim OOK,Ayilara GT.Cancer Patterns In Ilorin: An Analysis Of Ilorin Cancer Registry Statistics. The Tropical Journal of Health Sciences. 2012; 9: 42-47
[5]. Ogunbiyi JO, Fabowale AO, Ladipo AA (eds). In Cancer incidence and top ten cancers in eleven local government areas in Ibadan, Nigeria and its environs, 2004 – 2008. Ibadan M. Alofe (Nig.) enterprises. 2010; 11 – 17

Abstract: Technology creates challenges and crises for nurses and nursing and may dehumanize the caring of the patients. This means that technology may constitute a risk those patients will not be perceived as human beings in such a technological environment as ICU. The aim of the study was to assess the nurses` perception regarding the use of technological devices in the critical care units. The present study was descriptive Research study. It was conducted in critical care units of Port-Said general Hospital, El- Zohoor hospital, Port-Foad hospital, El-Mabarrah hospital and El-Tadamon hospital. The study samples consisted of 89 nurses working in the previous settings. The data was collected through structural questionnaire to assess nurses` perception about positive and negative aspects of using technological devices in critical care units. The results revealed that almost of nurses were had high perception of positive aspects, while almost of them were had low perception of negative aspects regarding the use of technology. The result revealed that statistically significant relation between nurses` positive perception of using technology and their training and there was no statistically significant relation between nurses` positive and negative perception of using technological devices. The study recommended different strategies that enhance nurses` perception related to the use of technological equipment in critical care unit.
Key words: Nurses` positive and negative perception - Technological devices - Critical care unit

[1]. Elizabeth A (2010): Patient safety technology: AACN Advanced Critical Care Volume 20, Number 2, pages 128-132.
[2]. Eric S (2006): Article about Technik Comes to America: Changing Meanings of Technology before1930 pp. 486-512 | 10.1353/tech.2006.0201. available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology.
[3]. Institute of Medicine (IOM) (2001): Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century. Washington, D. C.: National Academy Press.
[4]. Kiekkas P, Karga M, Poulopoulou M, Karpouhtsi I, Papadoulas V and Koutsojannis C (2006): Use of technological equipment in critical care units: nurses` perceptions in Greece. Journal of clinical nursing; 15(2):178-87.
[5]. Linder M (2000): The future of nursing education. Journal of nursing Education; 39, 5-12. Accessed at:1/3/2014.

Abstract: The study assessed nurses' knowledge and their attitude towards care of clients with substance abuse. The study made use of a cross-sectional descriptive survey. The study was conducted in 13 government-owned health facilities. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select the health facilities and 204 nurses (79 from tertiary, 81 from secondary and 44 from primary health centres). A self structured questionnaire was used for data collection. This questionnaire assessed nurses' knowledge of substance abuse, and their attitude towards care of clients with substance abuse. The Spearman-Brown reliability coefficient for the instrument was found to be 0.80. Nurses' knowledge was graded across four grades of very good (70-100%), good (60-69%), fair (50-59%), and poor (0-49%). For attitude assessment, a 5- point Likert scale was used and scored as very much (5), much (4), very little (3), little (2), none (1). The maximum score obtainable for attitude was 40. Therefore, attitude was grouped as very satisfactory (30-40), satisfactory (19-29), and not satisfactory (1-18). The age range of nurses was between 20 and 55 years (mean age 38±9.36). The overall knowledge scores showed that 42.6% had good knowledge, 19.6% of nurses had very good knowledge, while 14.2% had poor knowledge (mean score 60.5± 17.8). The study revealed that the mean attitude for nurses was 24.3±6.3; however, 74.5% showed satisfactory attitude, 15.7% showed very satisfactory attitude, while 9.8% showed not satisfactory attitude. The study concluded that majority of the nurses had good knowledge of substance abuse and showed satisfactory attitude while caring for clients with substance abuse.

Key words: Nurse, knowledge, Attitude, Substance abuse.

