iosr-JEEE   Volume-14 ~ Issue-4 ~ July-August 2019

Abstract: Indonesian government publish a regulation regarding fuel control in power plant, PERMEN No.12/2012 subsection 2 point B. Power plant in Indonesia must be modify production technology and optimize production system to achieve optimum fuel consumption. Based on these regulation, operation process in ignition system must be modified. The current research aims to build better operation process through optimization in fuel control to obtain optimum fuel consumption and reduce CO2 emission. This research shows that PT PJB Gresik power plant support Indonesian regulation and care about decreasing CO2 emission. The ignitor burner modification has been successfully implemented and provide financial benefits of Rp 508,388,400 per year and reduction of NO2 emissions by 0.0327 tons, SO2 emissions by 0.0014 tons, particulate emissions by 0.0019 tons and CO2 eq emissions by 28.39 tons in 2018

[1]. J. Warnatz, U. Maas and R. W. Dibble, Ignition Processes, Berlin: Springer, 2001.
[2]. D. E. Winterbone and A. Turan, Advanced Thermodynamics for Engineers, Elsevier, 2015.
[3]. W. Lotko, Niepowtarzalnosc opoznienia samozapłonu paliwa w silniku o zapłonie samoczynnym, Archiwum Motoryzacji, 2008.
[4]. J. Kovács, A. Kettunen, E. Ikonen, M. Hultgren and L. Niva, "Addressing the challenge of fast load change requirements," in 22nd International Conference of Fluidized Bed Conversion, Oulu, Finland, 2015.
[5]. E. Häsänen, V. Pohjola, M. Hahkala, R. Zilliacus and K. Wickström, "Emissions from power plants fueled by peat, coal, natural gas and oil,"Science of The Total Environment, pp. 29-51, 1986..

Abstract: This paper aims for obtaining adequate setting of reactive VAR support so as to minimize real power loss. A back propagation algorithm (BPA) based network is trained to represent the system as ANN model. Training data for an ANN is generated using Newton – Raphson method of load flow solution. Training data encompasses adequate amount of reactive VAR support for a variety of load pattern and real power loss associated with each setting which happens to be minimum for given input load pattern. Algorithm is developed for 6 bus, 7 line test system.

Index Terms— ANN, Reactive Var, BPA, Real power loss

[1]. Mohamed A. H. El-Sayed, Tarek M. Abdel-Rahman and M. Omar Mansour, "Reactive Power Control for Real Power-Loss Minimization" IEEE Transaction on Computer Application in Power, Jul 1998 pp16-21
[2]. Q H Wu, J. T. Ma, "Power System Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch Using Evolutionary Programming" IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol.10, No. 3, Aug 1995. pp 1243-1249
[3]. Hirotaka Yoshida, Kenichi Kawata, Yoshikazu Fukuyama, Shinichi Takayama, Yosuke Nakanishi, "A Partical Swarm Optimization for Reactive Power and Voltage Control Considering Voltage Security Assessment" IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol.15, No. 4, Nov 2000. pp 1232-1239
[4]. Ahmed A. A. Esmin, Germano Lambert-Torres, Antonio C. Zambroni de Souza, "A Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization applied to Loss Power Minimization" IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol.20, No. 2, May 2005. pp 859-866..

Abstract: Energy is a fundamental input to the development and progress of a nation since it is require drive engines, to generate electricity and automobiles to cook foods etc. The harnessing and exploiting of these energies has adversely affected our environment such environmental degradation, pollution and destruction of ecosystem. These problems are different from country to country. The destruction in this ecosystem can be caused by spillage of oil, application of chemicals, and potential loss of productivity in agriculture, fishing, forestry and acid precipitation. These problems need urgent and adequate attention that must be addressed by every Government and individual. The............

Index Terms— energy, sustainable, prospects ,emission and ecosystem

[1]. Gupta, 2008, Generation of Electrical energy, Eurasia Publishing house (PVT.) Ltd. Ram, Nager, New Delhi.
[2]. Oyedepo,S.O.,2012, Energy and sustainable development in Nigeria: the way forward, Energy, Sustainability and Society, A Springer open journal 12, http://www.energsustainsoc.com/content
[3]. National Pollutant Inventory, Australian Government, Department of Environment and ENERGY. http://www.npi.gov.au, Retrieved from the net on 18/06/18.
[4]. Conserve Energy Future, https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/causes-and-effects-of-environmental-degradation.php, Retrieved from the net on 18/06/18.

Abstract: The study focused on the identification of priority levels for power distribution equipment in selected substations in Kumasi, Ghana.So many times in the event of safety disasters in substations, engineers do not normally know which power distribution equipment to address and isolate. The determination of priority levels for the various equipment help mitigate such dilemma and prevent huge power losses. The selected substations included a 33kV Substation H at Edwenase, a 33kV Nsuta Substation and a Station A, 33kV Substation at Adum, all located in Kumasi Metropolis. The power equipment under study in the various substations included an 11kV busbar, a cable/overhead........

