iosr-JEEE   Volume-12 ~ Issue-2 ~ Mar-Apr 2017

Abstract: The aim of this study is to employ the wavelet technique for diagnosis of open-circuit and short circuit faults in the dc link of Induction motor drive. The symlet wavelet is selected as the wavelet base to perform stator current analysis during faults. In this method, the stator currents are used as an input to the system. The MATLAB software is used to process discreet wavelet transform (DWT) of the signals. The stator current is used for the detection of the fault. When an open-circuit fault or a short circuit fault appears, the signal fault information is included in each frequency region. The time of the spikes in the DWT is correlated with the time of fault. As a result of time domain & frequency studies, a faulty system can be easily discriminated from a healthy one.
Key Words: DC link faults, Wavelet, Symlet, and Fast Fourier transform.

[1]. P. frank; R. Patton and R. Clark., Fault diagnosis in dynamic systems theory and application Prentice hall New Jersey 1989
[2]. P. Frank; R. Patton and R. Clark., Issues in fault diagnosis for dynamic systems Springer Verlag 2000.
[3]. M.E.H Benbouzid, "Bibliography on induction motors faults detection and diagnosis", IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, vol. 14(4), pp 1065–1074, December, 1999
[4]. Blodt M and Chabert M. and Regnier j Faucher, "Mechanical load fault detection in induction motors by stator current time-frequency analysis", IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 2006, 42, (6), pp. 1454–1463.
[5]. W.Yoon and M.J.Devaney, "Reactive power measurement using the wavelet transform", IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 579–584, Apr. 2000.

Abstract: In this paper, the topology of H Bridge configuration meet many demands in the Industry of Power Electronics with the nearest progress in MOSFET switches the cost, size and installation area are highly reduced. It is a transformerless process in order to increase the quality of the Power with reduction in losses and stress. In the PV panel the solar radiance method is employed for energy harvesting in Agriculture site. Finally, the simulation relations using MATLAB / Simulink show the applicability and performance of the proposed model in PV storage system for the prediction of Boosted PV output power.
Key Words: H - bridge multilevel inverters, Boost Converter, Photovoltaic module.

[1]. D. T. Ton, C. J. Hanley, G. H. Peek, and J. D. Boyes, ―Solar energy grid integration systems—Energy storage (SEGIS-ES),‖ Sandia National Laboratories, Jul. 2008.
[2]. P. Denholm, E. Ela, B. Kirby, and M. Milligan, ―The role of energy storage with renewable electricity generation,‖ National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Rep. TP-6A2-47187, 2010.
[3]. C.Whitaker, J.Newmiller,M. Ropp, and B.Norris, ―Distributed photovoltaic systems design and technology requirements,‖ Sandia NationalLaboratories, 2008.
[4]. Trudie Wang, Haresh Kamath, and Steve Willard ―Control and Optimization of Grid-Tied Photovoltaic Storage Systems Using Model Predictive Control‖ IEEE Transactions On Smart Grid, Vol. 5, NO. 2, March 2014
[5]. V. Raghunathan, A. Kansal, J. Hsu, J. Friedman, and M. B. Srivastava, ―Design considerations for solar energy harvesting wireless embedded systems,‖ in Proc. IPSN, Boise, ID, USA, 2005,pp. 457–462.

Abstract: The quick developments in power electronic technology have made it possible to mitigate voltage disturbances in power grid. Among the voltage disturbances challenging the trade, the voltage sags are considered to be the most necessary drawback to the sensitive loads. Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is a series connected power electronic based device which will quickly mitigate the voltage sags in the system and restore the load voltage to the pre-fault value. DVR is recognized to be the simplest effective solution to overcome this problem...............
Key Words: Dynamic Voltage Restorer, Voltage sag, Voltage swell, dqo technique.