[1]. Chung, J., Changh, J., Yeung, R., Wan, R. & Ho, S. T. (2003). Nurses' attitude towards alcoholic patient in accident and emergency department in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Journal of emergency Medicine, 10(2): 104-112.
[2]. Ducci, F. & Goldman, F.(2008). General approaches to addiction: genes and alcohol. Addiction, 103(9): 144-1428.
[3]. Grafham, K., Massak, A., Demer, A., & Rehm., J. (2004). Specialist drug misuse nurses' motivation, clinical decision making, and professional communication: an exploratory study. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. 11(6): 690-697.
[4]. Hall, W., Doran, C., Degenhardt, L. & Shepard, D. (2006) Illicit opiate abuse: Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. 2nd edition. New York. Oxford University Press.
[5]. Howard, M.O., & Chung, S. S. (2000). Nurses attitudes toward substance misusers. Substance Use and Misuse 35(3): 347-365.
[6]. Matters, B.M., Degenhardt, L., Philllips, B., Wiessing, L., Hickman, M.; Strathdee, S. A., Panda, S., Tyndall, M., Toufik, A. & Mattick, R.P. (2008). Global epidemiology of injecting drug use and HIV among people who inject drugs: a systemic review. Lancet, 372: 1733-1745

Abstract: This study aimed to determine factors that influence misperception of own weight status among university students aged 18-21years old. A cross sectional study was conducted and 313 respondents aged 18 to 21 years old participated in this study. The questionnaire included questions on socio-demographic factors, eating habits, knowledge on nutrition and obesity, influence of parents, influence of media and self-esteem. Height and weight were measured using a calibrated height measurement tool and a digital weighing scale. A total of 98 respondents (31.3%) misperceived their own weight status while 215 respondents (68.7%) accurately perceived their own weight status. Percentage of misperception (66.7%) was higher among obese individuals compared to non-obese individuals (28.4%). Bivariate and multivariable analyses found factors such as ethnicity, household income, mother's and father's level of education, status of obesity, eating habits, influence of media and self-esteem to be significant with misperception of own weight status. Multivariable analysis using logistic regression found mother's level of education, household income, status of obesity, eating habits and self-esteem to be significant with misperception of own weight status. Misperception of own weight status continues in the transition period from adolescents to early adulthood and can be a barrier towards leading a healthy lifestyle.

Keywords: Misperception, factors, obesity, weight status, university students

[1]. H John, The Causal Theory of Perception,The Philosophical Quarterly,42(168), 1992, 277-296.
[2]. T.F.M. TerBogt, S.A.F.M. Van Dorsselaer, K. Monshouwer, J.E.E. Verdurmen, R.C.M.E. Engels, and & W.A.M. Vollebergh, Body Mass Index and Body Weight Perception as Risk Factors for Internalizing and Externalizing Problem Behavior Among Adolescents, Journal of Adolescent Health, 39, 2006, 27–34.
[3]. M.M. Combs, Body Perception among College Students and the Relation to Personal Characteristics and Health Lifestyle Behaviors, School of Allied Medical Professions, 2009.
[4]. M.M.C.Wong, S. Tso, and S.S.Y.Lui, Accuracy of Body Weight Perception and Figure Satisfaction in Young Adults with Psychotic Disorders in Hong Kong,Hong Kong Journal of Psychiatry,19,2009,107-111.
[5]. R. Standley, V. Sullivan, and J. Wardle. J, Self-perceived weight in adolescents: Over-estimation or under-estimation? Journal of Body Image,6, 2006, 56-59.

Abstract: Central venous catheters are often used as mandatory devices when caring critically ill patients. Catheter-related blood stream infections are associated with significantly increased morbidity, mortality, and expenditures. Despite technological advances, an estimated 250,000 catheter related blood stream infections occur annually. Advanced practice nurses possess the power to influence catheter-related line infections in their critical care units. Understanding current recommendations for catheter material selection, site selection, site preparation, and site care can affect rates of catheter-related bloodstream infections3. Central venous catheterization can be lifesaving but is associated with complication rates of approximately 15%. 10A study done at Escort Heart Centre, New Delhi shows that mortality due to central venous catheter related blood stream infection was 22.9% as compared with 0.2% in non central venous catheter related blood stream infection 11. Many Studies shows that education of nurses and proper care of central venous catheters can reduces infection rates by 41 to 66% in adult ICUs. Hence, this study was aimed to determine effectiveness of self instructional module on central venous catheter care.

Key Words: Knowledge, Module on Central venous catheter care, staff nurses, effectiveness

[1]. Rosza Konczne Reti., Erika Vass and Katalin Darvas. (2008). ―Intensive care unit (ICU) nurses Knowledge of evidence-based guidelines for preventing central venous catheter related Infection‖. Retrieved from http://www.ajcconline.org/
[2]. Mary Courtney. (2004). Central Venous Catheter Infections. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 18(3), 247-256.
[3]. M Pawar., Y Mehta.( 2006 ).The incidence, risk factors, outcome, and pathogens of central venous catheter—related bloodstream infections. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, 18 (3), 304 – 308.
[4]. Division of Pediatric Hematology, McMaster University, Canada. (2006). Effect of heparin on thrombus formation and infection associated with use of central venous and pulmonary artery catheters. Critical Care Nurse, 26(2), 137 – 138.

