iosr-JDMS   Volume-13 ~ Issue-11 ~ November-2014

Abstract: Caudal analgesia is a very popular route to provide intraoperative and postoperative analgesia in children because of its simple technique, predictable level of blockade, high success rate and smooth recovery. It can be used mainly for perineal and sub umbilical procedures. Ropivacaine, the S-enantiomer of the amide local anesthetic, produces differential neural blockade, with lesser motor blockade; less cardiovascular and neurological toxicity than bupivacaine, making it suitable for day-care surgery in children. The addition of an adjuvant prolongs and intensifies the sensory blockade caused by local anaesthetic and also reduces the dose of local anaesthetic required to provide desired analgesia. Fentanyl is one of the most commonly used adjuvant with local anesthetics in caudal blocks. The aim of our study was to compare the efficacy of ropivacaine alone and in combination with fentanyl via caudal route for postoperative analgesia in children. The primary end point was duration of sensory and motor blockade. Study Design: Double blind, prospective, randomized .The subjects were 40 children aged 1 – 10 years undergoing perineal and sub umbilical procedures. They were randomly divided in two groups of 20 each using chit in box method. Group R received inj ropivacaine 0.2%, 0.5 ml/kg and Group RF received inj ropivacaine 0.2%,0.5 ml/kg in combination with inj fentanyl 0.5mcg/kg via caudal route just after intubation. GA was induced in the standard manner using propofol. Our study showed that patients in group RF required rescue analgesic 16 – 20 hrs later than patients in group R and the pain scores of group RF were better in the postoperative period. There was no significant motor blockade in both the groups. There was also no significant hemodynamic variation and postoperative complications observed in either group. Thus, addition of fentanyl to ropivacaine as caudal analgesic provides prolonged and more intense postoperative analgesia in children.
Keywords: Caudal analgesia, fentanyl, postoperative analgesia, rescue analgesia, ropivacaine

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of ropivacaine, bupivacaine and placebo in volunteers. Br J Anaesth, 78(5), 1997, 507-14.
[4]. DB, A Lee, D Fagan, GM Bowler, P Bloomfield, R Lundh, Acute toxicity of ropivacaine compared with that of bupivacaine,
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Abstract: Aim: To study the effect of Kangaroo mother care (KMC) in comparison with conventional care(CMC) at neonatal unit on feasibility, growth and hospital stay in very low birth weight infants. Methods: This was a pilot study conducted at a tertiary care neonatal unit. Low birth weight babies (weighing< 2000 grams) were given kangaroo mother care (KMC) for minimum of four hours. Feasibility of Kangaroo mother care,rate of weight gain ,and duration of hospital stay were assessed.Results: .Total of 96 babies were there for the study, 41 in the KMC group and 55 in the conventional method of care (CMC). No parents opted out after starting KMC . 80.5% parents were able to give KMC for more than four hours. Weight of 63.4% babies were on or above the line in KMC group at discharge in contrast to 40% babies in CMC. Mean length of hospital stay was 6.75 days in case of KMC group in contrast to 11.14 in CMC group.p value 0.09. CONCLUSION : Kangaroo mother care (KMC) in the care of preterm babies is feasible in any setting after proper counselling of staff and parents.KMC is beneficial to the baby and the family as it improves weight gain and reduces length of hospital stay.
Keywords: kangaroo mother care, low birthweight,feasibility,hospital stay.

[1]. Shrivastava SR,et al. Utility of kangaroo mother care in preterm and low birthweight infants. S Afr Fam Pract 2013;55(4):340-344
[2]. Singh M. Temperature regulation. In: Singh M, editor. Care of the newborn, 5th ed. New Delhi: Sagar Publications, 2000: 190–7.
[3]. Catianeo A, Davanzo R, Uxa F and Tamburlini G. Recommendations for the implementation of Kangaroo Mother Care for low
birth weight infants. Acta Paediatr, 1998;87:440–45.
[4]. World Health Organiza� on. Kangaroo mother care: a practical guide. Department of Reproductive Health and Research, WHO,
Geneva.2003
[5]. Charpak N, Ruiz JG, Zupan J, Catianeo A, Figueroa Z, Tessier R et al Kangaroo Mother Care: 25 years After. Acta Paediatrica
2005;94:514–522.

