iosr-JEEE   Volume-11 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jan-Feb 2016

Abstract: Commencing with incandescent light bulbs, every load today creates harmonics. Unfortunately, these loads vary with respect to their amount of harmonic content and their response to problems caused by harmonics. The prevalent difficulties with harmonics are voltage and current waveform distortions. In addition, Electronic equipment like computers, battery chargers, electronic ballasts, and variable frequency drives, and switching mode power supplies generate perilous amounts of harmonics. Issues related to harmonics are of a greater concern to engineers and building designers because they do more than just distort voltage waveforms, they can overheat the building wiring, cause nuisance tripping, overheat transformer units, and cause random end-user equipment failures.

[1]. C. Shankaran, "power quality", CRC press, 2002, pp: 1-23.
[2]. R.C. Dugan, M. F. McGranaghan, "Electrical power system quality", Mc Grow Hill publication,
[3]. Hirofumi Akagi, Senior Member, IEEE, "New Trends in Active Filters for Improving Power Quality", 0-7803-2795-0.
[4]. Fang Zheng Peng, "Application issues of active power filter", international conference, Las Vegas, 1998, IEEE industry Applications Magazine, September/October 1998.
[5]. João Afonso, Carlos Couto, Júlio Martins, "Active Filters with Control Based on the p-q Theory", IEEE Industrial Electronics Society Newsletter, vol. 47, nº 3, Sept. 2000.
[6]. João L. Afonso, "p-q Theory Power Components Calculations", ISIE'2003 - IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 9-11 Junho de 2003.

Abstract:A shunt active filter injects a suitable non-sinusoidal current (compensating current) into the system at the point of common coupling and makes the source current sinusoidal. This paper presents a performance comparison of different methods of estimating reference-compensating current for a three-phase shunt active power filter. The control strategy considers the presence of harmonics in the system voltage and load current simultaneously. The shunt active filter provides current compensation, such that the compensated current drawn from the network is sinusoidal and balanced, corresponding to the fundamental positive-sequence component of the load current, plus an additional fundamental positive sequence component to cover losses in the power circuit of the shunt active filter. Simulation results are presented to validate the control strategy. Simulation results have determined that the Fast Fourier Transform method provides good steady state and transient responses for active filters in unbalanced systems.
Keywords: Current Compensation, Fast Fourier Transform, Harmonic and Reactive power compensation, Instantaneous Active and Reactive Power, Harmonic Elimination etc.

[1]. Arrillaga, J., Bradley, D.A. and Bodger, P.S., 1985, "Power System Harmonics", John Wiley, New York, USA
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[3]. Duke, R.M. and Round, S.D.:The Steady-State Performance of a Controlled Current Active Filter, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., 8, 1993, pp 140–146
[4]. Quinn, C.A., Mohan, N., and Mehta, H.,:A Four- Wire, Current-Controlled Converter Provides Harmonic Neutralization in Three-Phase, Four-Wire Systems, APEC'93, 1993, pp 841–846
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[6]. Bhattacharya, S., Divan, D.M. and Banerjee, B.:Synchronous Frame Harmonic Isolator Using Active Series Filter, EPE 1991, 1991, pp 3-030–3-035
[7]. C. Shankaran, "power quality", CRC press, 2002, pp: 1-23. S.D. Round and D.M.E. Ingram, "An Evaluation of Techniques for Determining Active Filter Compensating Currents in Unbalanced Systems" S´ebastien Mariethoz, Prof. Alfred Rufer, "Control of the frequency spectrum with the help of open loop and closed loop algorithms in active filters".

Abstract: This paper focuses on response analysis of Microgrid which consists of wind turbines, photovoltaic panels, with Hybrid DC and AC Buses. In grid-connected operation, voltage of DC bus is kept steady by the inverter. Energy Management System controls hybrid storage system to release or absorb power with the strategies according to grid condition, state of charge of batteries and super-capacitor, electricity price and so on. In islanded operation, voltage of DC bus is controlled by storage system and amplitude and frequency of AC Bus voltage are regulated by parallel inverters with voltage-frequency or droop control strategy. In this work, different control strategies in grid-connected and islanded operation are described which can keep power balanced and AC/DC bus stable.