[1]. Shazly A. Mohammed, Aurelio G. Cerrada, Abdel-Moamen M. A, and B. Hasanin, "Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) System for Compensation of Voltage Sags, State-of-the-Art Review" International Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol.3 Issue. 1
[2]. Rohanim Ibrahim, Ahmed M. A. Haidar, Zahim M., Herbert Iu, "The Effect of DVR Location for Enhancing Voltage Sag." ICIAS 2010: International Conference on Intelligent and Advanced Systems (pp. 1-4). IEEE Xplore: IEEE.
[3]. Chellali Benachaiba, Brahim Ferdi, "Voltage Quality Improvement Using DVR," Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation, Journal Vol. XIV, No. 1, 2008.
[4]. Narain G. Hingorani, Laszlo Gyugyi "Understanding FACTS, Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission systems"
[5]. S. S. Choi, Member, IEEE, J. D. Li, and D. Mahinda Vilathgamuwa, Senior Member, IEEE, "IEEE Transactions On Power Delivery, Vol. 20, No. 3, July 2005

Abstract: The benefit of using HVDC system is partially reduced due to space charge accumulation in the insulation as the space charge has capability of enhancing the local electric field in the dielectric. Research indicates that the space charge effect is more pronounced at interfaces – precisely the dielectric-dielectric interface because of their specific properties compared to those of the bulk material. Since, multiple dielectric interfaces are encountered in cable joints, they (joints) have been identified as the weakest components of polymeric DC cable system...........
Key Words: DC joints, interface, polymeric cables, pulsed electro acoustic method, space charge.

[1]. G. Chen, M. Hao, Z. Xu, A. Vaughan, J. Cao and H. Wang, "Review of High Voltage Direct Current Cables," CSEE Journal of Power & Energy Systems, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 9-21, Jun 2015.
[2]. B.A. Jonuz, Dielectric Properties and Space Charge Dynamics of Polymeric High Voltage DC Insulating Materials. The Netherlands:Ipskamp, 2007.
[3]. Z. Xu and G. Chen, "Interfacial Characteristics of Space Charge in Multi-layer LDPE," IEEE Conference on Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis, pp. 1-4, Apr 2008.
[4]. Z. Xu, Space Charge Measurement and Analysis in Low Density Polyethylene, Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, United Kingdom, PhD Thesis, pp. 13-86, Jul 2009.
[5]. T.L. Hanley, R.P. Burford, R.J. Fleming and K.W. Barber, "A General Review of Polymeric Insulation for Use in HVDC Cables," IEEE Insulation Magazine, pp. 13-24, Feb 2003.

Abstract: Static Friction is a very general reason for oscillations in control valves in the process industry. Most of the oscillation problem due to the nonlinearities as the stiction problem producing the limit cycle leading the increase of variability in the process. Stiction problem emerging in pneumatic valve due to the ages leads the oscillation steady state response. In this work, a review and evaluation of an existing improved method for Stiction compensation is undertaken. The existing method reduces variation in process variable and valve stem movement. Then a new method is developed to cater for the limitations observed during review and evaluation.................
Key Words: Stiction, oscillation, control valve, PI fuzzy

[1]. Rieth, M. and Schommers, W., Handbook of Theoretical and Computational Nanotechnology, American Scientific Publishers, 2006.
[2]. SinghNalwa, N., "Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology', American Scientific Publishers, 2004.
[3]. M. B. Ignatyev, "Necessary and Sufficient Conditions of Nanorobot Synthesis', Doklady Mathematics, Vol. 82, No. 1, pp. 671–675, 2010.
[4]. Drexler Eric K..Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing and Computation: John Wiley & Sons 1992.
[5]. Ummat A., Sharma G and Mavroidis C, Dubey A. Bio-Nanorobotics: State of the Art and Future Challenges, In :Bronzino JD. (ed) tissue engineering, and artificial organs, the biomedical engineering handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2005.