Abstract: Background:S.Ramet.al reported: Onset of spontaneous labor occurs at completion of fetal functional maturity at AFOD value of 0.98±0.27 (at 650nm). All these events together occurring at any time from 35+wks to 42+wks indicateindividual term for each fetus1, 2.Preterm labors with AFOD 0.98±0.27 are mature and cannot be stopped by any means, as labor cascades are already established. Babies born with AFOD <0.40 arefunctionally premature1, 2, and we expected thesepremature laborswouldrespond well for tocolysis and other methods for continuation of pregnancies as labor cascades are not fully established. Methods:In thiscase series study, 22 singleton pregnant women who were inpreterm labor (PTL),and who underwent CRL gestational age estimations, 5 of them PTL with membrane rupture and17 without membrane rupture were included. USG guided amniocentesis was performed as per the ACOG guidelines, and AFOD estimations were done for fresh uncentrifuzed samples. Antenatal corticosteroids, low dose Isoxsuprine Hcl rapid infusion tocolysis, and weekly 17-alphahydroxy progesterone caproate were given. After successful tocolysis and continuation of pregnancies, AFOD estimations were repeated when women presented with labor pains again before 37w+6days.

Key Words: Amniotic fluid optical density (AFOD), Low dose Isoxsuprine hydrochloride infusion, Increased
drop rate, Preterm labor

[1]. S. Ram et.al Amniotic fluid optical density at spontaneous onset of labor and its correlation with gestational age, birth weight,
functional maturity and vernix caseosa of new born. Calicut Medical Journal 2009;7(4) Vol 7 Issue 4 2009
...www.calicutmedicaljournal.org/2009/4/e2.pdf
[2]. Samartha Ram H, Sandhya Ram S, Amniotic fluid optical density (AFOD) surge coincides with the onset of spontaneous term
labor. Paper presented at 55th AICOG-2012. Varanasi, Book of abstracts: page 74.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-sjTQ0OX_RA&feature=g-upl
[3]. Avraham Sarit, Azem Fouad, Seidman Daniel. Preterm Birth Prevention: How Well Are We Really Doing? A Review of the Latest
Literature. JOGI. 2014 MAY –JUNE. VOLUME 64, NUMBER 3:158-64.
[4]. Hannah Blencowe, Simon Cousens, Mikkel Z Oestergaard, et.al, National, regional, and worldwide estimates of preterm birth rates
in the year 2010 with time trends since 1990 for selected countries: a systematic analysis and implications. Lancet 2012; 379: 2162–
72.
[5]. Hownson CP, Kinney MV, Lawn JE, editors. March of Dimes, PMNCH, Save the children, WHO. Born too soon: the global action
report on preterm birth. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012.

Abstract: Background: Creating negative pressure inside the uterine cavity results in shrinking of uterus which can assist the natural physiological process of contraction and retraction to stop atonic postpartum hemorrhage. Methods: Sixteen women who had normal vaginal delivers, and 4 women who underwent caesarean sections who developed atonic postpartum hemorrhage, and who did not respond well for routine use of Inj. methergine, oxytocin, and Carboprost were included in this study. A specially designed uterine cannula measuring 25cm long and with 12/18mm diameter, with uterine angle, and with multiple perforations on uterine portion was used. When bleeding did not stop due to uterine atony in vaginal deliveries in spite of routine measures, the uterine portion of the cannula was inserted in to uterine cavity up to fundus, and the outer end was connected to suction machine with thick walled flexible tubing. A negative pressure of 650mmHg was created inside the uterine cavity and maintained for 10mns. This procedure wasrepeated every hour for 3hrs. After this the negative pressure was created whenever there was recurrence of bleeding. In case of caesarean section, the cannula was inserted through the uterine wound and brought outside through vagina. Negative pressure was applied after closure of uterine wound. The cannula was removed in all women6hrs after initiation of procedure. Results: complete cessation of bleeding which was associated with contraction and firm retraction of uterus was observed in all women within 4mns after initiation of procedure. The amount of blood collected in suction bottle ranged from 150ml to 250ml. Conclusion: Vacuum shrinking of uterus is a very effective physical method which can assist the natural physiological process of contraction and retraction to stop atonic postpartum hemorrhage. This simple, cost effective, life-saving, and fertility saving technique, which can avoid laparotomy can be made available in any setting, and can become the first defense against atonic PPH.
Key Words: Vacuum retraction of uterus, Atonic postpartum hemorrhage.