[5]. Robert R. Muder, MD. (2011). Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology.Brazillian journal of Infectious diseases, 22(3), 134-135.

Abstract: Alcoholism can be linked many psychological, interpersonal, social, economic and medical problems. Alcoholism can increase the risk of depression and suicide and play a role in violent crimes, including homicide and domestic violence (abuse of a spouse or child). Objectives: To assess pre-test of psychological wellbeing among the experimental and control group and to compare the levels of psychological wellbeing among the experimental and control group. Materials and methods: The investigator used true experimental research (pre-test post-test control group design). Simple randomized sampling technique used to select the 60 alcoholic dependents in selected de-addiction centre in Ahmedabad. The 5 point likert scale was used to assess the psychological wellbeing of alcoholic dependents. The conceptual framework for this study was based on modified ernestine widenbach theory. The data was analysed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. ANOVA test was used to evaluate the effectiveness of group therapy. Results: In Experimental group the sum of squares between the group was 40.467 and within the group was 35.133.Degree of freedom between groups (df1) was 2 and within the group (df2) was 87.The mean sum of square between groups was 20.233 and within group was 0.404. The obtained `F` value 50.103at 0.001 level hence the stated hypothesis was accepted. Conclusion: Hence group therapy should be conducted for alcohol dependents in order to promote psychological wellbeing.

Keywords: Alcohol dependents, Group therapy and Psychological wellbeing

[1]. http://publications.nice.org.uk/alcohol-dependence-and-harmful-alcohol-use-quality-standard-qs11/introduction-and-overview.

[2]. Subir KD, Balakrishnan V, Vasudevan DM. Alcohol: Its health and social impact in India. Natl Med J India 2006; 19:94-9.

[3]. http://alcoholrehab.com/drug-addiction-treatment/psychotherapy-alcoholism-treatment.

[4]. Manickam, L.S.S Alcohol dependence: A guideline to counseling. In pastoral counseling, (Malayalam) G Sobhanam (ed), Thiruvanandapuram: Women fellowship publication. 1993.

[5]. Burns, Nancy and Susan, K. Grove, The practice of nursing research. 5th edition, Philadelphia: W B Saunders company.2005

Abstract: Background: Birth of a newborn requiring admission to NICU represents traumatic experience for some parents. Objective: The present study aimed to determine the maternal anxiety and family support experienced by mothers of neonates admitted in NICU and to find the relationship between them. Materials and methods: A survey approach using descriptive correlative survey design was adopted for the study. Data was collected from 20 mothers of neonates admitted in NICU of Kasturba Hospital, Manipal using purposive sampling. The data collection instruments include: Demographic Proforma, State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Family Support Scale Results: Findings of the study revealed that majority 65% of mothers had state anxiety whereas 80% had trait anxiety. Mean state anxiety was 52.55± 18.15, trait anxiety was 53.55 ± 14.46. Majority 80% of mothers had high family support.(M=38.4 ± 8.8). Maternal state anxiety (ρ= -0.655, p<0.05) and maternal trait anxiety (ρ= -0.638, p < 0.05) with family support was negatively correlated and it is inferred that as family support increases there will be decrease in the anxiety level of mothers. Conclusion: Mothers exhibit high levels of anxiety during their neonate's hospitalization. Early identification of anxiety level has implications for support of mothers during hospitalization of their newborns.

Keywords: Family support, maternal anxiety, mothers, neonates, NICU

[1]. F. H. P. Padovani, M. B. M. Linhares, A. E. V. Carvalho, G. Duarted and F. E. Martineze, Anxiety and depression symptoms assessment in pre-term neonates' mothers during and after hospitalization in neonatal intensive care unit. Rev Bras Psiquiatr, 26(4), 2004, 251-4.
[2]. D.A Davis, M.S Miles, M.A Weaver, D. Black, B. Linda, S. Thoyre and E. Stephen. Patterns of Distress in African American Mothers of Preterm Infants, J Dev Behav Pediatr, 30 (3), 2009 June, 193–205.
[3]. Y Erdem. Anxiety levels of mothers whose infants have been cared for in unit level-I of a neonatal intensive care unit in Turkey, Journal of Clinical Nursing, 19(11-12), 2010 June, 738–1747.
[4]. J Pinelli, Effects of family coping and resources on family adjustment and parental stress in the acute phase of the NICU experience, Neonatal Netw, 19(6), 2000, 27-37.
[5]. LV Doering, DK Moser, K Dracup, Correlates of anxiety, hostility,depression, and psychosocial adjustment in parents of NICU infants, Neonatal Netw, 19(5), 2000, 15-23.