Abstract: A robotic arm is designed using arduino to pick and place the objects via user commands. It will pick and place an object from source to destination safely. The soft catching gripper used in the arm will not apply any extra pressure on the objects. The robot is controlled using android based smart phones through Bluetooth. Based on the commands given by the user the robot moves accordingly. At the receiver end there are four motors interfaced with the micro controller. Two for the vehicle movement and the remaining two are for arm and gripper movement. Blue control application is used for the controlling of robot.
Key Words: Pick and place robotic arm, Blue control app, soft catching gripper.

[1]. Mohamed Naufal bin Omar,"Pick and place robotic arm controlled by Computer", Universitite knika lMalaysia, Melaka April 2007.
[2]. Anusha Ronanki , M. Kranthi,"Design and Fabrication of Pick and Place Robot to Be Used in Library", International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization) Vol. 4, Issue 6, June 2015
[3]. N.F Begum,"Autonomous Android controlled robo design using wireless energy", International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN: 2349- 2163 Issue 2, Volume 2 (February 2015)
[4]. Takashi Yoshimi, Naoyuki Iwata, Makoto Mizukawa and Yoshinobu Ando, Member, IEEE," Picking up Operation of Thin Objects by Robot Arm with Two-Fingered Parallel Soft Gripper", Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Workshop on Advanced Robotics and its Social Impacts, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany, May 21 - 23, 2012
[5]. B.O.Omijeh,R.Uhunmwangho,M.Ehikhamenle,"Design Analysis of a Remote Controlled Pick and Place Robotic Vehicle",International Journal of Engineering Research and Development e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com Volume 10, Issue 5 (May 2014), PP.57-68

Abstract: The main aim of this work is to propose a novel Computer-aided detection (CAD) system based on a Contextual clustering combined with region growing for assisting radiologists in early identification of lung cancer from computed tomography(CT) scans. Instead of using conventional thresholding approach, this proposed work uses Contextual Clustering which yields a more accurate segmentation of the lungs from the chest volume. Following segmentation GLCM features are extracted which are then classified using three different classifiers namely Random forest, SVM and k-NN.
Key Words: Computer aided detection(CAD);computed tomography(CT) imaging;lung cancer ;support vector machine(SVM);

[1] B. S. Morse, Lecture 18: Segmentation (Region Based), 1998-2000.
[2] Giorgio De Nunzio, Eleonora Tommasi, Antonella Agrusti, Rosella Cataldo, Ivan De Mitri, Marco Favetta, Silvio Maglio, Andrea Massafra, Maurizio Quarta, Massimo Torsello, Ilaria Zecca, Roberto Bellotti, Sabina Tangaro, Piero Calvini, Niccolò Camarlinghi, Fabio Falaschi, Piergiorgio Cerello, and Piernicola Oliva, "Automatic Lung Segmentation in CT Images with Accurate Handling of the Hilar Region", Journal of digital imaging, Vol 24, No 1, pp 11-27, 2011.
[3] J. Quintanilla-Dominguez, B. Ojeda-Magaña, M. G. Cortina-Januchs, R. Ruelas, A. Vega- Corona, and D. Andina, "Image segmentation by fuzzy and possibilistic clustering algorithms for the identification of microcalcifications," Sharif University of Technology Scientia Iranica, vol. 18, pp. 580–589, Received 21 July 2010; revised 26 October 2010 accepted 8 February 2011.
[4] Eero Salli, Hannu, J, Aronen, Sauli Savolainen, Antti Korvenoja & Ari Visa 2001, "Contextual Clustering for Analysis of Functional MRI Data‟, IEEE transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 20, no. 5, pp.403-414, 2001.
[5] Linda G. Shapiro and George C. Stockman (2001): "Computer Vision", pp 279-325, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, ISBN 0-13- 030796-3.

