iosr-JEEE   Volume-11 ~ Issue-5 ~ Sep-Oct 2016

Abstract: In Nigeria, the VHF and UHF frequency bands of the electromagnetic spectrum are mainly occupied by television services, while radio broadcasting is transmitted in the low frequency, medium frequency and high frequency bands. Therefore, it is important to manage the allocated spectrum for these services to ensure that radio stations, cellular network and television broadcast stations do not interfere in signal transmission . The governance of spectrum use on a global basis is a core responsibility of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and in particular............
Key Words: Frequency assignment, ITU, MoIC, NFMC, NCC, NBC, ISM, RF.

[1]. Kamalu U.A. et al., 2012, Spectrum Planning, Management and Monitoring in Nigeria Telecommunication Industry (radio and television) Continental J. Engineering Sciences 7 (1): 24 – 35

[2]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_administration. [Accessed: July 2016]

[3]. National Frequency Management Council of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, October 2014, National Frequency Allocation Table.
[4]. Innocent P. I. et al, 2013, Broadcasting Regulation and Broadcasting in Nigeria: An Overview Of The Approaches, Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online) Vol.3, No.2
[5]. McLean F. et al, 2007, Radio Spectrum Management, Module 5, ICT Regulation Toolkit. Available: http://www.ictregulationtoolkit.org/en/Section.1247.html

Abstract: The aim of this study is to evaluate the environmental performance of different photovoltaic solar energy systems through a review of the scientific literature concerning the life-cycle assessment applied to different photovoltaic systems and using the ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 standards. A comparison between solar photovoltaic systems and conventional systems, power generation is performed. Through the LCA the environmental impacts associated with the analyzed throughout their life cycle systems were tested. These results show, in terms of cumulative energy demand (CED), that for the case of monocrystalline silicon (mc-Si) as one of the most used raw materials............

Index Terms: Photovoltaic systems, environmental impact, life-cycle assessment, greenhouse gas emissions

[1] J. H. Braslavsky, J. R. Wall, and L. J. Reedman, "Optimal distributed energy resources and the cost of reduced greenhouse gas emissions in a large retail shopping centre," Appl. Energy, vol. 155, pp. 120–130, 2015.

[2] R. Alberto and M. Rioseco, "Inserción de generadores de energía renovable en redes de distribución," 2007.

[3] (Organización De Las Naciones Unidas) Onu, "Convención Marco sobre el Cambio Climático," vol. 21930, p. 40, 2015.

[4] Departamento Nacional de planeacion. (2011) Plan Nacional De Adaptacion Al Cambio Climatico

[5] C. de C. Congreso de Colombia, "Ley N° 1715 Del 13 De Mayo De 2014," no. May, p. 26, 2014

Abstract: In this paper, a novel single-port five-transistor (5T) Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) cell and associated read/write assist is proposed. Amongst them, a word line suppression circuit is to provide a voltage of the respective connected word line to be lower than the power supply voltage VDD, as such the read/write-ability of the cell can be improved and the half-selected cells disturbance can be reduced. Furthermore, a voltage control circuit is coupled to the sources corresponding to the driver transistors of each row memory cells.............

Index Terms: Read/write assist circuitry, Standby start-up circuit, Static random access memory, Word line suppression circuit, Voltage control circuit

[1] N. H. E. Weste and D. M. Harris, CMOS VLSI Design: A Circuits and Systems Perspective (Addison Wesley, 2011).
[2] K. Itoh, VLSI Memory Chip Designs (Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag, 2001).
[3] M. Horowitz, Scaling, power, and the future of MOS, Proc. IEDM Tech. Dig., 2005, 9-15.
[4] N. S. Kim, et al., Leakage Current: Moore's Law Meets Static Power, IEEE J. Computer, 36(12), 2003, 68-75.
[5] D. A. Hodges, H. G. Jackson, and R. A. Saleh, Analysis and Design of Digital Integrated Circuits: In Deep Submicron Technology, 3 (New York: McGraw-Hill Press, 2004).

