IOSR-JBM   Volume-17 ~ Issue-9 ~ September-2015

Abstract: Several attempts made since 1952 to date designed at ensuring stable financial health for the Nigerian banking sector have faced challenges particularly in the last ten years 2004 to-date when the system is afflicted with reported incidences of rising "toxic-assets".This paper analyses relationship between efficiency of credit risk management, level of capitalization and financial health in selected Nigerian commercial banks and the sector as a whole. Data collections are mainly secondary spanning fifteen years before and seven years after the consolidation programme of the Nigerian banking sector. The study hypothesized negative relationship between Credit Risk Management (CRM), Operational Efficiency and levels of capitalization for selected banks. Collected data mainly selected Bank Specific Variables (BSV) for the study period were summarized, correlated and regressed to verify nature of relationship for each time series data employed.

[1]. African Report Group Jeune African (2009); the African Reports on Nigerian Bank.
[2]. Ahmed N.H. and Ariff M. (2001); Multi-country study of Bank Credit Determinants "International Journal of Banking and Finance vol.5 Issue I Article 6 (2007).
[3]. Al-Thamimi H. and Al-Mazrooei F. (2007); Bank Risk Management. Comparison Study of UAE National and Foreign Banks "The Journal of Risk Finance Vol.8 Issue 4 pp.394-409.
[4]. Athanasoglou P; Brissimis S. and Lelis M. (2005) "Bank Specific and Macroeconomic Determinants of Bank profitability". Bank of Greece Working Paper No. 25
[5]. Ariff M. and Marrisetti V.B. (2001); A New Approach To Modeling Multi-country Risk Premium Using Panel Data Test Method "Proceeding of MFS Conference In Cuprus (2003).
[6]. Basle Committee on Banking Supervision (2003); Risk Management Principles for Electronic Banking, July. Http//www.bis.org/publ/bcbs98.pdf.

Abstract: Conflict is all pervasive in nature and organizations around the world are not untouched with it. Present study deals with interpersonal conflict in corporate and academic organizations of Nigeria. The study has a non-experimental, descriptive, and quantitative research design, in which a sample size of 88 Nigerian employees was analyzed through stratified random sampling. Statistical measure like bivariate correlation and chi square tests were employed to analyze the data. Examination of various independent variables and findings of the research reveal that there is a significant difference in how employees of differ in their approach to conflict handling. Interpersonal conflict understanding is crucial for smooth functioning of globalized organizations. Managers today are devising innovative handling techniques as conflict poses a great challenge for them. The present study can facilitate the management practitioners in understanding the concept and its implications in Nigerian context.

[1]. Abbas, S. M. S. & Joshi, N. (2013, March). A descriptive study of workplace conflict management styles in Indian organizations. Paper presented at National Conference on Paradigm for Sustainable Business: People, Planet, and Profit, DeAA partment of Management Studies, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Roorkee, India.
[2]. Agwu, M. O. (2013). Conflict management and employees performance in Julius Berger Nigeria PLC. Bonny Island. International Journal of Academic Research in Management, 2(4), 125-139.
[3]. Akume, A. T., & Abdullahi, Y. M. (2013). Challenges and prospects of effective industrial conflict resolution in Nigeria. Journal of Social Sciences, 36(2), 199-208.
[4]. Antonioni, D. (1998). Relationship between the big five personality factors and conflict management styles. International Journal of Conflict Management. 9(4) p. 336-354.
[5]. Aron, A., Aron, E. N. & Coups, E. J. (2007). Statistics for psychology (4th ed.). Delhi, India: Dorling Kindersley.

Abstract: For the rationalization of improved quality, quality needs to be provided in numeric / monetary values, for this purpose cost of quality is measured and analyzed to get optimum levels. In this connection it is required to compare cost of good quality against cost of poor quality, to have a wise judgment of better choice. Survey was conducted in target population that helped in identification of importance of investment on cost of good quality rather than bearing loss due to poor quality. Furthermore, several other correlations were also identified between cost of quality and overall product cost.

[1]. Arvaiova, M., Aspinwall, M.E., Walker, S.D. (2009). An initial survey on cost of quality programmes in telecommunications. The TQM Journal, 21(1), 59-71.
[2]. ASQC (1971) Quality Costs: What and How?, ASQC Quality Press, Milawaukee, WI.
[3]. Assessment of Cost of poor quality in Automobile Industry Prof.S.N.Teli, Dr. U.M.Bhushi, Mr.V.G.Surange / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 2, Issue 6, November- December 2012, pp.330-336
[4]. Aubery, C.A. and Zimbler, D.A. (1983) "The banking industry: quality costs and improvements‟, Quality Progress, Vol. 16, No. 12, pp.16–20.