[1]. Trends in maternal mortality: 1990 to 2010, WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA and The World Bank estimate Executive summary, Page no 1
[2]. A Text book of postpartum hemorrhage Edited by Christopher B-Lynch, Louis G. Keith MD. Chapter 49, Combating postpartum
hemorrhage in India- moving forward. Page 434.
[3]. Lutomski JE, Byrne BM, Devane D, Greene RA. Increasing trends in atonic postpartum haemorrhage in Ireland: an 11-year
population-based cohort study. BJOG. 2012 Feb; 119(3):306-14.
[4]. Callaghan WM, Kuklina EV, Berg CJ. Trends in postpartum hemorrhage: United States, 1994-2006. Am J ObstetGynecol 2010;
202:353.e1.
[5]. WHY MOTHERS DIE, KERALA - 2006-09: Editors: VP Paily, K Ambujam, Betsy Thomas Observations, recommendations:
Second Report of Confidential Review of Maternal Deaths: Page 71.

Abstract: Background: Candida, a normal commensal of the mouth is the cause of candidal infections of the oral cavity in patients with compromised immunity, extremes of ages and in healthy people with local factors that can precipitate the infection. Objectives: To determine the effect of Garcinia kola (G.kola) extract on oral Candida infection in non- HIV participants, to assess its side effects and to compare its efficacy with Chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash. Materials and methods: A double blinded clinical trial was carried out in non-HIV participants with clinically diagnosed Candida infection. Consecutive patient presenting with oral candidal infection were recruited until the sample size was achieved. They were all screened for varying medical conditions. Garcinia kola extract and chlorhexidine mouthwash were administered to the participants by the research assistant after randomly selected into the two treatment groups. Both the researcher and the participants were blinded..(remove the 2nd full stop)Data generated was analyzed using the statistical Package for Social Sciences for Windows version 16.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago IL. Results: There were sixty six participants, with thirty three in each group, but fifty-nine completed the study (twenty eight in Garcinia kola group and thirty one in Chlorhexidine group) .The lesion was cleared in 96.4% participants who used Garcinia kola while it was cleared in 80.6% participants who used chlorhexidine at the end of the 3rd week. There was a statistical significant difference (p=0.01) at the end of the 2nd week in the participants; with 16 (57.1%) having it cleared with Garcinia kola and 6 (19.4%) with Chlorhexidine. Conclusion: Garcinia kola and Chlorhexidine were both effective against candidal infection, but Garcinia kola showed a better clinical outcome.
Keywords: Candida, Garcinia kola, Chorhexidine,

[1]. Lynch DP. Oral candidiasis. History, classification and clinical presentation. Oral Surg-Oral Med-Oral Pathol 1994; 78 (2): 189-
193.
[2]. Charlier C, Hart E, Lefort A, Ribaud P, Dromer F, Denning DW et al. Fluconazole for the management of invasive candidiasis:
where do we stand after 15years? J.Antimicrob chemother. 2006; 57: 384-410.(fullstop)
[3]. Blignaut E, Molepo J, Pujol C, Soll DR, Pfaller MA. Clade-related amphotericin resistance among South African Candida albicans
isolates. Diagn. microbiol Infect. Dis. 53:29-31.
[4]. Chen A, Sobel JD. Emerging azole antifungals. Expert Opin. Emerg. Drugs. 2005; 10: 21-33.
[5]. Adedeji OS, Farinu GO, Ameen SA, Olayemi TB. The effects of dietary bitter kola (Garcinia kola) inclusion on body weight,
heamatology and survival rate of pullet chicks. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 2006; 5 (3): 184-187.