Abstract: Introduction: Caesarian Section has been defined as delivery of a foetus through a surgical incision into the uterine wall after 28 weeks of gestation. Caesarian section has been seen and identified as a method of child delivery that is quicker, safer and more prestigious to the patient. The research reports on the factors that influenced Caesarian sections in the Tertiary Hospitals in Nigerian Federal Capital Territory. These factors amidst others are medical, social, physical, environmental and emergency. Methods: Multi answered questions were asked various groups of respondents covering 8,040 consisting of the Obstetricians, Gynaecologist Nurses and Patients.Simple tables, percentages, histograms, statistical analysis packages and pie charts were used for analyzing the data. Results: The results shows that the factors that influence Caesarian Section are more of medical couple with the choice of the patients for caesarian section based on location, prestige, financial capability, facilities available at the centre, specialists available, safety, security and the confidentiality the patient has. In the evaluation, medical causes and emergency are ranked as the top most factors influencing caesarian section. This is followed by prestige, age and late delivery. There are two types' caesarian sections; namely emergency and selective CS with emergency CS ranked first. Conclusions: Caesarian Section even though quick, good and satisfactory, it is not medically advisable as the first option for child delivery. Normal child delivery is encouraged the patients pelvic are matured. It is therefore recommended that there should be more education on general child delivery especially Caesarian sections.

Keywords: Caesarian Section, Obstetrics, Parity, Medical indications, Booked and Unbooked, Age

[1]. Chassar Moir J.'s Caesarian Section, Sterilization, Hyesterectomy. In Munro Kerr's Operative Obstetrics; Balliere Tindall and Cux, London, 1956
[2]. Ahmed ETS, Mirghani OA et al Cethiaxone vs Ampicillincloxacillin as antibiotic prophylaxis in elective C.S; Eastern Mediterranean Journal, 2004.
[3]. Johanson R.'s Malposition, Malpresentations and Cepholopelvic Disproportion. In: Dewhurst's Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology for Post graduates, 6th Edition. D.K. Edmonds Ed: Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford, 1999; 288-289.
[4]. Orosanye A.U, Diejemoah F.M.E, Omone J.A: A review of Caesarian Section at University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria, 1973- 1976. In Ojo O.A, Aimakhu V.E, Akinla O., Emmanuel L.A, Chukwubedelu W.O (ed)- Obstetrics and Gynaecology in Developing Countries, 1977; 402- 409.
[5]. Otubu J.A.M, Caesarian Section; In Agboola's: Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology for medical students. Volume 2, University Services Educational Publishers Ltd., Lagos, 1988; 218-231.

Abstract: This paper examined the challenges of nursing education and practice and ways of surmounting them in order to guarantee service excellence. Some factors militating against service excellence in nursing were identified to include technological explosion, globalization, consumer education, cost of health and changing demographics as well as increasing diversity among others. A major contemporarily challenge in nursing practice was identified as the migration from the analogue system to digital mode of health care services promoted by the revolutionary changes in the information, communication technology advancement worldwide. This article also advocates the need for a career structure that will enable nurses' progress to the peak (pinnacle) of their career and remain in clinical practice to enhance service excellence. To achieve this, it was recommended that nurses must commit themselves with issues of education, research and practice in order to remain relevant in a changing world. Furthermore, to meet up with advancement in digital age emphasis must be on computer literacy by all nurses.