Abstract: The paper explores the influence of Cause related Marketing efforts of Women Apparel Retailers on store loyalty of youngsters in India under urban settings. This study is based on experimental design. Story boards about a non-existing retailer brand and Cause related Marketing campaign were used as stimulus material and a questionnaire was administered on female students in Mumbai, a metropolitan city in India. Structural equation modeling was done using SMARTPLS v 2.0 to test the research question. Results revealed that young female customers where attitudinally oriented towards buying from an apparel retailer who supported a cause than from a retailer who did not.

[1]. 1.Sinha, P. K., Banerjee, A. and Uniyal, D. P.(2002). Deciding where to buy: Store choice behaviour of Indian shoppers. Vikalpa, 27(2): 13-28
[2]. 2.Mittal, A. and Mittal, R. (2008). Store choice in the emerging Indian apparel retail market: An empirical analysis. IBSU Scientific Journal (IBSUSJ), Vol.2 No.2,pp 21-46.
[3]. 3. Bloom,P.N.,Hussein,P.Y. and Szyman.L.R.(1997),"The benefits of corporate social marketing initiatives", in Goldberg,M.,Fishbein,M. and MiddleStadt,S.E.(eds),Social Marketing: Theoretical and practical perspective, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,Mahwah,NJ,pp.313-34
[4]. 4. Meenaghan, T. and O‟Sullivan, P.(1999),"Play –power-sports meets marketing",European Journal of Marketing,Vol.33 No.3/4, pp.241-9.
[5]. 5. Vardharajan,P.R and Menon,A(1988).Cause –related marketing: a coalignment of marketing strategy and corporate philanthropy,Journal of Marketing, 52 No.3,58-74.

Abstract: The first objective of this paper is to establish whether there is a significant relationship between marketing communications (Marcoms) and customer experiences. The second objective is to identify the significant brand touchpoints of Marcomsthat are strongly correlated with customer pre-purchase, purchase and post-purchase experiences. The third objective is to determine whether there is a significant relationship between customer post-purchase experiences and overall brand satisfaction, and the fourth objective is to determine whether there is a significant relationship between overall brand satisfaction and brand advocacy.

[1]. Aaker, D.A. (2013). Five steps to getting brand touchpoints right. [Online]. Available:http://www.prophet.com/blog/aakeronbrands/122-five-steps-to-getting-brand-touchpoints-right. [2013, July 1].
[2]. Barry, T. and Howard, D.J. (1990). A review and critique of the hierarchy of effects in advertising, International Journal of Advertising, 9, 121-135. [3]. Belch, G.E. and Belch, M.A. (2012). Advertising and promotion: An integrated marketing communications perspective. (12thed.). New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. [4]. Blythe, J. (2006). Essentials of marketing communications. (3rded.). Harlow: FT Prentice Hall, Pearson Education. [5]. Burnett, J. and Moriaty, S. (1998). Introduction to marketing communications: An integrated approach. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
[6]. Burns, A.C. and Bush, R.F. (2010).Marketing research. (6th Global ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education.

Abstract: The government of Iran played a primary role in converting conventional banking into Islamic banking after 1979 revolution. In 1983, the law of usury-free banking was passed, and in 1984, interest free banks started to implement Islamic banking based on the 1983 law.The banking system of Iran is being perceived as an effective tool in pursuance of Islamic economic objectives. However, far from achieving the three-fold objectives of the 1983 banking act, the sector was plagued by slow growth, a large portfolio of non-performing assets and narrow range of products and services. Besides, most of people in charge of economic affairs regarded interest as an objective of non-omit able phenomenon and instead of probing into the real causes of interest entity and working out appropriate devices to eliminate it.

[1]. Ashraf, S. H. and Giashi, A. A. (2011). Islamic Banking in Iran - Progress and Challenges.Kuwait Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review Vol. 1, No.2.
[2]. Central Bank of Iran, 2008. The Law for Usury (Interest) Free Banking.
[3]. Central Bank of Iran, Economic and Annual Report, Various Years.
[4]. Curtis, G. E. and Hooglund, E., 2008. Iran: A country study.Federal Research Division Library of Congress. Washington D. C.: Library of Congress.
[5]. Hassani, M. (2010). Islamic Banking and Monetary policy: Experience of Iran. International Review of Business Research Papers, 6(4), Melbourne: Australia.