[1]. Joe-Air Jiang, Tsong-Liang Huang, Ying-Tung Hsiao, Chia-Hong Chen, "Maximum Power Tracking for Photovoltaic Power Systems‟, Tamkang Journal of Science and Engineering, vol. 8, no 2, pp. 147-153, 2005.
[2]. Marcelo Gradella Villalva, Jonas Rafael Gazoli, and Ernesto Ruppert Filho, "Comprehensive Approach to Modeling and Simulation of Photovoltaic Arrays‟, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol.24, no. 5, 2009.
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Abstract:This paper reviews the recent developments in the field of sensorless control of Brushless Direct Current motors. Moreover a survey of application of H∞ control theory for robust control, considering the uncertainties like modeling errors and external disturbances in various motors and systems has been carried out. This provides a deeper insight into the recent developments and future scope in the robust control of sensorless BLDC motors to mitigate the effects of parametric uncertainties and unmodeled dynamics.

[1] A. M. Welekar, and A. A. Apte , Development of Brushless DC Motor Drive, IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 2014, 12- 18.
[2] Vinatha U, Pola S and Vittal K.P, Recent Developments in Control Schemes of BLDC Motors, IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology, 2006, 477-482.
[3] T. Kim, Lee H.W and Ehsani M, Position Sensorless Brushless DC Motor/Generator Drives: Review and Future Trends, IET Electrical Power Applications, 2007, 1, 557-564.
[4] J. C. Gamazo-Real, E. Vazquez-Sanchez and Jaime Gomez-Gil, Position and Speed Control of Brushless DC Motors Using Sensorless Techniques and Application Trends, Review, Sensors, 10, 2010, 6901-6947.
[5] G. Zacharia and A. Raina, A Survey on Back EMF Sensing Methods for Sensorless Brushless DC Motor Drives, International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering Research, 2(2), 2014, 15-19.

Abstract: In past few decades number of vehicles has increased drastically. So it has become a challenging job to tract them. Even it has become seemingly impossible to identify the car owner in case of violation of any traffic rule or too fast driving. With the explosion in number of vehicles flying on the roads, proper tracking is impossible to be fully managed and monitored by humans; examples are so many like traffic monitoring, tracking stolen cars, managing parking toll, red-light violation enforcement, border and customs checkpoints. Therefore, there is a need to develop Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) system as a one of the solutions to this problem. Yet it's a very challenging problem, due to the diversity of plate formats, different scales, rotations and non-uniform illumination conditions during image acquisition. The proposed method suggests a histogram based approach which is easily implementable using MATLAB and can duly be verified for it's functionality. This approach has a basic advantage of being simple and hence faster. This paper makes use of various algorithms in each category from distinct edge detection to region of interest extraction. This enhances the performance of the system up to the maximum extent possible with less efforts and use of computational resources.

[1]. You-Shyang Chen and Ching-Hsue Cheng, "A Delphi-based rough sets fusion model for extracting payment rules of vehicle license tax in the government sector," Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 2161-2174, 2010.
[2]. Anton Satria Prabuwono and Ariff Idris, "A Study of Car Park Control System Using Optical Character Recognition ," in International Conference on Computer and Electrical Engineering, 2008, pp. 866-870.
[3]. A Albiol, L Sanchis, and J.M Mossi, "Detection of Parked Vehicles Using Spatiotemporal Maps," IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 1277-1291, 2011.
[4]. Chirag Patel, Dipti Shah and Atul Patel "Automatic Number Plate Recognition System (ANPR): A Survey," International Journal of Computer Applications, vol-69, no-9, pp. 21-33, 2013.
[5]. Clemens Arth, Florian Limberger and Horst Bischof, "Real-Time License Plate Recognition on an Embedded DSP-Platform", Proceedings of IEEE conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp 1-8, June 2007.

Abstract: Busbar Differential Relays May Operate Incorrectly Due To External Faults With Current Transformer (Ct) Saturation Extent. In This Paper, Two Different Techniques Are Suggested To Combine One Protective Scheme For Busbar Protection And Ct Saturation Detection. The First Proposed Algorithm Is Able To Perform Fault Detection, Faulty Phase Selection And Fault Location Discrimination Using Three Phase Alienation Coefficients In About A Half-Cycle Period. Each Alienation Coefficient Is Estimated Between The Input And Output Phase Current Signals Of Busbar.....

Keywords: Fault Detection Ct Saturation Detection, Adaptive Busbar Differential Relay, Alienation Coefficient, Atp/Emtp Software, Matlab Package.

