iosr-JDMS   Volume-14 ~ Issue-1 ~ January-2015

Abstract: Researchers are wary of giving people false hopes that a magic bullet for curing spinal cord injury is just around the corner. However, with accelerating progress in scientific research, there is renewed vitality and growing optimism that, with continued effort, the problems of spinal cord injury will be overcome. Although many years of intensive study have contributed to the development of the prostheses now being tested, they are really the first generation of useful devices. Better materials and enhanced technology can refine these devices to provide much better function. Rehabilitation techniques can greatly improve patients' health and quality of life by helping them learn to use their remaining abilities. Studies of problems that spinal cord injury patients experience, such as spasticity, muscle weakness, and impaired motor coordination, are leading to new strategies that may overcome these challenges. Overcoming spinal cord injuries will require general progress in many fields of neuroscience as well as specific studies in animal models of spinal cord injury and in patients themselves.

Keywords: spinal cord, regeneration, neural prosthesis

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Abstract: Background: Glaucoma is one of the important causes of blindness in India along with cataract, refractive errors and corneal opacities. The common denominator of all the glaucomas is a characteristic optic neuropathy which derives from risk factor including increased intra ocular pressure. Aim: The aim of the present study is to study the comparative efficacy of Timolol maleate (0.5%) and Brimonidine tartrate (0.2%) as monotherapy in human volunteers suffering from POAG for six months duration. Material And Methods: This was a prospective randomized comparative study. 25 Patients of POAG cases for Brimonidine treatment and 25 Patients of POAG cases for Timolol treatment are evaluated by using Tonometer opthalmoscope and visual field analyzer Results: Both Brimonidine and Timolo showed

[1]. Kingman, Sharon (2004) Glaucoma is second leading cause of blindness globally Bulliten of the World Health Organisation 82 (11) : 887-B
[2]. Schield's "Text book of Glaucoma", 5th Edition : Chapter 1 " Cellular and Molecular Biology of Aqueous Humor Dynamics"15-17
[3]. Bertram G. Katzung " Basic & clinical pharmacology" section II ; chapter 6 "Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology". Pharmacology of eye : 91.
[4]. Geffrey D, Henderer and Christopher J. Rapuano.Goodman & Gilmans "The pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics" 1722- 1723
[5]. Lc Dutta, "Modern Ophthalmology", 3rd Edition, volume1-chapter 66 : Primary open angle glaucoma : Risk factors for Primary open angle glaucoma 480-482
[6]. Goodman & Gilmans "The pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics"11th edition; section XIV; Ophthalmology, chapter 63 "use of Autonomic Agents in the eye".1723

Abstract: Background: COPD is a disease that causes a lot of human suffering. The exacerbations of COPD add to the morbidity and mortality. The COPD assessment test(CAT) questionnaire is an eight item questionnaire that assesses the impact of COPD on the health status. We evaluated CAT score in a group of patients with acute exacerbation of COPD as a marker for COPD exacerbation and severe disease. Objectives: To assess usefulness ofCAT questionnaire as early markers for assessment of exacerbation risk and exacerbation severity.

1]. Halbert RJ, Natoli JL et al. Global burden of COPD: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J 2006; 28:523-32.
[2]. Wedzicha JA, Seemungal TA. COPD exacerbations: defining their causeand prevention. Lancet 2007;370:786–796. [3]. Hurst J R, Vestbo J et al. Susceptibility to exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Eng J Med 2010; 363:1128-1138.
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[6]. 6.Alex J. Mackay, Gavin C. Donaldson et al. Usefulness of the Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Assessment Test to Evaluate Severity of COPD Exacerbations. Am J RespirCrit Care Med 2012;Vol 185, Iss. 11, pp 1218–1224. [7]. 7.Jones, P. W., et al. "Development and first validation of the COPD Assessment Test." European Respiratory Journal 34.3 (2009): 648-654.

