iosr-JPBS   Volume-9 ~ Issue-5 ~ Sep-Oct 2014

Abstract: Molecular evolution is the change of amino acid composition at locus specific positions of proteins for maintaining structural and functional integrity over long periods of time. In orthologous protein sets, adapted in different environmental conditions such as normal, high temperature and high ionic condition might have different or identical evolutionary characters. To understand the basis of this fact and to assess the differentials, if any are there, I perform detailed computational analysis on clusters of orthologous protein sequences procured from halophiles, thermophiles and mesophiles using authentic web based and our laboratory-developed programs. Results reveal domain of lives and orthologous protein specific variation in these sets.

Abstract: The aims of this study were to compare the anti-MRSA activities of Ageratum conyzoides, Bryophyllum pinnatum, Piper guineense, Peperomia pellucida, Ocimum gratissimum, Chromolaena odorata and Curculigo pilosa and to determine the phytochemical constituents of the bioactive plants. Preliminary antibacterial susceptibility test using 25mg/ml and 50mg/ml concentrations of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the plants on eight clinical MRSA isolates showed no anti-MRSA activity with A. conyzoides, B. pinnatum, P. pellucida and O. gratissimum. Activities were recorded with C. odorata, P. guineense and C. pilosa. Phytochemical analysis of the aqueous, ethanolic and hexane extracts of the three bioactive plants selected revealed the presence of: carbohydrates, reducing sugars, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids and steroids while in the hexane extracts only steroids were obtained. Antibacterial activities of the aqueous, ethanolic and hexane extracts of the three plants on seven MRSA and four MSSA were: C. odorata: 9.29 ±1.25mm (MIC, 12.5mg/ml), 12.17 ±1.38mm (MIC, 12.5mg/ml), 5.06 ±1.17mm (MIC, 25mg/ml); P. guineense: 1.53 ±0.59mm (MIC, 50mg/ml), 6.34 ±1.19mm (MIC, 25mg/ml), 3.41 ±1.03mm (MIC, 12.5mg/ml) and C. pilosa: 2.14 ±0.69mm (MIC, 50mg/ml), 1.72 ±0.60mm (MIC, 50mg/ml) with no activity for its hexane extract respectively. The results suggest the need to isolate and evaluate the active constituents of C. odorata as the most efficacious plant for the development of novel chemotherapeutic agents for the effective treatment of MRSA infections.

Keywords: Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), Methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), Phytochemical.

Abstract: Egg activation is important to help release the egg from meiotic arrest and blockpolyspermy. It is linked with an increase in intracellular egg calcium ions (Ca2+) in almost all species studied and current studies imply that the mammalian sperm factor involved is a sperm-specific phospholipase C zeta, PLC ζ. Here, we report the identification of PLCζ in the testis and egg of LampamJawa. Our findings provide the evidence that PLCζ is present in the species of male and female LampamJawa (Barbonymusgonionotus). For this study, six types of commercial freshwater fish were selected i.e. Red Tilapia (Oreochromis sp. Red Tilapia), Black Tilapia (Oreochromismossambicus), Catfish or Keli (Ictaluruspunctatus), Silver Catfish or Patin (Pangasiuspangasius), Snakehead Fish or Haruan (Channastriatus) and Silver Barb or LampamJawa (Barbonymusgonionotus). The objectives of this study were to isolate the mRNA from the gonads of freshwater fishes, to identify and amplify the phospholipase C zeta (PLCζ) gene fragments, to sequence the purified DNA fragments and to compare the PLCζ sequence to other PLCζ sequence available in NCBI database. For the study of PLCζ expression, male and female LampamJawa showed bands at around 420bp in agarose gel electrophoresis suggesting the presence of PLCζ gene while no significant bands were found in other types of fishes used in this study.

Keywords : Egg, freshwater fish,phospholipase c zeta, sequence, testis

Abstract: The effect of therapeutic doses of Artemether-Lumefantrine and Naproxen combination on kidney and liver was investigated. Twelve albino rats were randomly assigned into four groups (Control, Art-Lum, Nap and Art-Lum+Nap) of three animals each. DMSO (5%), Artemether-lumefantrine (2.29mg/13.71mg/kg body weight), Naproxen (12.50mg/kg body weight) and combination of Artemether-Lumefantrine and Naproxen (2.29mg/13.71mg/kg body weight and 12.50mg/kg body weight) were administered orally, twice daily for three days, to animals in Control, Art-Lum group, Nap group and Art-Lum+Nap groups. Enzyme activities (alanine aminotransferase {ALT}, aspartate aminotransferase {AST} and alkaline phosphatase {ALP}) and serum macromolecules levels (Urea, Creatinine, Total protein, Albumin and Globulin) were assayed for. Results indicated that the combination of the drugs brought about increase in creatinine level, activities of ALT, ASP and ALP in serum compared to the control. A significant decrease (p<0.05) was observed in the kidney-body weight ratio, serum total protein, ALT activity in kidney and ALP activity in kidney compared to control. There were no significant changes (p>0.05) in the urea level, globulin level, albumin level, ALT activity in liver, AST activity in liver and kidney and ALP activity in liver relative to the control. The combination of the drugs may lead to renal constriction and malfunction. Also hepatic function distortion may arise. The adverse effect of the drugs appeared more pronounced in the kidney than the liver. The drugs, therefore, should be used with caution especially by patients with compromised renal functions.

