iosr-JEEE   Volume-10 ~ Issue-2 ~ March-April 2015

Abstract: In this paper a Distributed Power flow Controller with different controlling techniques is proposed for the improvement of voltage profile of a load bus in a transmission system. Distributed Power flow Controller (DPFC) is proposed to mitigate power quality problems such as, voltage sag and voltages swell at load bus of four bus power system. To solve these power quality issues different control logics, like PI control and Fuzzy logic control have been proposed. The performance of proposed methods of DPFC with PI control and Fuzzy control are compared using MATLAB/ simulink.

Keywords: DPFC, PI Controller, Power Quality, Fuzzy logic controller, Voltage Sag, Voltage Swell.

[1]. Zhihui Yuan, Sjoerd W. H. de Haan, Jan Braham Ferreira and Dalibor Cvoric,, "A FACTS Device: Distributed Power–Flow Controller(DPFC)," IEEE transactions on power electronics, VOL. 25, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2010.
[2]. Mr. Sandeep R. Gaigowal and Dr. M. M. Renge, " Some studies of Distributed Series FACTS Controller to control active power flow through Transmission Line,‟‟ 2013,International Conference on Power, Energy and Control (ICPEC), pp 124-128.
[3]. K.R.Suja and I Jacob Raglend, "Fuzzy Based Unified Power Quality Conditioner for Power Quality Improvement," International Conference on Circuits, Power and Computing Technologies[ICCPCT-2013], pp 49-52.
[4]. Divya Nair, Ashwini Nambiar, Megha Raveendran and Neenu P. Mohan "Mitigation of Power Quality Issues using Dstatcom," Emerging trends in Electrical Engineering and Energy management(ICETEEEM), 2012, pp 65-69.
[5]. Santosh Kumar Gupta and Shelly Vadhera, "Performance of Distributed Power Flow Controller on System Behaviour under Unbalance Fault Condition," Energy and Systems (SCES), 2014, pp 1-5.
[6]. K.H.Kuypers, R.E.Morrison and S.B.Tennakoon,"Power Quality Implications Associated with a Series FACTS Controller," IEEE Harmonics and Quality of Power , 2000, pp 176-181, volume1.
[7]. Ahmad Jamshidi, S. Masoud Barakati and Mohammad Moradi Ghahderijani, "‟ Power Quality Improvement and Mitigation Case Study Using Distributed Power Flow Controller,‟‟Industrial Electronics (ISIE),2012 pp 464 - 468.

Abstract: Persistent problem of voltage instability in electricity grids of most developing countries of the world including Nigeria highlights the need to address the challenges of reactive power compensation using advances in power electronic technologies such as the use of Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) with fast response time and low cost. This work examines the effect of application of Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), a FACTS device for reactive power compensation in electricity grid using the Nigeria 330 kV, 28-bus power network as a case study. The steady state conditions of the system before and after compensation were modelled using the Newton-Raphson-based power flow equations. The developed equations were coded and simulated using Matlab software (Version 7.9.0.529 'R2009b').

[1]. E. Lerch, D. Povh, R. Witzmann, R. Hlebcar, and R. Mihalic, Simulation and performance analysis of unified power flow controller, Conseil International des Grands Re´seaux Electriques, Paris, 1994, paper 14-205.
[2]. Y.H. Song and A.T. Johns, Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) (London: Institution of Electrical Engineers, 1999).
[3]. T. Pallavi and S. Smita, Benefits of FACTS controllers over AC transmission system, International Journal of Electronics, Communication and Instrumentation Engineering Research and Development, 4 (2), 2014, 13-26.
[4]. P. Kumar, N. Kumar and A.K. Akella (2012), Review of D-STATCOM for stability analysis, IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 1 (2), 2012, 1-9.
[5]. N.G. Hingorani and L. Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS: Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (New York: Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Press, 2000).
[6]. L. Gyugyi, N. G. Hingorani, P. R. Nannery, and N. Tai, Advanced static var compensator using gate turn-off thyristors for utility application, Conseil International des Grands Re´seaux Electriques, Paris, 1990 paper 3-203.