Key words: Service excellence, nursing, technological explosion, challenges

[1]. Akiwumi, A. (1992) Basic Nursing Education. West African College of Nursing Journal, 4 (1): 16 – 21
[2]. Ang, B. C. (2002). The Quest for Nursing Excellence. Singapore Med Jour, 43(10):493
[3]. Bankole, B. A. (2008). 12th Henrietta Margaritta Jones memorial lecture at the Eko Hospital on the 18th April, 2008 West Africa Journal of Nursing, 19 (2): 158-160
[4]. Barbara, R. H., Oros, M. T. and Durney-Growley J. (2004). The Future of Nursing Education: ten trends to watch, 2004. http://www.nln.org/nlnjournal/Infortrends.htm=1
[5]. Ehiemere, I.O. (2009). Current trends in Nursing education, research and practice. West African Journal of Nursing, 20 (2): 87 -93
[6]. Hines, P.A. and Yu, K.M. (2009). The changing reimbursement landscape: nurses role in quality and operational excellence. Nurs Econ, 27(1):7 – 13

Abstract: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a Neurodegenerative disease, the prevalence of which in India is estimated at around 1.3-1.5% for the population aged 60 years or above. In a ranking that listed the top 10 of the most disabling chronic diseases, Parkinson's disease was ranked second, both in the list of physical disorder and the list of mental disorder. Parkinson's disease is also known as Shaking Palsy, Idiopathic Parkinsonism, Primary Parkinsonism, or Paralysis Agitans. It is a progressive degenerative disorder of the Central Nervous System. Movements are mainly affected early in the course of the disease.1It is characterized by motor impairments, including Bradykinesia, Tremor, Postural Instability and Rigidity. These motor abnormalities may also be accompanied by changes in cognition for a significant proportion of patients. While a minority of Parkinson's patients will develop frank dementia, most patients with Parkinson's disease patients will experience changes in cognitive function, frequently early in the course of their illness.2 Design & Methodology: Patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were taken up for the study purpose. Written consent regarding their voluntary participation in the study was taken. The purpose of the study and procedure was explained to the subjects. Initially all the patients were given 2-3 trial sessions for practice for Purdue peg board test. All the patients first performed the motor task and there score was taken, according to the number of pegs placed in a peg board in 30 sec and documented as a motor task. Next all the patients performed two motor tasks simultaneously. In these patients were given a ball squeezing activity along with a Purdue pegboard test for a period of 30 sec and documented as motor and motor task. Finally all the patients performed a cognitive task along with a motor task .In these patients were given a verbal cognitive task based on a questionnaire along with a Purdue pegboard test for a period of 30sec and documented as cognitive and motor task.

[1]. Maarten Nijkrake: Improving the quality of allied health care in Parkinson‟s disease through community-based networks: The Parkinson Net health care concept, (1978).
[2]. Susan Spear Bassett, PhD: Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson‟s disease (2005); 12(7):50-55.
[3]. Susan B.O‟Sullivan: Physical rehabilitation 5th edition, Parkinson‟s disease (2001), 843-885.
[4]. Marttila R: Parkinson‟s disease epidemiology. Hand book of Parkinson‟s disease. (1987)
[5]. Stern M: The epidemiology of Parkinson‟s disease. Case control study of young onset and old onset patients. (1991)

Abstract: Fibroadenomas are the most common benign breast tumour in young women of 20-30 years of age. In last 5 years an increase in the incidence of breast lumps in females of less than 20 years has been observed. The present study has been done to evaluate the pattern of various clinicohistopathological parameters in younger age group in comparison to elder patients (<20 & >20 yrs). 188 lumpectomy specimens of female patients, histologically diagnosed as fibroadenoma breast, were studied retrospectively for various clinichistopathological parameters (size, number, ipsilateral or bilateral, growth pattern, apocrine metaplasia, adenosis, fibrocystic changes, leaf like pattern, hyperplasia & others). Patients were divided in two groups taking the 20 years as cut-off. All the findings were compared to find out any difference in young (< 20yrs) and elder group (>20 yrs). There was increased incidence and frequency of changes like apocrine metaplasia, adenosis, leaf like pattern, stromal growth and myxoid changes in <20 yrs of females. However further larger studies are needed to know the exact etiology and pathogenesis of these changes.

Key Words: Fibroadenoma, adolescence, leaf like pattern, predictor

[1]. Rosen PP. Fibroepithelial Neoplasms. In Rosen PP. Rosen‟s Breast Pathology, 3rd edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 2009:187-229
[2]. Bundred NJ. Aetiological factors in benign breast disease. Br J Surg 1994;81:788–9.
[3]. Sapino A, Bosco M, Cassoni P, Castellano I, Arisio R, Cserni G, et al. Estrogen receptor-beta is expressed in stromal cells of fibroadenoma and phyllodes tumors of the breast. Mod Pathology 2006;19:599-606.
[4]. Rosai J. Breast. In Rosai and Ackerman's Surgical Pathology, Vol 2, 10th Edition. Michael Houston 2011: p.1665
[5]. Kasami M, Vnencak-Jones CL, Manning S, Dupont WD, Jensen RA, Page DL. Monoclonality in fibroadenomas with complex histology and phyllodal features. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1998;50:185–191.