Abstract: A gated integrator (GI) is to solve the ballistic deficit problem by integrating the signal until all the charge is collected from the detector. With the development of radioactive ion beam physics, heavy-charged particles like carbon ions have been applied to the treatment of deep-seated inoperable tumors in the therapy terminal of the Heavy ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL) located at the Institute of Modern Physics (IMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). An accurate low current measurement circuit was developed to control the beam current at 1pA range..................
Key Words: Energy spectroscopy; Gated integrator; Transmission gates; Charge injection; Switch; Leakage current; Noise

[1]. Yong Zhang et al. "An improved forward travelling wave structure design for stochastic cooling at experimental cooler storage ring (CSRE), proceedings of the 2011 on beam cooling, pp.132-135.
[2]. Jie Kong et al., "Development of multi-channel gated integrator and PXI-DAQ system for nuclear detector arrays", Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. A 622 (2010) 215–218.
[3]. Chao-Yang Zhou et al., "An accurate low current measurement circuit for heavy iron beam current monitor" Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. B 280 (2012) 84–87.
[4]. Qiang Li, Lembit Sihver. Therapeutic techniques applied in the heavy-ion therapy at IMP269:7, B 269, pp. 664-670. DOI: 10.1016/j.nimb.2011.01.125
[5]. V. Auzelyte et al., "On-line measurement of proton beam current in pA range", Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. B 249 (2006) 760–763.

Abstract: This paper presents the design and simulation results of a very compact microstrip patch antenna at 2.45/5.8 GHz for Radio Frequency Identification. A good size reduction of 76% compared to a conventional microstrip antenna is achieved. This antenna has a total area of 31×24 mm2 and mounted on an FR4 substrate with dielectric permittivity constant 4.4, thickness of 1.6 mm, loss tangent of 0.025 and has a Microstrip feed Line. The antenna has a low return loss of about -22.35 dB with VSWR of almost 1.16 and a good gain of 2.63 dBi at 2.45 GHz and it has return loss of 43.26 dB, VSWR of 1.01 and gain of 3.74 dBi at 5.8 GHz. The performance of the proposed antenna is analyzed as well as compared with other RFID antennas at ISM band. It is has been studied, numerically analyzed, simulated using the CST and HFSS software.
Key Words: Patch Antenna; RFID (Radio Frequency Identification); microstrip feed line; dual-band frequency; slot; stub; compact size.

[1]. M. Jo, C. G. Lim, and E.W. Zimmers, "RFID tags detection on water content using a back-propagation learning machine," KSII Trans. On Internet and Information Systems, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 19–32, 2007.
[2]. B. Carbunar, M. K. Ramanathan, M. Koyuturk, C. Hoffmann, and A. Grama, "Redundant-Reader Elimination in RFID Systems," in Proc. 2nd Annu. IEEE Communications and Networks (SECON), 2005, pp. 176-184.
[3]. Y. Bendavid, S. F. Wamba, and L. A. Lefebre, "Proof of concept of and RFID-enabled supply chain in a b2b e-commerce environment," in Proc. 8th Intl. Conf. on Electronic Commerce (ICEC06), 2006, pp. 564–568.
[4]. S. E. Sarma, "Towards the five-cent tag," Technical Report MIT-AUTOAID WH-006, MIT Auto ID Center, 2001.
[5]. K. Finkenzeller, "‟RFID Handbook‟‟, Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2003.

Abstract: Transmission of electricity across the systems creates an essential link between the producers and consumers of the deregulated power sector. Transmission charges signify a minor proportion of overall operational expenses in utilities in the open market and transmission pricing need to be a reasonable and cost effective pointer used by the energy market for decision making, system enlargement and reinforcement of the system. The wheeling cost can be decreased by reducing power loss via incorporating proper FACTS devices in the system. In this scenario, tracing the flow of electricity has been gaining much more importance and its solution helps in evaluating a fair and transparent tariff................
Key Words: Deregulation, Transmission pricing, Wheeling charges, Bialek's Tracing method, FACTS, IPFC controller