Abstract: This research paper addresses the power optimization problem of a tethered quadcopter for mini payload long time hovering is expected. Tethered quadcopters are unmanned aerial vehicles with ability of vertical takeoffs, landings and hovering at a desired location. Since the vehicle is tethered, it has no flight time restrictions that the battery operated unmanned aerial vehicle has, and so suitable for long time uninterrupted applications. In already existing tethered UAV's the power consumption is not optimum due to the lack of proper knowledge about the power parameters like voltage, current and throttle level. So we concentrated on finding the optimum value of parameters to be fed to the quadcopter for a particular payload value.

Index Terms: Tethered flight, UAV, Power optimization, Quadcopter

[1]. Tethering System for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, Quentin Morales-Perryman (Hampton University, Electrical Engineering), SUNFEST Fellow,Dr. Daniel D. Lee, Department of Electrical Systems Engineering
[2]. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Power Line Inspection: A Cooperative Way in Platforms and Communications, Chuang Deng , Shengwei Wang, Zhi Huang , Zhongfu Tan and Junyong Liu, Journal of Communications Vol. 9, No. 9, September 2014
[3]. Uninterruptible Power Supply Design for Heavy Payload Tethered Hexaroters, Guangwei Wang, , Wasantha Samarathunga, , Shiqin Wang, International Journal of Emerging Engineering Research and Technology Volume 4, Issue 2, February 2016, PP 16-21 ISSN 2349-4395 (Print) & ISSN 2349-4409 (Online)

Abstract: People in underprivileged countries could benefit from the use of a solar distributed generation system. To provide an efficient solar distributed generation system, a scaled down dual-axis solar tracker was designed, built and tested

[1] Google

[2] Electronicsproject.com

[3] Electrical Magazine

[4] Electronics Magazine

[5] Urja-Bhavan, Bhopal

Abstract: In the power transmission system FACT controller is incorporated in the transmission line in order to increase power transfer capability as well as reactive power control. The FACT devices which combine the feature of shunt fact devices and series fact devices are considered i.e. UPFC (Unified power flow controller) which address the issue of adaptive protection of a transmission line where this device is located at the different position of transmission line like middle of the transmission line, sending end and receiving end of transmission line. Design and simulating the UPFC incorporated in transmission line is done in PSCAD/ EMTDC software. The impact of UPFC on the distance relay is described by impedance trajectory, disturbance in voltage and current and apparent impedance is carried out in the presence of UPFC for different fault calculation.

Index Terms: UPFC, PSCAD/EMTDC, FACTS, Apparent Impedance.

[1] N. G. Hingorani and L. Gyugyi, "Understanding FACTS Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission Systems", IEEE Press, 2000.
[2] K.R.Padiyar,"FACTS Controller In Power Transmission and Distribution" published by New age International limted,2008.
[3] M. Adamiak and R.Patterson, "Protection requirements for flexible AC transmission system," in Proc.CIGRE, Paris, France 1992
[4] K. El-Arroudi, G. Joos, D.T. McGillis, "Operation of Impedance Protection Relays With the STATCOM" IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol.17, No.2, pp.381-387, April 2002.
[5] Xiaoyao Zhou, Haifeng Wang, R.K. Aggarwal, Beaumont "Performance Evaluation of a Distance Relay as Applied to a Transmission System with UPFC" IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol.21, No. 3, pp.1137-11476, July 2006.

Abstract: This paper presents the detection of power system faults such as Line to ground fault (LG), double line fault (LL), double line to ground fault (LLG) and three-phase fault involving ground (LLLG) in the presence of resistive-inductive load. The Stockwell's transform has been utilized for the detection of these faults. The proposed study has been carried out in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. The faults have been simulated at 6th cycle and results are plotted for 12 cycles............

Index Terms: Double line fault, double line to ground fault, line to ground fault, linear load, three-phase fault, Stockwell Transform.