Abstract: Introduction: Family planning is one of the fundamental pillars of safe motherhood and a reproductive right. The practice of family planning is influenced by socio-demographic factors, hence its variation between regions of the world and countries. It is pertinent to reposition family planning to accelerate the reduction of maternal and neonatal mortality in less developed countries.Aim: To evaluate the factors influencing the family planning practices among married women. Study Design: It is a community based cross-sectional study. Study Area: Urban area of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Medical College. Study Population: Married women in the reproductive age group of 15-45 years. Materials And Methods: 300 married women in the urban area of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Medical College were interviewed and examined using a pre-tested and semi-structured questionnaire after obtaining informed oral consent. Married women were interviewed with respect to the socio economic status, educational status, age at marriage, married life, total number of children, usage of contraceptive methods, reasons for non usage.Results:35.35% were aged between 25-29 years of age. 59% were Hindus, 35.3%were Muslims and 5.7% were Christians. 71.7% were belonging to Nuclear families. 51.3% had secondary level of education.84% of women were housewives and were belonging to Class III (lower middle) socio-economic status. 36.66% had two living children Conclusion: 58.6% were currently using contraception.71.59% had undergone Tubectomy and none were found who had adopted Vasectomy.. Reasons for not using contraception for 56.48% was desire for more Children, 20.16% as need not felt, 10.48% as against religion and misconception about contraception and 0.80% as mother in law opposition, lack of information and fear of side effects.92.2% had negative opinion towards male sterilization and 57.4% gave reason for negative opinion as weakness will develop in males following male sterilization.
Key words: Family Planning, Factors, Married women, urban area.

[1]. Park, k., Demography and family planning. Text book of preventive and social medicine, 21stEdition: Jabalpur, M/s
BanarsidasBhanot Publishers; 2011, Page no 443,445,447,454.
[2]. Malcolm Potts; the unmet need for Family Planning. Scientific American, January 2000, 88-93.
[3]. Lori Ashford. Unmet Need for Family Planning: Recent trends and Their Implications for Programs.Population Reference
Bureauwww.prb.org/pdf/unmetneed Fam Plan-Eng.pdf.
[4]. Health Benefits of Family Planning and Population Division of Family Health, World Health Organization, 1994.
[5]. Anthony, O. Igwegbe, Joseph, O. Ugboaja and Emmanuel, N. Monago.Prevalence and determinants of unmet need for family
planning in Nnuewi, South-east Nigeria. International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences. Vol. 1(8), pp. 325-329, August,
2009.

Abstract: Background: Rheumatoid Arthritis Is A Chronic Systemic Inflammatory Disease Of Unknown Cause,Chiefly Affecting Synovial Membranes Of Multiple Joints.First Line Drugs Used For Treatment Of This Condition Are Nonsteroidal Anti Inflammatorydrugs,Second Line Drugs Are Low Dose Glucocorticoids And The Last Resort For Rheumatoid Arthritis Is Disease Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs. Aim: In This Study Efficacy Of Aceclofenac And Etoricoxib ,Which Are Both Nsaids,Were Compared.Degree Of Analgesia Is Assessed Through Visual Analogue Scale(Vas)And Measuring Number Of Tender Joints In The Body.Finally This Study Assess The Incidence Of Hypertension And Peptic Ulcer In Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Taking These Drugs Material And Methods: This Was A Randomized,Parallel Group,Open Label,Comparative Controlled Study.Patients Were Randomly Assigned To Groupa(N=30) And Groupb(N=30),Who Received Aceclofenac(100mg)And Etoricoxib(90mg)Respectively. Result: Both Aceclofenac And Etoricoxib Showed Decrease In Vas And Number Of Tender Joints After24 Weeks,(P<0.05)Establishing Them As Good Analgesics.Decrease In Vas And Number Of Tender Joints Was More With Aceclofenac Than Etoricoxib(P<0.05).Etoricoxib Caused Mild Increase In Systolic And Diastolic Blood Pressure(P<0.05) Which Was Statistically Significant.In One Person Out Of 30 Who Were On Aceclofenac Developed Peptic Ulcer (P>0.05)Which Was Statistically Insignificant. etter Choice Than Etoricoxib For Analgesia In Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients.
Keywords: Aceclofenac,Etoricoxib,Rheumatoid Arthritis,Visual Analogue Scale,Blood Pressure

[1]. Goeldner I, Skare TL, de Messias Reason IT, Nisihara RM, Silva MB, Utiyama SR (Aug 2010). "Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide
antibodies and rheumatoid factor in rheumatoid arthritis patients and relatives from Brazil".Rheumatology (Oxford) 49 (8): 1590–
3.doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keq134. PMID 20457731.
[2]. Edwards JC, Cambridge G, Abrahams VM (1999). "Do self-perpetuating B lymphocytes drive human autoimmune
disease?". Immunology 97 (2): 188–96. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2567.1999.00772.x. PMC 2326840.PMID 10447731.
[3]. Doherty, M; Lanyon, P; Ralston, SH. Musculosketal Disorders-Davidson's Principle of Internal Medicine (20th ed.). Elsevier.
pp. 1100–1106.
[4]. Plenge RM, Seielstad M, Padyukov L, Lee AT, Remmers EF, Ding B, Liew A, Khalili H, Chandrasekaran A, Davies LR, Li W, Tan
AK, Bonnard C, Ong RT, Thalamuthu A, Pettersson S, Liu C, Tian C, Chen WV, Carulli JP, Beckman EM, Altshuler D, Alfredsson

Abstract: SSPE is a rare complication of measles which commonly manifests after about 7-10 years after the initial measles attack.Presenting case which presented to us at 3.5 year with some atypical features of sspe such as non responding focal seizures and rapid progression in about 2 month with short onset latency.