[1] Kankare Bhattacharya, Math H.J. Bollen and Jaap E. Daalder Operation of Restructured Power System, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.
[2] Shirmohammadi, D., Filho, X.V., and Pereira, M.V.P., Transmission Pricing: Paradigms and methodologies, in 4 Symposium of Specialists in Electrical Operational and Expansion Planning, Brazil, paper IP , 1994, Vol. 36.
[3] Pan, J., Teklu, Y., andRahman, S. Review of Usage-Based Transmission cost Allocation Methods Under Open Access, IEEE Transaction Power System, Vol. 15(4), 2000, pp.1218-1224.
[4] D.Shirmohammadi, X.V.Filho, B.Gorenstin, and M.V.P.Pereira, "Some Fundamental Technical Concepts About Cost Based Transmission Pricing, "IEEE Transaction Power System.,Vol.11, No.2, 1996, pp.1002-1008,.
[5] R.R. Kovacs and A.L. Leverett, "A Load flow based method for calculating embedded, incremental and marginal cost of transmission capacity," IEEE Transactions power system, Vol. 9, No. 1, 1994, pp. 272-278,.

Abstract: Keeping and controlling the security and secrecy of database data is significant in the cutting edge
time as long as there are a ton of methods for entrance, surveillance, and access to information on the Internet.
The significance of database security is a higher priority than the significance of information to be ensured.
There are numerous available resources of security that help keep up the security of data and encryption to the
level that meets the prerequisites of database security. It is notable that every office or division has its own
strategy to shield its information from robbery or harm in relation to the size and sort of information
notwithstanding the hand that works on such information and that the data security circumstance is in
accordance with the foundation of the database

Key Words: Information systems, data exchange, data classification, data encryption, ports

[1]. Margaret Lynch, "Ethical Issues in Electronic Information Systems",Thesis, the University of Texas at Austin, 2015.
[2]. http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/enterprise-networks/data-loss-prevention/white_paper_c11-499060.html
[3]. Catherine Paquet, " Network Security Concepts and Policies ",
[4]. Chapter of Cisco Press, Feb 5, 2013. http://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=1998559
[5]. Sabah Mohamed Fayyad, "Behavioral Databases in Preserving Data Stored", Journal of Babylon University, Issue 3, 2013..

Abstract: Electricity theft remains a huge loss incurred by electricity distribution companies. This theft arises
majorly because of activities carried out by consumers such as energy-meter by-passing, energy-meter
tampering etc. This research study offers an approach for handling energy meter by-passing and tampering.
The system design is based on the monitoring of the readings of two current sensors by a programmed
microcontroller. While one of the current sensors monitors the current drawn by the user's load, the latter
installed before the meter monitors current drawn by all loads. Any discrepancy between the values read,
indicates theft. A momentary switch is also installed in the meter to trigger the meter once it is tampered with.
Furthermore, the user is provided with a remote access to the energy meter for recharging energy units and for
monitoring energy consumption. It was observed that the system accurately measured load consumption and
detect any attempt to by-pass or tamper with the energy meter. Lastly, all unscrupulous attempts were reported
using GSM technology.

[1] N. Mohammad, et al., "A smart prepaid energy metering system to control electricity theft," in 2013 International Conference on
Power, Energy and Control (ICPEC), pp. 562-565, 2013.
[2] K. Dineshkumar, et al., "Development of ARM processor based electricity theft control system using GSM network," in 2015
International Conference on Circuits, Power and Computing Technologies [ICCPCT 2015], pp 1-6, 2015.
[3] C. Etukudor, et al., "The Daunting Challenges of the Nigerian Electricity Supply Industry," Journal of Energy Technologies and
Policy, vol. 5, pp. 25-32, 2015.
[4] N. David and M. M. Josephine, "Curtailing Energy Theft by Remote Monitoring Case study: University of Nigeria, Nsukka," 2016.
[5] M. U. Hashmi and J. G. Priolkar, "Anti-theft energy metering for smart electrical distribution system," in 2015 International
Conference on Industrial Instrumentation and Control (ICIC), pp. 1424-1428, 2015.