Abstract: This research examines the impact of external trade benefits on unemployment rate of five English Speaking West African Countries (ESWACs) from 1980 to 2013. These countries include; The Gambia, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria and Sierra Leone). The study expressed external trade benefits as increase in export earnings (EXE), trade openness (TOP), total government expenditure (TGE) and reduction in foreign exchange rate (FER). Theoretically, the study relied on five trade theories, in practice; the study constructs a balanced panel data structure (BPDS) and methodologically, departs from the classical OLS and 1st generation panel econometric techniques to adopting recently developed 2nd generation panel data econometric methods. The results of the study reveal that external trade benefits marginally and significantly impacted on unemployment rate in ESWACs from 1980 to 2013. Based on this result, the study therefore concluded that the impact of external trade benefits on unemployment rate is a trivial matter because external trade benefits have not comprehensively and significantly augmented the status of employment ESWACs. Based on the findings the study recommended, among others, that the governments of ESWACs should encourage and support the real sector through subsidies and investment in social and physical infrastructure and agricultural and manufacturing sectors, and par attention to investment in human capital as this will help to improve the standard of education and health status.

[1]. Ajie, H. A. (2004). Export instability and external balance in developing countries. International Journal of Economics, 8(7): 123- 134.
[2]. Ajie, H. A. (2011). Fundamentals of monetary economics. Port Harcourt: PEARL PUBLISHERS.
[3]. Ajie, H. A. &Uzomba, P. C. (2011). Exchange rate volatility and the prices of some selected agricultural products in Nigeria, 1970 – 2008. African Journal of Humanities and Societ, 12(2): 184 – 199.
[4]. Gbosi, A. N. (1998). Unemployment policy in a depressed economy: the case of Nigeria. Journal of Pedagogy and Development, 5(1&2): 212-223.
[5]. Gbosi, A. N. (2011). International trade in theory and practice. Port Harcourt: Amethyst Colleagues Publishers
[6]. Gujarati, D. N. &Sangeetha, P. (2007).Basic econometrics (4th edition). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies.

Abstract: Like other organizations, institutions of higher learning are faced with stiff competition both in terms of their customers and the human resource demand. Consequently, the majority of the institutions are placing special emphasis on their effectiveness particularly in drawing customer acceptance, providing a conducive work environment in terms of employee satisfaction and the modification of their programmes to fit the competitive market. Whatever form of organization, there is a general agreement that organization's structural design is a critical factor in the success or failure of an organization. This paper examine the relationship between organizational structure and organizational effectiveness and the moderating effect of organizational processes on the relationship between organizational structure and organizational effectiveness based on a study of two universities in Kenya: Moi University (public) and University of East Africa-Baraton (private)The study used a sample of 365 participants (300 from Moi University and 65 from UEA-Baraton).

[1]. Bretscheneider, S. (2011). Management Information Systems in Public and Private Organizations. An empirical Test. Public Administration Review, 50(5).
[2]. Chew, J. (2004). Managing MNC Expatriates through Crises: A challenge for International Human Resource Management. Research and Practice in Human Resource management, 12(2), 1-30.
[3]. Choo, C. W. (2002). Sense making, Knowledge Creation, and Decision-Making: Organizational Knowing as Emergent Strategy. Strategic Management of Intellectual Capital and Organizational Knowledge.
[4]. Cohen, S., & Ledford, G. (2006). The effectiveness of self-managing teams: A Quasi Experiment In Human Relations Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
[5]. Daft, R. L. (1995). Organization Theory and Design (5th ed.). New York: West Publishing Company.

Abstract: Agriculture is very crucial to the Nigerian economy. So are those who are involved in marketing of the produce and livestocks, which emanate from the sector. The paper overviews and highlights some of the basic concepts fundamental issues on marketing principles and agricultural product. It survey the level of conception and practice of marketing principles by agricultural producers. The study concentrated mainly on the north-central part of Nigeria. Comprising of Nasarawa State, Benue State, Niger State and Federal Capital Territory. Prior to the evolution of modern commerce, barter system was the order of the day and agricultural activities benefited a lot from the system.

[1]. Achumba, I.C. (1994) Sales Management: Concepts and Strategies. Rockhill, U.S.A; Al-marks Educational Research in Op Cit (1989) "Marketing Tertiary Education in Nigeria A Challenge for Administrators".
[2]. Kankpo G.O. and U.A. Asa (2006) Gender Role in Maize Production in Ini Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State, Proceedings of the annual conference of the Agricultural Society of Nigeria (ASN), held at National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike Abia State, Nigeria, 16th – 20th October.
[3]. Damisa M.A. (2007) "Price Information and Market Integration of Grains Markets in Kazaure and Yankwashi local government areas of Jigawa State" Asian Journal of marketing vol. no. 1.
[4]. Drucker, P. (1989 & 1999) The Practice of Management: New York: Harper and Row and Jordan Hill, Oxford: Butter Worth Heinemann, Linacre House.
[5]. Fry, M. and Polonsky, M.J. (2004) "Examining the Unintended Consequences of marketing" Journal of business research, vol.57.