Abstract: Incidence of skin cancers has been increasing since the last few decades worldwide. Non Melanoma Skin Cancer (NMSC) is the commonest variety of cutaneous malignancy. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), in combination, are referred to as Non melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs). This study was performed to understand the pattern of NMSCs in patients reported in the Department of Radiotherapy . The present study is a retrospective analysis of NMSC that presented to the Department of Radiotherapy Gandhi Medical College , from, Jan 2010to December 2013. . The patients were analyzed according to age, gender, site of involvement and histological types . During the 4 year study period, 17 cases were SCC and 9 cases were BCC. The most common age group for SCC was 40–50 years and BCC was 61–70 years. The most common site for SCC is lower limb followed by head neck ,while for BCC it is head and neck. For SCC, the most common histological type was well-differentiated and for BCC, it was the solid type. The importance of understanding the risk factors as well as studying the frequency of histo pathological patterns can help in the overall prognostic outlook for patients and also in planning an effective management

Keywords: Squamous cell carcinoma, Basal cell carcinoma, Non melanoma skin cancer

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[5]. Noorbala MT. Analysis of 15 years of skin cancer in central Iran (Yazd) Dermatol Online J. 2007;13(4):1

Abstract: Introduction: Bacteremia refers to the presence of viable bacteria in blood as evidenced by a blood culture positivity. The rapid and reliable detection of bacteremia by culturing blood is one of the most important functions of a clinical microbiology laboratory. The present study has been taken up to have a better understanding of bacteria causing blood stream infections and their antibiotic sensitivity pattern so as to be a useful guide for clinicians instituting empirical therapy. Methods: The study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology, RIMS, Imphal over a period of two years from November 2010 to October 2012. During the study period, 280 patients samples from both the inpatients as well as outpatients attending various departments were processed and bacterial pathogens were identified by conventional methods. Subsequently, antimicrobial testing was carried out by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method as per CLSI recommendations.

[1]. Robert S Munford. Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock. In: Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fuaci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL. Harrison's Principles and Practice of Internal Medicine, Volume 2. 17th ed. USA: Mc Graw- Hill Co. Inc; 2008.p. 1696-1697.
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[4]. Moyo S, Aboud S, Kasubi M, Masella SY. Bacteria isolated from Bloodstream infections at a tertiary hospital in Dares Salaam, Tanzania- Antimicrobial resistance of isolates. S Afr Med J 2010; 100: 835-38.
[5]. Babay HA, Twum- Danso K, Kambal AM, AL-Otaibi FE. Bloodstream Infections in pediatric patients. Saudi Med J 2005; 26(10): 1555-61.

Abstract: A 30 year old HIV patient who is on Anti Retroviral Treatment (ART) for last one year presented with multiple painful genital ulcers for 12 days. There was a history of unprotected sex 22 days back.He was treated elsewhere for last one week with Acyclovir 400 mg thrice daily orally with no improvement. Clinical examination revealed multiple tender ulcers with indurated base but without bleeding on manipulation. Bilateral Inguinal lymph nodes are enlarged and discreet but tender. Routine blood tests are normal. Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) Test is reactive in 1:64 dilutions and Treponema Pallidum Haem Agglutination (TPHA) Test is Positive. Patient was put on Doxycycline 100 mg orally twice daily for 14 days and the ulcers healed totally. Repeat VDRL Test 8 weeks after completion of treatment is reactive in 1:8 dilutions and is non-reactive after a further period of 4 weeks.This case is presented for the atypical and relatively aggressive presentation of Syphilis in HIV patients neccesiating the need for high clinical suspicion and routine serological (VDRL) testing of all the Patients presenting with genital ulcers.

Keywords: Syphilis, HIV Infection, Atypical Manifestations.

[1]. Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS -Editor in Chief Vinod K Sharma,P.165-Viva Books Pvt.Ltd;1st edition.
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[5]. Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS-Editor in Chief Vinod K Sharma,P.170-Viva Books Pvt.Ltd;1st edition.
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Abstract: Serum level of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), variably increased during liver damage , havebeen suggested to be of prognostic importance in acute liver failure (ALF), higher values being combined with improved outcome .The thrombocytopenia has a negative impact on the evolution of the disease . Subject and methods:Cross sectional study including 60 patients was done at National liver institute in Egypt from the period of January 2013 till March 2013 . Patients enrolled in the study were known cases of chronic HCV liver disease and were known degree of child pughclassification .Demographic data such as age and gender were recorded. Detailed clinical history and examination were carried out and recorded , Complete blood count , liver function test, total protein, Albumin/Globulin (A/G) ratio, serum Albumin, HBs Ag, anti HCV, ultrasound whole abdomen and CT scan . Alpha fetoprotein and Platelets were determined in sixty HCV infected patients classify into three Groups:Group Ι( grade A child pugh classification n=20) , Group ΙΙ(grade B child pugh classification N=20) , Group ΙΙΙ( grade C child pugh classification N=20).