Abstract: In this paper a new interleaved boost converter (IBC) for photovoltaic (PV) power-generation system is proposed. In power-generation systems efficiency and cost are vital criteria which should be taken into consideration .with the proposed converter voltage stress related to one of the switches in IBC decreased noticeably. Furthermore the switching losses is lower than conventional IBC due to softer switching. These advantages lead the photovoltaic system to higher efficiency and lower cost of converter and allow the proposed converter operate in higher switching frequencies. The idea is based on implementation of coupling capacitor in IBC like Zeta and Sepic converters. A 0.5Kw converter is designed and connected to 240W solar cell. The Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) method based on Perturb and Observe (P&O) is used to track efficient power points according to solar irradiation. The Simulation results verify effectiveness of proposed converter.

Keywords: Interleaved boost Converter, low Switching Losses, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), Perturb and Observe, Photovoltaic (PV) Power Generation, Soft-Switching.

[1]. Jung, D. Y., Ji, Y. H., Park, S. H., Jung, Y. C., & Won, C. Y. (2011). Interleaved soft-switching boost converter for photovoltaic
power-generation system. Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, 26(4), 1137-1145.
[2]. Ho, CN-M., Hannes Breuninger, Sami Pettersson, Gerardo Escobar, Leonardo Augusto Serpa, and Antonio Coccia. "Practical
design and implementation procedure of an interleaved boost converter using SiC diodes for PV applications." Power Electronics,
IEEE Transactions on 27, no. 6 (2012): 2835-2845.
[3]. Lee, Kui-Jun, Byoung-Gun Park, Rae-Young Kim, and Dong-Seok Hyun. "Nonisolated ZVT two-inductor boost converter with a
single resonant inductor for high step-up applications." Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on 27, no. 4 (2012): 1966-1973.
[4]. Choi, Hyuntae, Mihai Ciobotaru, Minsoo Jang, and Vassilios G. Agelidis. "Performance of Medium-Voltage DC-Bus PV System
Architecture Utilizing High-Gain DC–DC Converter." Sustainable Energy, IEEE Transactions on 6, no. 2 (2015): 464-473.
[5]. Yang, Bo, Wuhua Li, Yi Zhao, and Xiangning He. "Design and analysis of a grid-connected photovoltaic power system." Power
Electronics, IEEE Transactions on 25, no. 4 (2010): 992-1000.

Abstract: The environment of the electric power industry in several countries around the world is changing from traditional regulated conventional set up to a deregulated one, to provide more effective generation of electric power. The movement of electricity industry environment in such a fashion resulted in the market forces to drive the electricity price and reduce the net cost through amplified competition. Provision of correct economic signals to the market participants in a deregulated electricity market is necessary to ensure reliable and secured operation of the overall power system. This paper introduces the concepts of deregulation of electric power industry and wheeling cost of electrical energy, exhibits different types of wheeling cost computation methodologies and presents in detail an embedded wheeling cost methodology namely "Power flow based Line-by-line methodology". A software package in MATLAB is developed to compute the wheeling cost by different versions of the aforementioned methodology, applied on IEEE 30-bus system and the results obtained are presented for comparison.

Keywords: Deregulation, Embedded cost, Independent Power Producers, Wheeling cost, Incremental cost

[1]. T. McGovern and C. Hicks, Deregulation and restructuring of the global electricity supply industry and its impact upon power plant suppliers, International Journal of Production Economics, 89, 2004, 321 – 337.
[2]. Lorrin Philipson and H. Lee Willis, Understanding electric utilities and deregulation (Taylor and Francis Group Limited, 2006).
[3]. Z. Xu, Z.Y. Dong and K.P. Wong, Transmission planning in a deregulated environment, IEE Proceedings – Generation, Transmission and Distribution, 153, 2006, 326 – 334.
[4]. Pavlos S. Georgilakis, George A. Orfanos and Nikos D. Hatziargyriou, Computer-assisted interactive learning for teaching transmission pricing methodologies, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2014, 1 – 9.
[5]. Alireza Sedaghati, Cost of transmission system usage based on an economic measure, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 21, 2006, 466 – 473.