Abstract: A Study To Assess The Effectiveness Of Structure Teaching Programme On Knowledge Regarding Prevention Of Childhood Accidents Among Mothers Of Under Five Children At Piparia, Vadodara". Introduction: Accident means "sudden, unexpected harmful event", An accident is often a harmful event that could be avoided by a little careful though. Child accidents are very common among under five children. During this age child is like a "Discovering machine" always searching for new things. because of curious(eagerness) and enthusiastic in nature they love to explore the environments persistently and does not understand the probable danger of their play. Material and Method: An evaluative research approach with pre-experimental design was used. The sampling technique used was non - probability convenient sampling. Data was collected from 50 mothers, from Piparia village, Vadodara. Data collection was done from 8-11-2013 to 24-11-2013. Permission taken from the Sarpanch of the Piparia Village was obtained prior to data collection process. The tool consist of section : 1 Demographic profile, section :2 – knowledge component of Childhood accident consisting 30 items. The reliability of the tool was established by using split half and karl pearson method. Hence the tool was found to be reliable. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics Descriptive statistics used were frequency, mean, range and standard deviation. The data was also presented graphically. Results: Result of the study indicates that:

Key Word: Assess, Effectiveness, Knowledge, Structured teaching programme, Childhood accidents, Mothers

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Abstract: Background: Child care is mostly the responsibility of mothers. Therefore, the mother's knowledge about child care influences the nature and quality of care that is given to the child. Several studies have revealed that the mothers' level of education has a positive impact on her knowledge and how she deals with child health care issues. Aims and objectives: The study aimed at assessing knowledge of mothers regarding home management of selected common illness in children ,evaluate the effectiveness of information booklet on knowledge regarding home management of selected common illness in children and find out the association between the post test scores with selected demographic variables. Material and Methods: A one group pre-test post-test pre-experimental design and evaluative approach was adopted. The study was conducted among 60 mothers conveniently selected from amodar village at Vadodara. Results: The results of the study shows that in pre test, mothers were having on average 44.26% knowledge regarding selected common illness of children and mean score was 25.8±3.96 in post test , average 75.88% knowledge regarding selected common illness of children and means score was 25.8±3.96 . The post test mean knowledge score is significantly greater than the pre-test mean knowledge score so information booklet was effective. Conclusion: This study concluded that self instructional module was highly effective in improving knowledge of mothers regarding home management of common illness in children.

Key words: Assess, Information booklet, Effectiveness, Knowledge, home management, Common illness, under five mothers, Children.

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Abstract: Information on the management of HIV/AIDS especially among adolescents is of growing concern globally. This study assessed the awareness, attitude and perception of adolescents for HIV/AIDS among secondary school students in Sagamu-Remo, Ogun state, Nigeria. Using multi-stage sampling, 400 students were selected from Remo Secondary School (coded as S1) and Remo Divisional High School (coded as S2). Structured questionnaire was used to collect data to measure awareness, attitude and perception about HIV and AIDS. The data were presented as descriptive statistics subjected to independent t-test statistics at p ≤0.05 level of significance. Mean age, for S1 and S2 respectively, was 15.54±1.46 and 15.22±1.78. The differences in all measured variables for both schools were not significant. The mean scores for awareness level for S1 and S2 (18.74±2.32 and 18.750±2.32) measured against the maximum point scale (25) was inadequate to generate sufficient conscious preventive behaviour among this age group especially if confronted with the choice of a risky sexual behaviour. Further results showed fairly high and positive attitude for the participants (79% for S1 and S2) but very low perception (49.6% and 49.5% for S1 and S2 respectively). The need to raise awareness of the target population through education is recommended.