[1]. D.A. Bradley, C. B. Gray, D. O. Kelly, "Transient Compensation Of Current Transformers", Ieee Transactions On Power Apparatus And Systems, Vol. Pas-97, No.4, July/Aug 1978.
[2]. Y.C. Kang, J. K. Park, S. H. Kang, A.T. Johns, R.K. Aggarawal," An Algorithm For Compensating Secondary Currents Of Current Transformers", Ieee Transactions On Power Delivery, Vol.12, No.1, January 1997.
[3]. D. C. Yu, Z. Wang, J.C. Cummins, H.-J. Yoon, L.A. Kojovic, And D. Stone, "Neural Network For Current Transformer Saturation Correction", In Proc. Ieee Transm. Distrib. Conf., New Orrleans, La, Apr.1999.
[4]. M.E. Masoud, E. H. Shehab-Eldin, M. M. Eissa, And M. F. Elnagar, "A New Compensating Secondary Current Technique For Saturated Current Transformers", The 8thinternational Middle- East Power System Conference, "Mepecon 2001", Pp549-555.
[5]. M.A. Salem, M.I. Gilany, Z. Osman And E. Aboul Zahab, " A New Algorithm For Compensating The Secondary Current During Current Transformer Saturation", The Tenth International Middle- East Power Systems Conference "Mepecon 2005" Pp 427-433.

Abstract: In modern digital protection and control systems, a correlation technique has recently become the workhorse of quantitative research and analysis. In this paper, a correlation technique is developed for calculation of original power factor on-line, active and compensation reactive powers and determination of the required number of capacitor banks to get the desired power factor. Cross-correlation coefficients are calculated between phase voltage and current signals of power supply. The proposed technique is able accurately to identify the required capacitor rating to get the desired power factor under different loading levels. The suggested technique performs the task of cross-correlation coefficients calculations within one-cycle. Thus, the algorithm is well suited for implementation in a digital reactive power control scheme. Alternative transient p.

Keywords: power system, power factor correction, correlation coefficient, Reactive power control relays, ATP software, MATLAB.

[1] K. K. Kapil, "Reduction in transmission and distribution loses, an opportunity for earning carbon credits", Available online: http://www.slideshare.net/kris_kapil/cdm-in-reduction-in-transmission and-distribution-losses.
[2] Y. Jiang, F.C. Lee, G. Hua and W. Tang, "A novel single-phase power factor correction scheme," Eighth Annual Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, pp: 287-292, 1993.
[3] S. Basu and M.H.J. Bollen, "A Novel Common Power Factor Correction Scheme for Homes and Offices," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Volume: 20, Issue: 3, pp: 2257 - 2263, 2005.
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[5] D.K. Maly and K.S. Kwan, "Optimal battery energy storage system (BESS) charge scheduling with dynamic programming," IEE Proceedings in Science, Measurement and Technology, pp: 453- 458, 1995. [6] Fang Lin Luo and Hong Ye, ''Research on DC-Modulated Power Factor Correction AC/AC Converters'' Industrial Electronics Society, 2007. IECON 2007. 33rd Annual Conference of the IEEE, PP: 1478 – 1483, Nov. 2007.

Abstract: This Paper Involves The Study Of Power Transformer Differential Relay Inrush Restraint Settings Applications. Criteria For The Setting And Testing Of Transformers Differential Relays Was Presented.The Setting Of The Inrush Restraint On A Per-Phase Basis On The Protected Transformerwas Performed.....

Keywords: Power Transformer, Differential Relay, Harmonic Restraint, Energization, Magnetizing Inrush Current, Relay Setting, Current Transformer, Differential Protection

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[3] bangbee J.O.,2014. "Ph.D. Thesis, Current Transformer Saturation Impacts On Microprocessor-Based Protective Relays
Application In Nigeria Electricity Transmission Network", University Of Benin, Nigeria
[4] W. K. Sonnemann, C. L. Wagner, And G. D. Rockefeller,1958."Magnetizing Inrush Phenomena In
[5] Transformer Banks," Aiee Transactions, Vol. 77, Part Iii, Pp. 884892.
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Abstract: With The Increase In Energy Demand Due To The Depletion Of Fossil Fuel Resources, The Renewable Energy Sources (Res) Are Connected In Distributed System Which Uses Power Electronics Devices. The Use Of Power Electronics Devices Generate Harmonic Current And May Reduce Quality Of Power. This Paper, Presents A Grid Interfacing Inverter Control That Compensates Power Quality Problems And Interface Renewable Energy Sources With The Grid. The Res Used Here Is Photo Voltaic (Pv) System. The Grid Interfacing Inverter Is Given With Hysteresis Current Control Method To Generate Gate Pulses And It Has The Capability Of Injecting Res Power To The Grid, Reduces Load Unbalance, Load Harmonics, Reactive Power Demand And Distortions. Total Harmonic Distortion (Thd) Of The Grid System.