Abstract: This paper mainly deals with three different topologies of cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverter. The Existing Topology is a general type of multilevel inverter and has two DC sources for each phase. In Proposed Topology -I the number of DC sources has been reduced to one for all the three phases and the usage of transformers comes into picture. Proposed Topology-II has also only one DC source for all the three phases and the number of switches has been reduced than compare to all other proposed topologies of Cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter. MATLAB simulations has been carried out for all three Topologies and compared with each other. Keywords: Level Inverter (MLI), Multilevel Inverter with Single DC Source, transformers, THD

[1]. Fang ZhengPeng ,Jih-Sheng Lai, and Rodriguez, J."Multilevelinverters: a survey of topologies,controls, and applications",Industrial Electronics,IEEE Transactions,Vol. 49, issue:4, pp. 724-738, Aug 2002.
[2]. S. Khomfoi, L. M. Tolbert, "Multilevel Power Converters," Power Electronics Handbook, 2nd Edition Elsevier, 2007, ISBN 978-0-12- 088479-7,
[3]. Chapter 17, pp. 451-482.
[4]. Holmes, D.G, McGrath, B.P. "Multicarrier PWM strategies for multilevel inverters" Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions,Vol. 49, issue:4,pp.858-867, Aug 2002.
[5]. Yan Deng, Hongyan Wang, Chao Zhang, Lei Hu and Xiangning He,"Multilevel PWM Methods Based On Control Degrees Of Freedom Combination And Its Theoretical Analysis", IEEE IAS 2005 Conference record no.:0-7803-9208-6/05, pp. 1692 – 1699, 2005.
[6]. J. Rodríguez, B. Wu, S. Bernet, J. Pontt, and S. Kouro, "Multilevel voltage-source-converter topologies for industrial medium-voltage drives," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 2930–2945, Dec. 2007.

Abstract: This paper presents the performances of the three types of FACTS devices in controlling voltage, improve the voltage profile and reduce the power losses in transmission power system. Simulations were performed on the test network called TEST 2 using the Matlab software and Neplan package. The result shows that adding the FACTS devices to the power system led to improve the voltage level to the desired value and decrease the real power losses.

Keywords: Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS), Static VAr Compensator (SVC), Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC), Unified power flow controller (UPFC), voltage profile, power losses.

[1]. N.G.Hingoranl and L. Gyugyi, "Understanding FACTS. Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission Systems", John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2000.
[2]. *** , " D1.4.2 Final WP1 report on cost/benefit analysis of innovative technologies and grid technologies roadmap report validated by the external",Seventh framework programme, 2010.
[3]. H.G. Sarmiento, G. Pampin, J. De Diaz Leon. , "FACTS solutions for voltage stability problems in a large metropolitan area ", IEEE PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition, 2004, pp. 275-282.
[4]. C. Bulac, C. Diaconu, M. Eremia, B. Otomega, I. Pop, L. Toma, "Power Transfer Capacity Enhancement using SVC", Proceedings of 2009 IEEE Bucharest PowerTech, Bucharest, 28 June – 2 July, 2009.
[5]. Juan Dixon, ,Luis Morán, José Rodríguez and Ricardo Domke, "Reactive Power Compensation Technologies", State-of- the-Art Review", IEEE , Volume :93 , Issue : 12, Dec. 2005.

Abstract: In the presented work, a copy-paste or cut-paste detection algorithm is discussed. The algorithm is based on wavelet decomposition of the input image and then extracting the edges so that the cut-paste or copy-paste region is detected by examining the edge pixels in wavelet domain. The scheme consists of: image acquisition, gray scale conversion, wavelet decomposition using haar wavelet, edge detection using sobel filter and then analysis of the region falling under the straight edge chain. The cut-paste or copy-paste region is normally in rectangular or square edge region. The edge pixels are analyse for their chain code so that the straight line could be extracted from the pixel tracing. This gives the possible region of image forgery. Further, the input image and forged images are compared with respect to different properties like entropy, power energy, standard deviation etc and re discussed in the algorithm. Keywords: Haar Wavelet, Digital Image Forgery