Keywords: Adolescents, awareness, attitude, HIV/AIDS, Nigeria, perception

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[2]. Adomakoh Sarah A, Social and Economic costs of HIV and AIDS Current issues Associates for International Development retrieved August 2013 from http://www.europarl.europa.eu/intcoop/acp
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Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect(s) of a mixture ofNigella sativaseeds (N. sativa; black cumin or fennel) and honey on (i) the modulation of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks among hypercholesterolemic and healthy subjects; and (ii) to assess the lipid-soluble antioxidants capacity of samples using the photochemiluminescence (PCL) method. Sixty-five subjects, aged twenty-five to fifty-eight, were enrolledand assigned to three groups. Two groups of healthy andhypercholesterolemic subjects were supplemented with N. sativa seeds and honey at 50 mg/kg (body weight) daily for three months. The third group served as control (healthy subjects without supplementation). Fasting blood samples were taken at baseline and again after three months of supplementation to measure (i) total cholesterol (TC), (ii) triglycerides (TG), (iii) low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c), (iv) high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c), (v) blood glucose, and (vi) hemoglobin concentrations. The findings were significant (p  0.05),indicatingthat N. sativa seeds mixed with honey had hypolipidemic, antiobesity and hypotensive effects.Results showed significant reductions in TG (20.1%), TC:HDL-c (12.3%),accompanied by increased HDL-c (15.0%) among healthy subjects.Supplementation also significantly decreased TC (6.2%), TG (13.3%), TC:HDL-c (19.5%),with increased HDL-c (8.4%) in the hypercholesterolemic group. Furthermore, there were significant reductions in body weight, body mass index and body fat by 2.3%, 2.2%, 4.5%, and by 1.8%, 1.9%, 4.5% in healthy and hypercholesterolemic subjects, respectively.

Keywords: lipid profile, antihypertensive, antiobesity,N.sativa seeds, honey, antioxidant activity

[1]. Ahmad, S., & Beg, Z. H. (2013). Elucidation of mechanisms of actions of thymoquinone-enriched methanolic and volatile oil extracts from Nigella sativa against cardiovascular risk parameters in experimental hyperlipidemia. Lipids in Health and Disease, 12(86) , 1-12.
[2]. Al-Waili, N. S. (2004). Natural honey lowers plasma glucose, C-reactive protein, homocysteine and blood lipids in healthy, diabetic and hyperlipidemic subjects: comparison with dextrose and sucrose. Journal of Medicinal Food, 7(1), 100-107.
[3]. Al-Waili, N. S., Al-Waili, T. N., Al-Waili, A. N., & Saloom, K. S. (2006). Influence of natural honey on biochemical and hematological variables in AIDS: a case study. Scientific World Journal, 2(6), 1985-1989.
[4]. Ashraf, S. S., Rao, M. V., Kaneez, F. S., Qadri, S., Al-Marzouqi, A. H., Chandranath, I. S., et al. (2011). Nigella sativa extract as a potent antioxidant for petrochemical-induced oxidative stress. Journal of Chromatographic Science, 49(4), 321-326.
[5]. Bamosa, A. O., Kaatabi, H., Lebda, F. M., Elq, A.-M. A., & Al-Sultan, A. (2010). Effect of Nigella sativa seeds on the glycemic control of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 54(4), 344-354.

Abstract: This study aimed to compare the knowledge, attitudes and believes on epilepsy among community populations in Port-Said city, Egypt and Arar city, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Quantitative Research Approach with cross-sectional Survey design was the methodology used in this study. An objective of the study was to assess the socio-demographic data of the subjects, determine the level of knowledge on Epilepsy among the communities of Egypt and Saudi Arabia. Recognize the attitude and believes on epilepsy among community people of Egypt and Saudi Arabia. Compare the knowledge, attitude and believes on Epilepsy among Communities of Egypt and Saudi Arabia. There will be a significant difference between the knowledge, attitude and believes of Epilepsy among Communities of Egypt and Saudi Arabia was the hypotheses of the study. Setting of the study was the Primary Health Centers of Port-said city, Egypt and Arar city, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Population of the study was males and females of Port Said City, Egypt and Arar City, Saudi Arabia. Stratified Random Sampling Technique was used for selecting samples. Sample Size was 1320; it includes 660 males and females from Port said City Egypt and 660 males and females from Arar City Saudi Arabia. They were recruited during their visit to the outpatient clinics, either alone or accompanied with others, Data collection period was 11 weeks, from September – December 2013. Epileptic patients were excluded from this study. Two tools were used to collect data: - A questionnaire to assess participants' demographic data which included age, sex, marital status, educational level, occupation and level of knowledge on epilepsy. Attitudes were measured with questions on willingness to socialize with persons with epilepsy, persons with epilepsy having jobs like other people,

Key words: knowledge, attitude, believes, epilepsy

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