Abstract: Under-frequency load shedding (UFLS) is designed to protect the power system when the frequency
drops below given thresholds by switching off certain amounts of the load aiming thus to balance generation
and load. This paper presents a review of the existing UFLS (Under Frequency Load Shedding) program in
compliance with recently revised Police-5 of Operational Handbook of ENTSO-e. The proposed review of the
current UFLS program for Kosovo Power System has considered the main standards requirements and
guidelines for UFLS set by ENTSO-E. This work examine system performance by conducting dynamic
simulations of UFLS schemes subject to.....

[1]. https://www.entsoe.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/_library/publications/entsoe/Operation_Handbook/Policy_3_final.pdf
[2]. Grid Cod KOSTT, www.kostt.com
[3]. Load Shedding, Load Restoration and Generator Protection Using Solid-state and Electromechanical www.GEindustrial.com/pm
[4]. Kundur, P. Power System Stability and Control. New York: McGraw-Hill , 1994.
[5]. Transmissions Network Development Plan (2017-2026) www.kostt.com.

Abstract: In the current study, some physico-chemical parameters such as pH, temperature, conductivity,
dissolved oxygen, calcium, magnesium, total hardness, chlorine, phosphate, nitrate, and total dissolved solid
contents of Brahmani & Baitarani river in the vicinity of Bhitarkanika area of Orissa. Studies were
madebetween November 2005 to April 2006 during which the physico-chemical parameters were compared
with the water quality standards of Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) and Central and State Pollution Control
Board (CPCB & SPCB). pH values of the river waters range between 5.63-8.5 as against the value of standard
water quality i.e. 6.5-8.5. Nitrate, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, and chlorine contents show
variation within different sites under observation. DO values vary from 3.0 to 8.3 mg/L during the period of
investigation. Some of the sites show higher

Key Word: Dissolved oxygen, Total hardness, Nitrate, physico-chemical, brackish water, saline water, pollution.

[1]. American Public Health Association (APHA). 1992. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th Edition.
American Public Health Association, Washington, DC.
[2]. Dwivedi, S.N., Parulekar, A.H., Goswami, S.C. and Untawale, A.G. 1974. Ecology of mangrove swamps of the Mandovi estuary,
Goa. In: G. Welsh, S. Snedaker and H. Teas (Eds.), Proc. Int. Symp. Biology & management mangroves, 1: 115-1125.[3]. Kumar, A.B. 1997. Coastal shrimp Farming and Environment issues. Yojana, 41(6): 28-32
[4]. Lester, W.F. 1975. Polluted river, River Trent, England. In: River ecology In: B.A. Whition (Ed.), Blackwen Scientific publication,
London: 489–513.
[5]. Mishra, S. 1998. Aquaculture and Environment. Yojana 4(9): 31-35..

Abstract: Vapor absorption refrigeration has a place with the class of Vapor cycles like Vapor pressure
refrigeration cycle. Contribution for fume ingestion framework is as warmth subsequently these frameworks are
additionally called as thermal worked frameworks. Since the fluids are utilized to retain the refrigerants, they
additionally called as wet absorption framework. So these framework runs on second rate vitality, they arranged
when poor quality vitality, for example, squander heat or sun oriented vitality is accessible. So from all the
perspective, for example, natural cordial, cost and effectively accessible vitality. Work has been done to check the
presentation like Cop and Circulation proportion utilizing sun oriented based framework to watch the factors like
stream rate and creation.