[1]. Frank V. Schiødt, George Ostapowicz, Natalie Murray, Raj Satyanarana, AtifZaman, Santiago Munoz, William M. Lee, and the Acute Liver Failure Study Group . Alpha-Fetoprotein and Prognosis in Acute Liver Failure . Liver Transplantation 12:1776-1781, 2006.
[2]. MihaiOlariu , Cristina Olariu , Dan Olteanu . Thrombocytopenia in Chronic Hepatitis C . J Gastrointestin Liver Dis December 2010 Vol.19 No 4, 381-385 .
[3]. Yuen MF, Lai CL. Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma: survival benefit and cost-effectiveness. Ann Oncol 2003; 14:1463-1467.
[4]. Larson AM, Polson J, Fontana RJ, Davern TJ, Lalani E, Hynan LS, et al. Acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure : results of a United States multicenter, prospective study. Hepatology 2005;42:1364-1372 .
[5]. Yang SS, Cheng KS, Lai YC, Wu CH, Chen TK, Lee CL, et al. Decreasing serum alpha-fetoprotein levels in predicting poor prognosis of acute hepatic failure in patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Gastroenterol 2002;37:626-632.

Abstract: Weill Marchesani syndrome is a rare systemic connective tissue disease characterized by short stature, brachydactyly, ectopia lentis and spherophakia. The disease can result in visiual impairement often due its associated complications such as lenticular myopia, lens dislocation and pupillary block glaucoma. These patients typically present in childhood and often permanant vision loss is already set in at the time of initial presesntation. Many a times the condition often remains unrecognised untill complications occur. Here is a rare case report of Weill Marchesani syndrome in a 14yr old female who was being treated as a case of high myopia for about 5 years and the underlying syndrome was detected only after glaucoma had set in.

Keywords: brachydactyly, ectopia lentis, glaucoma, Weill Marchesani

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[2]. el Kettani A1, Hamdani M, Rais L, el Belhadji M, Rachid R, Laouissi N et al, Weill Marchesani syndrome. Report of a case, J Fr Ophtalmol,24(9), 2001, 944-8.
[3]. M.L. Kulkarni, V. Venkataramana, C. Sureshkumar, Satishchandra, Weill-Marchesani Syndrome, INDIAN PEDIATRICS,28, 1995, 923-26.
[4]. Cem Evereklioglu, Ibrahim F Hepsen, Hamdi Er, Weill-Marchesani syndrome in three generations, Eye, 13, 1999, 773-77.
[5]. Verloes A, Hermia JP, Galand A, Koulischer L, Dodinval P, Glaucoma lens ectopia-microspherophakia-stiffness shortness (GEMSS) syndrome: A dominant disease with manifestations of Weill Marchesani syndromes, Am J Med Genet, 44, 1992, 48-51.
[6]. Puri LR1, Sharma H, Aryal S, Weill- Marchesani syndrome: a rare case report, Nepal J Ophthalmol, 4(2), 2012, 336-8.
[7]. Jensen AD, Cross HE, Paton D. Ocular complications in the Weill-Marchesani syndrome. Am J Ophthal,77, 1974, 261-269.

Abstract: Stress is unavoidable but how much stress is safer and how men and women react to the same type and intensity of stress is a never ending debate. The present study is designed on this basis. The effect of mental stress with and without harassment in age matched males and females (15 each) on the cardiovascular parameters viz systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) was assessed. Mental arithmetic without and with verbal harassment was the tool of mental stress. SBP, DBP and HR were recorded before and after the mental task by using automatic digital BP apparatus (OMRAN) and MAP were calculated from these values. The data were analyzed in SPSS version 17.0 using Students‟ t‟ test with a significance level at p < 0.05. The results revealed that there was no significant change in all the parameters after harassment-free mental stress while harassment-induced mental stress increased all the parameters in both the genders. However, men and women responded in a similar way, ie., there was no significant difference in the findings between men and women. The reason for this may be that the mechanism involved in bringing out these effects is the same in both the genders i.e. stimulation of the limbic system that processes the psychological stress. In conclusion, stress as it is, is not harmful but combined effect of more than one stress at a time is the threat to the physiological functions.