Keywords: Artemether-lumefantrine, Kidney, Liver, Malaria, Naproxen, NSAIDs

Abstract: Basic Rules In Any Good Manufacturing Practice (Gmp) Regulations Specify That The Pharmaceutical Manufacturer Must Maintain Proper Documentation And Records. Documentation Helps To Build Up A Detailed Picture Of What A Manufacturing Function Has Done In The Past And What It Is Doing Now And, Thus, It Provides A Basis For Planning What It Is Going To Do In The Future. Because Of The Complexities Of Record Keeping In The Pharmaceutical Industry, There Are Inherent Challenges That Companies Face In Regard To Gdp. In A Gmp Environment Documentation Needs To Meet Certain Requirements To Ensure Product Quality And Product Safety. If An Instruction Or Record Is Poorly Documented, Then The Manufacture Or Quality Assurance/Control Of A Product Can Be Negatively Impacted, Potentially Reducing Patient Safety. The Objective Of This Paper To Make A Clear Procedure And Concept To Maintain Gdp For Comply Regulatory Requirements.

Keywords: Good Documentation Practice (Gdp), Standard Operating Procedures (Sops), Pharmaceutical Industry

Abstract: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most frequent etiological agent of otitis externa. In this study polymerase chain reaction was used to investigate the genotypic properties and genetic relationship between P. aeruginosa obtained from human and dogs with otitis externa in Iraq. Seventeen (17%)P. aeruginosawere isolated from 100 ear swabs of human and six isolate (6%) from 100 ear swabs of dogs by conventional methods (culture and biochemical tests). A total of 23 P. aeruginosa isolate from human and dog were subjected to PCR to detect the Exo A gene by amplifying a 396-bp region using the same primer. Results showed that, six(26 %) and two (8.6 %) isolates from human and dogs give positive product for exo A gene respectively. in conclusion, there is a genetic relationship between P. aeruginosa isolated from human and dogs in Iraq.

Key words: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, otitis externa, PCR, exo A gene.

Abstract: Forty soil samples collected from different sites of Hillah city /Iraq.Sixty seven Streptomyces isolates were obtained ,purified and identified according to morphological properties and biochemical tests. All of these isolates were screened fortheir antimicrobial activity,in addition to production of some important enzymes such as amylase, protease ,cellulase and L-asparaginase.The results exhibited that five isolates ;Streptomyces sp.(SA.2 ,SK.5 , SM.42 , SS.50 and SI.63) have such potential . The most active isolate in production of thestudied enzymes was SM.48.On the other hand, it has less antibacterial activity againsttestmicroorganismsEscherichia coli ,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Staphylococcusaureus ,Moganella sp. and Klebseillapnumoniae.While the isolate Streptomyces sp.SS.50 has no activity in enzyme production ,but it has a good antibacterial activity due to inhibition zone diameter (mm) ;19 ,18 ,16 ,14 and 16 mm towards the previous mentioned bacterial species , respectively , in addition to that ,it also gave clear zone at 16 and 12 mmagainst Candida albicans and Candida glabrata , respectively

Abstract: Malaria is one of the most important tropical diseases and the greatest cause of morbidity and mortality in India. The search for new antimalarial compounds has been necessitated by Plasmodium falciparum resistance to standard antimalarial drugs. Plants are important source of biologically active compounds and have potential for the development of novel antimalarial drugs. Since a number of alkaloids have been successfully used for the treatment of malaria since ancient time In this study the crude alkaloid extract of three young plants Carica papaya Linn. (Family: Caricaceae), Datura innoxia Mill. (Family: Solonaceae) and Ricinus communis Linn (Euphorbiaceae) were evaluated against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7. The mean inhibitory concentration (IC50), the mean cytotoxic concentration and the selectivity index were estimated. The cytotoxicity was estimated on Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cell line in maximum dose tested. The alkaloidal extract of C. papaya showed stronger antiplasmodial activity as compared to D. innoxia and R. communis, the IC50 values in the range of 28.35 to 93.17μg/mL. Results demonstrated alkaloids as the putative active compound showing promising antimalarial effect.

Key words: Carica papaya, Datura innoxia, Ricinus communis, Plasmodium falciparum, antimalarial