[1]. Z Crepinsek; Goricanec; J.Krope; comparison of the performances of absorption refrigeration cycles; issue3; volume4; page no 60-
76; July 2009
[2]. K. Balaji; R. senthil kumar; Study of vapour absorption using waste heat in sugar industry; issue8; volume2; page no 34-39; Aug
2012
[3]. Sachin kaushik; Dr S.Singh; Thermodynamic analysis of vapour absorption refrigeration system and calculation of COP; issue 2;
volume 2; page no 73-80; Feb 2014
[4]. Dr.Nimai Mukhopadhyay; ER. Someshwar Chowdhury; Performance Analysis of Solar Assisted Cascade Refrigeration System of
Cold Storage System; issue 4; volume 2; page no 1248-1254; April 2013
[5]. Tarik Shaikh; Prof. Yogesh J. Morabiya; Review Of Solar Absorption Refrigeration System Using Libr-Water and Simulate the
Performance of the System; issue 2; volume 2; page no 57-60; March 2013.

Abstract: Clearly, in street development the fluffy rationale utilized for order of street including RBI level 81 of
dark cotton soil. For contracting or growing because of shifting moistness content, dark cotton soils are
sweeping muds through high potential. The dark cotton soils contain short quality and are powerless against
outrageous volume changes, fabricate their use for improvement reasons outstandingly inconvenient. RBI Grade
81 assembles the essential for an all around illustrated, trustworthy and incredibly financially savvy strategy by
making strong and irreversible......

Key Word:Fuzzy logic algorithm, Road construction, Black cotton soil, RBI grade 81, Modulus of elasticity
(ME), Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and California bearing ratio (CBR).

[1] N. V. Gajera and K. R. Thanki,"Stabilization Analysis of Black Cotton Soil by using Groundnut Shell Ash", Internat ional Journal
for Innovative Research in Science & Technology, Vol.2, No.1, pp.158-162, 2015.
[2] Agapitus Ahamefule Amadi,"Enhancing durability of quarry fines modified black cotton soil subgrade with cement kiln dust
stabilization", Journal of Transportation Geotechnics, pp.1-7, 2014.
[3] A.A. Amadi and A.S. Osu,"Effect of curing time on strength development in black cotton soil-Quarry fines composite stabilized
with cement kiln dust (CKD)",Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences, pp.1-8, 2016.
[4] Ahmed. Naseem .A .K, R. M. Damgir and S. L. Hake, "Effect of Fly ash and RBI Grade 81 on Black Cotton soil as a sub grade for
Flexible Pavements", International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology, Vol.4, No.1, pp.124-130, 2014.
[5] Aarohi.V.Langalia and Mayuri wala,"Study of Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil using admixtures", International Journal of
Advance Engineering and Research Development, Vol.2, pp.939-942, 2015.

Abstract: Effect energy absorbers are superfluous mechanical auxiliary components, which are brought
energetically to disseminate the active vitality in case of an undesirable crash. These go about as mechanical
wires to constrain the heaps, which may follow up on the primary structure following a crash. The utilization of
aluminum tubes and cylindrical structures for use as effect vitality safeguards in various designing applications
is empowering. This is a direct result of their prepared accessibility in various cross areas and sizes, and
furthermore has high energy retention limit under semi static and dynamic burdens. In this current
investigation, tests are led on roundabout aluminum tubes under semi static, hub pressure. The various methods
of twisting of these cylinders are.....

[1]. S. R. Reid, "Laterally compressed tubes as impact energy absorbers", Structural crashworthiness, (Edited by N. JONES and T.
WIERZBICKI), Butterworth‟s, London (1983), pp. 1-43.
[2]. S. R. Reid, C. D. Austin and R. Smith, "Tubular rings as impact energy absorbers", Structural impact and crashworthiness, volume
2 (Edited by J. MORTON), Elsevier, London (1984). pp. 555-563.
[3]. W. Abramowicz And N. Jones, "Dynamic axial crushing of circular tubes". Int. J. Impact. Engg 2,263 (1984)
[4]. W.J.STRONGE, T.X.Yu and W. JOHNSON, "Long stroke energy dissipation in splitting tubes". Int. J. Mech. Sci. 25 637 (1983)
[5]. W.J.STRONGE, T.X.Yu and W. JOHNSON, "Energy dissipation by curling tubes"..