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Abstract: A 38 yearold female patient underwent abdominal hysterectomy under spinal anaesthesia. Thirty micrograms of buprenorphine was added as an adjuvant to intrathecalbupivacaine. Near the completion of the surgery patient developed severe respiratory depression which was initially managed with administration of g of the patient at regular intervals for about 15 minutes. Since the patient was deeply sedated and ABG analysis showed severe respiratory acidosis, patient was intubated and mechanically ventilated. Intravenousinj.naloxone (total 0.8 mg) could not reverse the respiratory depression. Patient's respiratory depression was spontaneously reversed 8 hours of mechanical ventilation. This case report highlights the possibility of occurrence of severe respiratory depression following intrathecal buprenorphine.
Keywords: buprenorphine, intrathecal,naloxone, respiratory depression, spinal anaesthesia

[1]. Nalini V, Roberta LH.Buprenorphine pharmacology and clinical applications, Seminars in anaesthesia, Perioperative medicine and
Pain2004; 23,281-290.
[2]. Capogna G, Celleno D, Tagariello V, Loffreda-Mancinelli C. Intrathecal buprenorphine for postoperative analgesia in the elderly
patient. Anaesthesia,1988;43 (2),128-30.
[3]. Dahan A, Aarts L, Smith TW.Incidence, Reversal, and Prevention of Opioid-induced Respiratory Depression, Anesthesiology2010;
112, 226-38.
[4]. Andrew Hindle MB, Intrathecal opioids in the management of acute postoperative pain. Continuing Education in Anaesthesia.
Critical Care &Pain2008;8,81-85.
[5]. Robert WH, Christopher LW. Acute post-operative pain, in: Ronald D. Miller editor, Miller's anaesthesia.
7thed(Philadelphia:Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2010) p.2769.

Abstract: Background: Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) is a major component of heart rate variability (HRV) in the high frequency (HF) range (0.15 – 0.4Hz). It occurs due to the modulation of cardiac vagal outflow by respiration. The longer response time of sympathetic nervous system does not allow for a similar respiratory modulation. Instead, cardiac sympathetic outflow is modulated only in the low frequency (LF) range (0.04 – 0.14Hz), by arterial baroreflexes. Assessment of HRV during deep breathing at 0.1Hz frequency (HRVdb) in the supine resting state is a standard test to assess the cardiac parasympathetic function. At this frequency, there is a possibility of respiration modulating the sympathetic outflow. This study explores the same during standing, which is a sympathoexcited state. Materials and Methods: ECG and respiration were recorded continuously as ten healthy subjects breathed spontaneously and at 0.1Hz frequency in both supine and standing positions for 5 minutes each. The mean and standard deviation of the normal to normal RR intervals (meanRR, SDNN) and the average of the differences between the maximum and minimum RR intervals of 6 consecutive respiratory cycles during 0.1Hz breathing (HRVdb) were compared. Results: Upon standing from the supine position, HRV during spontaneous breathing decreased significantly (p<0.05) while there was no significant change in the HRVdb Conclusion: Although vagal activity is reduced in the standing position, HRVdb did not show a corresponding decrease. Hence, HRVdb is not a very reliable test of cardiovagal activity when there is sympathoexcitation.

Key Words : 0.1 Hz breathing, cardiovagal function, heart rate variability (HRV), HRVdb, respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA)

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Abstract: In recent years cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) has become a widely accepted radiographic tool for diagnosis, treatment planning and follow-up in dentistry .3D imaging has improved diagnostic efficiency and the practice of dentistry in a variety of ways; from routine evaluation to complex analysis of unusual pathology and congenital deformities, the technology available today makes dentistry better, and easier, and more accurate. The most recognized need for CBCT imaging in orthodontics is that of impacted canine evaluation. In this article a patient having impacted left maxillary canine is evaluated by the 3D CBCT and found beneficial particularly in terms of anatomical detail root resorption and the labiolingual relationships of the impacted tooth with the roots of neighboring teeth, in addition to determining the pathway for biomechanical resolution. Linear and angular measurements on CBCT images are accurate and precise and can be used to assess the exact position of palatal displaced canines.