Abstract: Dedicated and hard working employees, who work for the organization with their whole heart and mind, are a prerequisite for the success of any organization. With this objective, endeavours are being made all over the world among the management scientists and researchers, to understand various dimensions of organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB) to nurture such quality among the employees for overall organizational success. It has been observed that there has been a shift in the dimensions of OCB over the years. Moreover, these dimensions may vary from organization to organization and from country to country.

[1]. Anseel & Lievens (2004). Confirmatory Factor Analysis And Invariance Of An Organizational Citizenship Behaviour Measure Across Samples In A Dutch-Speaking Context, Journal Of Occupational And Organizational Psychology, 299–306
[2]. Anastasiadou (2011). Reliability And Validity Testing Of A New Scale For Measuring Attitudes Toward Learning Statistics With Technology, Acta Didactica Napocensia, 1-10
[3]. Bachrach, D. G., Bendoly, E., & Podsakoff, P. M. (2001). Attributions of the "Causes" of group performance as an alternative explanation of the relationship between organizational citizenship behavior and organizational performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 1285–1293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.86.6.1285
[4]. Bateman, T. S., & Organ, D. W. (1983). Job satisfaction and the good soldier: The relationship between affect and employee citizenship. Academy of Management Journal, 26, 587–595.
[5]. Bell, S.J., Menguc, B., 2002. The employe-organization relationship, organizational citizenship behaviors, and superior service quality. Journal of Retailing 78, 131-146.

Abstract: Sport can make a considerable contribution to peace building and conflict prevention especially in the areas of acceptance, social cohesion and building inter-group relations and understanding. It can transcend cultural, religious and ethnic divides. With its ability to bring people together, sport is a significance delivery mechanism for reconciliation and peace building programming. Though its benefits are significant in the community, development of sport experiences is hampered by challenges. This paper analyzes the challenges faced by the youth in promoting peace through sport in Kibera and Mathare informal settlements.

Keywords: Peace, Reconciliation, Sport.

[1]. Assefa, H. (2001). Reconciliation in peace building: A Field Guide Luc Reychler and Thania paffenholz, eds. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Reinner Publishers, Inc
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[3]. Bauer, H.H., Sauer, N.E., and Schmitt, P. (2005). Customer based brand equity in the team sport industry, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 39 Nos 5/6, pp. 496-513.
[4]. Beedy, J. (1997). Sports plus: Positive learning using sports, developing youth sports programs that teach positive values. Hamilton, MA, Project Adventure, Inc.
[5]. Beedy, J.P. (1988). Understanding the interpersonal world of youth sports. Unpublished Dissertation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University.
[6]. Bolman, L.G. & Deal, T. 1997, Reframing organisations artistry, choice, and leadership,

Abstract: The research focused on outsourcing strategy and organizational growth in selected fast food firms in South - South, Nigeria. Some of the problems identified in this study are quality management in the fast food firms and dissatisfaction from customers due to poor service delivery and inability to properly coordinate and manage their business processes. The specific objective of this study is to determine the extent to which business processes affects outlet expansion. Research question and hypothesis was formulated in line with the specific objective. This study adopted correlational survey design. The population of the study was 10 fast food firms registered with the Association of Fast Food Confectioners of Nigeria (AFFCON) and National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC).

[1]. Abdel, M. E. (2013). The Effect f Recruitment Process Outsourcing on Creating Competitive Advantage for Organisations Operating In Egypt. International Journal of Business Management And Administration. Vol 2(1), Pp 001 - 007
[2]. Agarwal, R. & Nisa, S. (2009). "Knowledge Process Outsourcing, India's emergence as a global leader" (PDF). Asian Social Science 5 (1). ISSN 1911-2025.
[3]. Agyemang, P. D., Aikins, I., Asiebey O. & Osei A. O. (2014). Evaluating the impact of outsourcing of non core functions in the hotel industry: A study of Anita, Noda, and Golden Gate Hotels. Kumasi. European Journal of Business and Innovation Research. Vol. 2 No 3, pp 25-45
[4]. Arnold, U. (2000)"New dimensions of outsourcing: A combination of transaction cost economics and the core competencies concept," European Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management (6), pp. 23-29.
[5]. Asiamah, Y. (2013). The Relationship Between Outsourcing and Organisational Performance. European Journal of Business and Management ISSN 2222-1905 Vol. 5 No 2