[1]. Xin Wang, Bo Xuan, Si-long Peng "Digital image forgery detection based on the consistency of defocus blur", 978-0-7695-3278-3/08 $25.00 © 2008 IEEE
[2]. Jing Zhang, Zhanlei Feng�Yuting Su, "A New Approach for Detecting Copy-Move Forgery in Digital Images", 1-4244-2424-5/08/$20.00 ©2008 IEEE
[3]. Wang Zhongmei1, 2, Long Yonghong1, "Digital image forgeries detection based on blocking artifact", 978-1-4244-8886-5/10/$26.00 ©2010 IEEE

Abstract: As per the power quality IEEE 519-1992 STD the inverter output voltage should follow limit of harmonics standards specified. For the low power demand sine pulse width techniques has proven good performance. But as the power demand increases it becomes necessity to replace switching technique SPWM with the SVPWM. In order to implement SVPWM for multilevel inverter we find the difficulty in determining the location of reference vector, calculation of ON time and calculation and estimation of switching states. Thus with the increase in the number of level, the complexity increases. In the proposed scheme, five-level space vector PWM inverter is easily implemented as conventional two-level space vector PWM inverter. Therefore, the proposed method can also be applied to multilevel inverters. The design of LC filter for the reduction in harmonics is shown

Keywords: Multilevel inverter, space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM), switching state, two-level inverter.

[1]. Fang Zheng Peng and Jih-Sheng Lai "A multilevelvoltage-source inverter with separate DC sources for static VAr generation" Industry ApplicationsConference, 1995. Thirtieth IAS Annual Meeting, IAS'95., Conference Record of the 1995IEEE (Volume:3 ), 8-12 Oct 1995.
[2]. J. Rodriguez, J. S. Lai, and F. Z. Peng, "Multilevel inverters: A survey of topologies, controls, and applications," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. Ol. 49, no. 4, pp. 724–738, Aug. 2002.
[3]. Amit Kumar gupta, and ashwin m khambadkone," A Space Vector PWM Scheme for Multilevel Inverters Based on Two-Level Space Vector PWM," IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 53, NO. 5, OCTOBER 2006
[4]. S. K. `, J. O. P. Pinto, and B. K. Bose, "A neural-networkbased space-vector pwm controller for a three-level voltage-fed inverter induction motor drive," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 38, no. 3,pp. 660–669, May/Jun. 2002.
[5]. N. Celanovic and D. Boroyevich, "A fast space vector modulation algorithm for multilevel three phase converters," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl.,vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 637–641, Mar./Apr. 2001.

Abstract: In PWM inverters, the short through of the phase leg is always a problem for reliability, efficiency and higher switching frequency. Besides this, power device on/off time and the reverse recovery time of poor performance body diodes will limit the switching frequency and power conversion efficiency. This paper presents an analysis of a transistor clamped H-bridge split phase PWM inverter which could split the MOSFET based phase legs by coupled inductor to prevent the short through and disable poor performance body diode. Double using double reference single carrier modulation technique. Results are obtained using simulations done in MATLAB Simulink environment. Keywords: Electro Magnetic Interference (EMI), Multi Level Inverter, Pulse Width Modulation, Total Harmonic Distortion(THD), Transistor Clamped H Bridge(TCHB)

[1]. Suxuan Guo, Alex Q. Huang, "Control and Analysis of the High Efficiency Split Phase PWM Inverter," Proc. IEEE Appl. Power Electron. Conf., pp.2415 – 2420, 2014.
[2]. Anzari M, Meenakshi J, and Sreedevi V T, "Simulation of a Transistor Clamped H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter and its comparison with a Conventional H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter," IEEE International Conference on Circuit, Power and Computing Technologies, 2014.
[3]. Nasrudin A. Rahim, Krismadinata Chaniago, and Jeyraj Selvaraj, "Single-Phase Seven-Level Grid-Connected Inverter for Photovoltaic System," IEEE Trans. Ind.Electronics., vol. 58,no. 6, june 2011, pp. 2435–2443.
[4]. Jeyraj Selvaraj and Nasrudin A. Rahim, "Multilevel Inverter For Grid-Connected PV System Employing Digital PI Controller," I EEE Trans.Ind electronics, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 149-158, jan 2009.