Key words: CBCT, Impacted Canine, CBCT in Orthodontics.

[1]. Mason C, Papadakou P, Roberts GJ. The radiographic localization of impacted maxillary canines: a comparison of methods. Eur J Orthod. 2001; 23:25–34.
[2]. Elefteriadis JN, Athanasiou AE. Evaluation of impacted canines by means of computerized tomography. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg. 1996; 11:257–264.
[3]. Bodner L, Bar-Ziv J, Becker A. Image accuracy of plain film radiography and computerized tomography in assessing morphological abnormality of impacted teeth. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2001; 120:623–628.
[4]. Preda L, La Fianza A, Di Maggio EM, Dore R, Schifino MR, Campani R. The use of spiral computed tomography in the localization of impacted maxillary canines. DentomaxillofacRadiol. 1997; 26:236–241.
[5]. Kau CH, Richmond S, Palomo JM, Hans MG. Threedimensional cone beam computerized tomography in orthodontics. J Orthod. 2005; 32:282–293.

Abstract: Use of taxis (hernia reduction) subsided in favour of urgent herniorrhaphy with advent of safer general anaesthesia. Although, the danger of taxis seem to be rare, but it resulted in reduction of gangrenous omentum in our case. So taxis is not safe in modern era as signs of strangulation are not always obvious on clinical examination.

Key words: Hernia, Incarceration, taxis..

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Abstract: Eventration is a well-known congenital malformation of the diaphragm, usually asymptomatic and diagnosed incidentally on chest radiography. It is sometimes associated with a number of other congenital syndromes and anomalies. We report a rare case of eventration of right hemidiaphragm
Keywords: diaphragm, eventeration, right sided

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[5]. Eren S, Ceviz N, Alper F. Congenital diaphragmatic eventration as a cause of anterior mediastinal mass in the children: imaging modalities and literature review. Eur J Radiol 2004;51:85-90.

Abstract: Introduction: Acute Acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) represents a severe complicated variant of acute gallbladder (GB) disease. AAC most often occurs in old age, critically ill patients, especially related to trauma, surgery, shock, burns, sepsis, total parenteral nutrition, diabetes, immunosupression and/or prolonged fasting. The presentation of acalculous cholecystitis is similar to that of calculous disease. Case Report: An 18 year old male patient presented with severe abdominal pain associated with tenderness and guarding in right hypochondrium and epigastric region. Radiological investigations were suggestive of acute acalculous cholecystitis. Cholecystectomy was performed subsequently.

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Abstract: Traditional medicines are most commonly used to meet the health care needs especially in developing countries. Gynura cusimba (D.Don) Moore has been traditionally used as a medicinal plant for healing wounds, headache and as anti-ulcer for centuries. The present study was taken to evaluate the anti-inflammatory properties in suitable animal experimental model. Antiinflammatory activity of the aqueous extract of the plant was observed using carrageenan induced rat paw oedema. The foot/paw volume was measured by the modified plethysmographic method.

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Abstract: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is often mocked as a condition which is easy to diagnose, but extremely difficult to manage. It is a chronic, debilitating disease of the oral cavity. Though it has a global distribution, it is predominantly a disease of the Indian subcontinent. A standard treatment to manage this condition is not yet available. This article aims at enumerating various treatment modalities of OSF.

Key words: Management of OSF, Oral submucous fibrosis, Premalignant condition

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Abstract: All the techniques employed for the study of histology bring an insight into the details inside the cell with the use of microscope .The simplest and most common method in the study of histology is prepa ration of sections. Tissues are exposed to the series of reagents that fix ,dehydrate, clear, infiltrate with final embedding in a medium which provides support for the tissue. The quality of structural preservation is determined by the choice of reagents and exposure times to the reagents during processing. Each step in the tissue processing is important from the procurement of the specimen, selection of sample, determining the appropriate protocols and reagents to be used. This paper compares certain methods of tissue processing and the results obtained through them. Key words: Tissue,processing,staining,fixing,dehydration,clearing.

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