Index Terms— Hotspot, Infrared Thermography, Severity Index, Thermographic Camera

[1]. J. Martinez, R. Lagioia, Experience performing infrared thermography in the maintenance of a distribution utility, 19th International Conference on Electricity Distribution, Vienna, 21-24, May 2007, Paper 0279.
[2]. E.T. Wanderley, E.G. da Costa and M.J.A. Maia, Influence of emissivity and distance in high voltage equipments thermal imaging, IEEE Transmission & Distribution Conference and Exposition: Latin America, 2006. TDC '06. IEEE/PES, pp. 1-4 15-18 Aug, 2006
[3]. M. Shawal and S. Taib, Recent progress in diagnosing the reliability of electrical equipment by using infrared thermography, Infrared Physics & Technology, S1350-4495 (12) 00025-4, 16 September 2011
[4]. Y. Chou and L. Yao, Automatic diagnosis system of electrical equipment using infrared thermography, 2009 International Conference of Soft Computing and Pattern Recognition, pp.155-160.
[5]. Bhuiyan, M.M.I., P. Musilek, J. Heckenbergerova and D. Koval, 2010. Evaluating thermal aging characteristics of electric power transmission lines. Proceedings of the 23rd Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, May 2-5, IEEE Xplore Press, Calgary, AB., pp: 1-4. DOI: 10.1109/ccece.2010.5575137..

Abstract: We have seen weighing machine at many shops, where machine displays the weight just by placing any item on the WEIGHING platform. The building of the weighing machine can be done by 7 segment LCD display using required DRIVER ICs, MICROCONTROLLER or by USING ARDUINO. Our project is to design weighing machine using ARDUINO & LOAD CELL, having capacity of measuring up to 20kgs. This limit can be further increased by using the load cell of higher capacity. In our project we have used HX711 IC& ARDUINO1. Here load cell acts as a transducer which transforms weight into Electrical Output. The basic unit of Load Cell is Strain Gauge which deforms when pressure is applied on it. Load cells are highly accurate transducers which provide the user with the information not generally obtainable by other technology due to commercial factors2 Implementing arduino in weight measurement machine is easy and also economical. Initially one needs to calibrate this system for measuring the correct weight and after that the operation gives pretty accurate results.

[1]. Akindele Ayoola E.; Awodeyi Afolabi I., Development of an Electronic Weighing Indicator for Digital Measurement, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume: 05 Issue: 09 | Sep 2018

[2]. Aravind R , Arun Kumar E., Load Cell based Fuel Level Measurement using Arduino Uno Microcontroller, International Journal of Advance Research and Development(IJARND), Volume3, Issue3

[3]. Vipul Phulphagar , Dr. Rupesh Jaiswal, Arduino Controlled Weight Monitoring With Dashboard Analysis, International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET), Volume 5 Issue XI November 2017

[4]. N. Anju Latha, B. Rama Murthy, Arduino based Weighting Scale using Load Cell, IJSRST, Volume 3 | Issue 6 2017

[5]. A.Avinashkumar , U.Singaravelan, Digital fuel level indicator in two-wheeler along with distance to zero indicator, IOSR-JMCE, Volume 11, Issue 2 Ver. III (Mar- Apr. 2014), PP 80-84..

Abstract: The benefit of a good electricity power delivery is dependent on a well designed and installed distribution substation. This project is geared towards designing a 3-phase, 50Hz, 500kva 33/0.4kv distribution substation to improve on the voltage supplied by Port-Harcourt Electricity Distribution Company (PHED) Rumuola, Port-Harcourt to the Port Harcourt Polytechnic. The study deployed an Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) a computer software tool which was used for the simulation. The software was implemented in the computation of the electrical equipment and accessories, load flow and short circuit analysis. The result obtained from the analysis demonstrated.........

Index Terms— Substation; Load Flow; Single Line Diagram; Load Report; Low Voltage; ETAP

[1]. G.B Gupta, "Electrical Power", 15th Edition, S.K Kataria & Sons 4885/109, New Delhi-110002, January 2013
[2]. Mukund R. Patel, "Introduction to Electrical Power and Power Electronics", CRC Press, New York Washington D.C, December 2012
[3]. Stockton Blaine, "Design Guide for Rural Substations", USDA Rural Development, United States Department of Agriculture, USA, Retrieved 4 February 2016
[4]. John Alvin, "EE35T-Substation Design and Layout", The University of the West Indies at St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago, Retrieved 4 February 2016
[5]. N.E Oludi, "Basic Electrical Power Systems and Electronics Fundamentals", Trumpet press publishers, Bori-Ogoni, 2008.