Keywords: Mental stress, Harassment, Cardiovascular parameters

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[2]. Prema Sembulingam, Saraswathi Ilango, Sridevi G. Is cardiovascular response to mental and physical stress gender specific? Not always! World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. Vol 3, Issue 4, 2014.
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[8]. Troisi, A., 2001. Gender differences in vulnerability to social stress: a Darwinian perspective. Physiol. Behav. 73, 443–449.
[9]. Cleary, P.D., 1987. Gender differences in stress-related disorders. In: Barnett, R.S., Biener, L., Baruch, G.K.(Eds.), Gender and Stress. Free Press, New York, pp. 39–72.
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Abstract: Psoriasis is an autoimmune papulosquamous dosorder that represent an inflammation pattern of the skin to various stimuli. It is characterized by sharply demarcated erythematous plaque/patches/papules covered with silvery scaling. Psoriasis is a common dermatological problem affecting up to 2.5% of the world population. While various researches have been made in the field of Medical Science, but still there is no absolute, simple, safe & invariably effective permanent cure of Psoriasis has been attain .In Ayurveda a special treatment advocated for Psoriasis i.e. Vaman & Virechan. Vaman is the process in which waste products i.e.vitiated doshas are eliminated through the upper channels i.e. through the mouth.To expel out the doshas through the adhobhag i.e. gud(anal route) is known as Virechan. The efficacy of Samshaman drugs have been increased when used after Samshodhan.So the effect of Nimba Patol Kashaya have very good results when taken after the process of Vaman & Virechan karm.

[1]. Fry Lionel, An Atlas of Psoriasis, Taylor &Francis group, Parthenon publication,2nd Edition, 2004.
[2]. Khanna Neena, Illustrated Synopsis of Dermatology &Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Elsevier A division of Reed Elsevier India Private Limited- Indian Journal of Dermatology, 2nd Edition ,2008, 53 (4).
[3]. Shastri Kashinath & Chaturvedi Gorakhanath, Charak Samhita Vidhotini Hindi Commentary, part 2, Chikitsa Sthan, 7th Chapter, verse 13,pg249, ,Chukhambha Bharti Academy publication,Varanasi, 2001.
[4]. Shastri Kashinath & Chaturvedi Gorakhanath, Charak Samhita Vidhotini Hindi Commentary,part 2, Chikitsa Sthan, 7th Chapter, verse 21,pg 252,Chukhambha Bharti Academy publication,Varanasi, 2001.
[5]. Shastri Ambika Dutt ,SushrutaSamhita,Ayurveda Sandipika,Hindi Commentary, Nidan Sthan 5th Chapter,verse 10, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Series publication,Varanasi, 12th Edition ,2001.

Abstract: Tamsulosin is widely used to treat BPH in adult. Postural hypotension is infrequent, dizziness and retrograde ejaculation are the only significant side effects. We report here, a 75yrs old man known hypertensive with coronary artery disease and recently diagnosed with Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), who developed hyper sensensitivity reactionwith Tamsulosin therapy to relieve urinary symptoms. Early recognition and prompt withdrawal of the drug led the patient to lesser morbidity.

Keywords: Tamsulosin , postural hypotension , coronary artery disease , Benign prostatic hypertrophy( BPH).

[1]. KD Tripathi Essentials of medical pharmacology 7th edition p142-144

[2]. HL Sharma & KK Sharma principles of pharmacology 2nd edition p183

[3]. En.wikipedia.org/wiki/tamsulosin

[4]. http://www.renalandurologynews.com/tamsulosin-aids-stone-expulsion/article/193855/

[5]. http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/study-shows-use-of-tamsulosin-or-nifedipine-helps-patients-to-clear-ureteral-stone-fragments-faster-and-reduces-rate-of-recurrence-54518887.html

[6]. Roehrborn, Claus G.; Nuckolls, James G.; Wei, John T.; Steers, William; BPH Registry and Patient Survey Steering Committee (2007). "The Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Registry and Patient Survey: study design, methods and patient baseline characteristics". BJU International 100 (4): 813–9. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.07061.x. PMID 17822462.

Abstract: Material sciences have made a rapid progress in the recent years. Up till the 1930s, gold was the only orthodontic wire available. Austetenitic stainless steel, with its greater strength, higher modulus of elasticity, good resistance to corrosion, and moderate cost was introduced to the orthodontists in 1929 and within a short span gained popularity over the gold alloy. Since then orthodontics is come a long way. Several alloys like Cobalt – Chromium, Nickel –Titanium, Beta – Titanium, and multistranded stainless steel wires with desirable properties have been adopted in orthodontics. In this vast ocean of different orthodontic alloys available, it becomes very difficult for an orthodontist to select a proper wire with the required properties. For the correct use of orthodontic appliance one must have a thorough knowledge of the materials from which these appliances are made. The mechanical and physical properties of these materials change greatly under varying conditions of manipulation. Therefore the clinician must be thoroughly conversant with the various mechanical properties of the wires and their clinical applications.