[1]. Joe-Air Jiang, Ching-Shan Chen, and Chih-Wen Liu, "A New Protection Scheme for Fault Detection, Direction Discrimination, Classification, and Location in Transmission Lines," IEEE Transactions on the Power Delivery, Vol. 18, No. 1, January 2003.
[2]. V.H. Ferreira, R. Zanghi, M.Z. Fortes, G.G. Sotelo, R.B.M. Silva, J.C.S. Souza, C.H.C. Guimarães, and S. Gomes Jr, "A survey on intelligent system application to fault diagnosis in electric power system transmission lines," Electric Power Systems Research, Vol. 136, pp. 135–153, 2016.
[3]. A. P. Morais, G. Cardoso Júnior, L. Mariotto, and G. Marchesan, "Fault location scheme for multi-terminal transmission lines using unsynchronized measurements," International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, Vol. 78, pp. 277–284, 2016.
[4]. Ch. Durga Prasad, N. Srinivasu, "Fault Detection in Transmission Lines using Instantaneous Power with ED based Fault Index," Proceedia Technology, Vol. 21, pp. 132 – 138, 2015.

Abstract: Power electronic converters play an important role in many electronic circuits used in portable application. This paper proposes a PWM based synchronous buck converter with constant input voltage as well as variable input voltage which is designed for low voltage and high efficiency applications. The variable voltage to converter is indicating the implementation with PV energy. This report will give the detailed description of synchronous buck converter, their working modes, simulation circuit along with results.

Index Terms: Synchronous buck converter, constant current feedback control, pulse width modulation, variable input voltage.

[1] S. -Y. Fan, S. -Y. Tseng, Y. -J. Wu and J. -D. Lee, "PV Power System Using Buck/Forward Hybrid Converters for LED Lighting,"IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, pp. 2584-2591, Sept. 2009.
[2] Huang-Jen Chiu, Yu-Kang Lo, Jun-Ting Chen, Shih-Jen Cheng, Chung Yi Lin, and Shann-ChyiMou, "A High Efficiency Dimmable LED Driver for Low-Power Lighting Applications,"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 735-743, February 2010.
[3] Hongjia Wu, Yongliang Zhang, Menglian Zhao, HongfengShen and Xiaobo Wu, "A Constant-on-Time Based Buck Controller with Active PFC for Universal Input LED,"Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS),pp.551-556, June 2015.
[4] A.S.Werulkar and P.S.Kulkarni, "Design of a Constant Current Solar Charge Controller with Microcontroller based SoftSwitching Buck Converter for Solar Home Lighting System," 2012 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy System, pp. 1-6, Dec. 2012.

Abstract: In multi bus system, Unified Power Flow Converter (UPQC) is preferred because of the harmonic reduction ability and voltage injection property. In UPQC, PV based Boost converter is proposed to improve the Power Quality. The UPQC is used to reduce voltage sag and line losses. In this work, the authors proposed, the idea of multiple UPQC's to improve the voltage profile. Simulation studies are performed using MATLAB simulation tool. Case studies of fifty bus system with and without UPQC's are presented. The proposed system has advantages like reduced harmonic content and improved voltage profile. The simulation results are
compared with theoretical results.

Index Terms: Dynamic Voltage Regulator, Active Filter, Total Harmonic Distortion, Line Losses, Power Quality.

[1]. H. Akagi, "New trends in active filters for power conditioning," IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 32, pp. 1312-1332, Nov/Dec. 1996.
[2]. H. Akagi, E. H. Watanabe, and M. Aredes, "Instantaneous power theory and applications to power conditioning," Hoboken, NJ:
Wiley IEEE Press, Apr. 2007.

[3]. H. Fujita and H. Akagi, "The unified power quality conditioner: The integration of series and shunt active filters," IEEE Trans.
Power Electron., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 315-322, Mar. 1998.
[4]. Teke, L. Saribulut and M. Tumay, " A novel reference signal generation method for power quality improvement of unified power
quality conditioner," IEEE Trans. Power Del., Vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 2205-2214, Oct. 2011.
[5]. Tan Zhili, Li Xun, Chen Jian, Kang Yong and DuanShanxu, " A direct control strategy for UPQC in three-phase four-wire system,"
Proc. IEEE Conf. on Power Electronics and Motion Control 2006, vol. 2, pp. 1-5.