Keywords: Is Analyzed. This Concept Is Modeled And Simulated In Matlab/Simulink. Renewable Energy Sources (Res), Photo Voltaic (Pv), Distributed Generation (Dg), Power Pq),

[1] Mukhtiar Singh, Vinod Khadkikar, "Grid Interconnection of RenewableEnergy Sources at the Distribution LevelWith Power-Quality Improvement Features", IEEE Transactions On Power Delivery, Vol. 26, No. 1, January 2011.
[2] Sharad W. Mohod, Mohan V. Aware, "A STATCOM-Control Scheme for Grid Connected Wind Energy System for Power Quality Improvement", IEEE Systems Journal, Vol. 4, No. 3, September 2010.
[3] Sd.Shagufta Parveen, S.Chandra Sekhar, "Grid Interconnection of Renewable Energy Sources at the Distribution Level with Performance Comparison of Induction Generators", International Journal of Emerging Trends in Electrical and Electronics (IJETEE – ISSN: 2320-9569) Vol. 10, Issue. 3, July-2015.
[4] Juan Manuel Carrasco, "Power-Electronic Systems for the Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Sources", IEEE Transactions On Industrial Electronics, Vol. 53, No. 4, August 2006.
[5] Mahmoud M. N. Amin, O. A. Mohammed, "Power Quality Improvement of Grid-Connected Wind Energy Conversion System for Optimum Utilization of Variable Speed Wind Turbines", IEEE Transaction On Power Delivery Vol. 4 No. 3, October 2010.

Abstract: This paper presents the turn of events and the specialized significance of the Micro alloyed steel for
various microstructural conditions. Weight reduction, Non Electrochemical strategy, and Electrochemical
Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) strategies, optical magnifying lens and XRD have been utilized to examine the
electrochemical conduct. Steel is a combination of iron and carbon. Steel is the most valuable material for
building structures with quality of around multiple times that of solid, Steel assumes a basic job in the
advancement of present day social orders. Consumption is the damaging assault of a metal by synthetic or
electrochemical response with its condition. Decay by physical causes isn't called consumption, yet is portrayed
as disintegration, rankling, or wear. The impacts of the......

Key words: Micro alloyed steel, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy & XRD.

Keywords: Is Analyzed. This Concept Is Modeled And Simulated In Matlab/Simulink. Renewable Energy Sources (Res), Photo Voltaic (Pv), Distributed Generation (Dg), Power Pq),

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[5]. Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, Vol. 14, No. 1-2, pp. 09-20.

Abstract: With a growing demand for more energy from subscribers, a traditional electric grid is unable to meet
new challenges, in the remote areas remains the extension of the conventional electric network very hard to do
make prohibitively expensive. Therefore, a new advanced generation of traditional electrical is inevitable and
indispensable to move toward an effective, economical, green, clean and self-correcting power system. The most
well-known term used to define this next generation power system is micro grid (MG) based on renewable
energy sources (RES). Since, the energy produced by RES are not constant at all times, a wide range of energy
control techniques must be involved to provide a reliable power to consumers. To solve this problem in this
paper we present a fuzzy logic control of isolated.......

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Technical Requirements and Spin-Off Products, Gesche Krause, IntechOpen, 2011.
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of the Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 02), vol. 3, pp. 2300-2305, 2002.
[3]. W. J. Praiselin and J. B. Edward, "Integrated renewable energy sources with droop control techniques-based microgrid operation,"
in Hybrid-Renewable Energy Systems in Microgrids, pp. 39-60, 2018.
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Systems in Microgrids, pp. 1-22, 2018..

Abstract: A qualitative study was carried out to assess the quality of ground water in Cuttack town. It was
observed that most of the parameters were below the permissible limit as per BIS & PCB standards. Khan
nagar and Tulasipur industrial areas were found to be more polluted. The ground water of the concenred area
was safe with respect to TC, FC as none of the locations were above the WHO limit in any seasons. It has been
observed from correlation coefficient that TH, Conductivity, Cl-, TDS have strong correlation with each other.
Iron is negatively correlated with TH and F– is negatively correlated with pH

Keywords: Ground water, Pollution, Physico-chemical parameters, TDS, Hardness, Turbidity.

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