[1]. William R. Proffit – Contemporary Orthodontics.
[2]. William J. O' Brien – Dental materials and there selection.
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[4]. N E. Waters, W J. Houston, C D. Stephens. The characterization of archwires for the initial alignment of irregular teeth. Am J Orthod. 1981, 79(4), 373-389.
[5]. R P. Kusy, A R. Greenberg. Comparison of the elastic properties of nickel-titanium and beta-titanium archwires. Am J Orthod. 1982, 82(3), 199-205.

Abstract: Pain following surgery is a protective but an unwanted effect which is to be relieved for the better outcome of surgery. The present study was conducted to (1)Compare the safety and efficacy of opioid analgesics, Morphine, Butorphanol and Fentanyl along with local Anaethetic Bupivacaine, when given epidurally, for post-operative pain management in lower abdominal surgeries.(2)Compare occurrence of side effects of the epidurally given opioids. The study was a Randomized, double- blind, placebo controlled single dose, comparative study comprising three test groups and one control (Placebo) group. 100 Female patients who were fit for epidural anesthesia and scheduled for lower abdominal surgeries at Gynecology operation theatre, Government General Hospital were randomly allocated to 4 study groups with 25 each. Onset of Analgesia, Duration of Analgesia,

[1]. Viscusi ER Emerging techniques in the management of acute pain : Epidural alagesia. Anesth Analog 2005, 101 S23 – 29.
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Abstract: Dry socket is one of the complications after extraction of teeth. In this article we have reviewed the literature regarding the various options for the management of dry socket. We conclude that Antibiotic prophylaxis is the best way in the prevention and management of dry socket.

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Abstract: HIV and AIDS have brought about a global epidemic, far more extensive than what was predicted. HIV infection appears to influence the natural history of infection with Hepatitis viruses. There is a high degree of epidemiological similarity between the Hepatitis B virus and HIV as regard to high risk groups, route of transmission and presence of virus in the body fluids. The present study aimed at determining the HBsAgseropositivity in HIV positive individuals and to see the correlation between HBsAg positivity and immune status as reflected by absolute CD4 counts. Out of a total of 1056 serum samples tested, 2.7% were positive for HBsAg marker. In HBsAg negative subjects, absolute CD4 count of more than 500 cells/μl was seen in 59.5% cases, while in the HBsAg positive subjects, this count was seen in 10.7% cases. A low countof less than 200 cells/μl was seen in 35.7% cases who were HBsAg positive and in 13.5% subjects who were HBsAg negative. Thus, every individual detected to be HIV positive must be screened for Hepatitis B markers. This will predict prognosis of HBV infection and progression to AIDS.

Keywords: AIDS, Hepatitis B, immune status

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Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate gingival zenith position (GZP) of maxillary central incisors in relation to vertically bisected midline by means of dental casts and digital caliper in different facial forms. Methods: One hundred and four young healthy subjects divided into four groups based on their facial forms: oval, square, square tapered and tapered. Maxillary casts prepared and reference lines were drawn on maxillary central incisors and bilateral measurements, using digital caliper were recorded. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey HSD (p<0.05). Results: The mean distance of GZP IN relation to vertically bisected midline of maxillary incisors was 1.06mm, 1.12mm, 1.04mm and 1.04mm in oval, square, square tapered and tapered face types respectively. Comparison between the groups was statistically significant. Conclusions: There was statistically significant difference of GZP in relation to vertical bisected midline within four face types. The contralateral comparisons revealed no statistical difference between maxillary left and right central incisor thus emphasizing bilateral symmetry.

Keywords: Facial forms; Gingival zenith position; Maxillary central incisors.

[1]. Cohen ES. Atlas of Cosmetic and reconstructive periodontal surgery; 3RD edition esthetic structural analysis (2007)223-238.
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Abstract: Bats are distributed worldwide and are among the most diverse species rich mammals on earth. This work was aimed at determining the spectrum of fungal pathogens associated with migratory bats in Jos metropolis. Ninety three bats were randomly captured from their roosting areas in Jos, euthanized and the entire gastrointestinal contents were inoculated into nutrient broth and subsequently subcultured onto sabouraud dextrose Agar (SDA), examined macroscopically and microscopically for fungal growth. A total of 103 isolates were documented as Penicillium species 14(13.6%), Aspergillus species 42(40.8%) Torulopsis candida 22(21.4%), Rhodotorula rubra 15(14.6%), Cryptococcus neoformans 5(4.9%), Trichophyton species 5(4.8%). This study was conducted within the frame work of determining emerging infectious pathogens associated with human and animals. The relevance of public health and emerging infectious disease transmission in migratory bats has been highlighted.

Key words: Fungi, migratory, bats, Jos, Nigeria.

[1]. Kuzmin, I. V., M. Niezgoda, R. Franka, B. Agwanda, W. Markotter, J. C. Beagley, O. Y. Urazova, R. F. Breiman, and C. E. Rupprecht (2008b) Lagos bat virus in Kenya. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46, 1451–1461.
[2]. Streicker, D. G., A. S. Turmelle, M. J. Vonhof, I. V. Kuzmin, G. F. Mccracken, and C. E. Rupprecht (2010) Host phylogeny constrains cross-species emergence and establishment of rabies virus in bats. Science 329, 676–679.
[3]. Li, W., Z. Shi, M. Yu, W. Ren, C. Smith, J. H. Epstein, H. Wang, G. Crameri, Z. Hu, H. Zhang, J. Zhang, J. Mceachern, H. Field, P. Daszak, B. T. Eaton, S. Zhang, and L. F. Wang (2005) Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses. Science 310, 676–679.
[4]. Cheng, V. C., S. K. Lau, P. C. Woo, and K. Y. Yuen (2007) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus as an agent of emerging and reemerging infection. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 20, 660–694.
[5]. Vijaykrishna, D., G. J. Smith, J. X. Zhang, J. S. Peiris, H. Chen, and Y. Guan, (2007)Evolutionary insights into the ecology of coronaviruses. J. Virol. 81, 4012–4020.

Abstract: Small molecules are intracellular targeting, low, variably specific, organic substances with well defined structures and molecular weight of less than 900 Daltons that help regulate biological processes mainly by metabolic degradation. Differences in size, make, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and suitability for certain drug forms over others confer certain advantages on small therapeutic molecules over large ones or biologics. Biologics, aided by biotechnological revolution, target specificity and efficacy are favored ahead of small molecules in current medical research. However, global rise in disease and multidrug resistance (MDR) means biologics alone are not enough. In this review, a case is made for more investigation of small molecules in in-vivo and in-vitro therapeutic assay screenings. Also, other small molecules are highlighted, both organic and synthetic, that have proven medicinal capabilities. Finally, we confer some advantages inherent in small molecule therapeutics so as to provide a better view for the development of new drugs and the future direction of medical therapeuticity.

Keywords: Therapeuticity, small molecule, assays, biologics.

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Abstract: Medical termination of pregnancy is an apparently safe and uncomplicated procedure if done with full aseptic precautions and under the guidance of skilled and trained personnel. But even today with such advancement in medical field, we still encounter cases referred from peripheries and rural set –up with life threatening complications following suction evacuation done for termination of pregnancy. Here we are reporting 3 such cases of complications following MTP. One patient came with omentum protruding through os into vagina. Her per-operative findings showed uterine perforation with omentum entering that hole. Another patient presented in emergency with acute abdomen, her per-operative findings showed uterine perforation with bowel perforation .Both the patients were managed and discharged in healthy condition. The third patient presented with abnormal uterine bleeding. She had a history of an abortion 3 years back not known to her family, conducted by an untrained dai. On hysteroscopy retained bony and cartilaginous fetal parts were seen impacted in the endometrial wall.

Keywords: unsafe abortions, uterine perforation, bowel perforation

[1]. Bhattacharya SK Saha SP, Bhattacharya S, Pal R; Consequences of unsafe abortion in India-a case report. Proceeding in obstetrics and gynaecology,2011 November,2(2):12
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Abstract: Successful root canal therapy requires a thorough knowledge of root and root canal morphology. It is generally accepted that the most common form of the permanent maxillary first molar has three roots and four canals. According to the endodontic literature, the C-shaped root canal is most frequently seen in the mandibular second molar. The occurrence of C-shapes in maxillary first molars, however, has only been described in a limited number of case reports. We hereby present a case of a maxillary first molar with a c-shaped canal configuration which was successfully treated endodontically.

Keywords: C-shape, maxillary first molar, root canal anatomy, root canal treatment.

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