Abstract: Numerical analysis of ultra-thin CIGS solar cell is done in this paper. First the baseline cell of CIGS solar cell is optimized by varying different parameter of layers of the cell within the range of limit to give desire efficiency. To reduce the cost of material of CIGS solar cell, the thin film cell thickness is reduced towards ultra-thin film cell i.e. 300nm. But efficiency of the cell also reduced with the thickness. For increasing the efficiency of the cell, SnS layer is added next to CIGS layer which act as BSF layer. Ultra-thin film CIGS solar cell with SnS BSF layer show higher Efficiency.

Index Terms— Optimization, BSF layer, efficiency, absorbance, quantum efficiency.

[1]. Tyagi VV, Rahim NAA, Rahim NA, Selvaraj JAL, Progress in solar PV technology: research and achievement, Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2013;20:443–61. http://dx. doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.09.028
[2]. Parida B, Iniyan S, Goic R. A review of solar photovoltaic technologies, Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2011;15:1625–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.11. 032.
[3]. Mohammadnoor Imamzai, Mohammadreza Aghaei, Yasmin Hanum Md Thayoob , Mohammadreza Forouzanfar, A Review on Comparison between Traditional Silicon Solar Cells and Thin- Film CdTe Solar Cells, Proceedings National Graduate Conference 2012 (NatGrad2012), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Putrajaya Campus, 8-10 Nov 2012
[4]. K. Chopra, P. Paulson, V. Dutta, Thin-film solar cells: an overview, Prog. Photovolt.:Res. Appl. 12 (2004) 69–92.
[5]. M. Gloeckler, J.R. Sites, Band-gap grading in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells, Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 66, 2005..

Abstract: Street light is simply a device installed on roads, streets and walk-ways to illuminate the environment when the day is dark at night or a dark cloudy day in order improve night vision of users. It has become an essential structural design in every city as it helps to reduce road accidents and increase security. Many designs and construction have been made by researchers and engineers and all has been geared toward the design of a streetlight that is energy conservative, less expensive and automatically operated to eliminate the error associated with manual operation.........

Index Terms— Arduino Microcontroller, Battery Voltage, DC relay, Over-drained, Streetlight

[1]. San Diego (2019). Deep Cycle Battery, How to maintain batteries Retrieved from: https://deepcyclebatterystore.com/How-to-maintain-batteries/
[2]. J.B. Gupta, Electronic devices and circuits (New Delhi, S.K. Kataria & sons, 2012)
[3]. Dougseven (2018). Instructables circuits, Arduino reading analog voltageRetrieved from: https://www.instructables.com/Arduino-Reading-Analog-Voltage..

Abstract: Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is gaining the world attention due to their ability to reduce fuel consumption while decreasing emissions. There is a progressively interest in the automotive industry to use HEVs; because they merge the advantages of internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs). However, this merge generates a problem in calculating the energy consumption which results from using two different energy sources including an electric energy source. Consequently, there is a need to find an accurate suitable solution to this challenge as much as possible. This paper introduces an estimating approach in order to calculate both fuel consumption, fuel economy, and energy consumption of a series HEV which has been proposed by the same authors......

Index Terms—estimation approach, hybrid electric vehicles, energy consumption, drive cycles

[1]. "CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) World Factbook: Crude Oil - Proved Reserves." Available: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/264.html, Accessed on: 2018.
[2]. S. Boubaker, F. Rehimi, and A. Kalboussi, "Effect of vehicular technology on energy consumption and emissions," International Journal of Environmental Studies, vol. 72, no. 4, 2015.
[3]. Y. Chen, Z. Ding, J. Ma, and J. Liu, "A Comparison of the Life Cycle Energy Consumption and Emissions of BEV and HEV," IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2nd International Symposium on Resource Exploration and Environmental Science, 2018.
[4]. X. Wu, H. Chen, and N. P. Demenkov, "Comparative study on energy consumption for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles based on trip characteristics," International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 78–96, 2016

[5]. Y. Fei, W. Guoyuan, K. Boriboonsomsin, and M. J. Barth, "A hybrid approach to estimating electric vehicle energy consumption for ecodriving applications," in 2016 IEEE 19th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), 2016, pp. 719-724...

Abstract: Different substances and anticipate the presence of new substances. The revelation of the periodic framework chemical elements was gone before by numerous long stretches of investigations of basic substances, different compounds, their chemical and actual properties. Thus, by the start of the XIX century, researchers from various nations had the option to form the idea of element and uncovered the presence of different chemical elements, set up their atomic weight (mass), valence, chemical and actual properties. In such manner, there was an earnest requirement for the characterization of the considered elements. The current paper highlights the electronic distribution and its significance.

Index Terms—Electron, Periodic, Table

[1]. S. Wolf and R.N. Tauber, Silicon processing for the VLSI era- Vol.1 Process Technology, (Lattice Press, Sunset Beach, CA, 2016), p.603
[2]. M.H. KibeI and P.W. Leech, Surface and Interface Analysis, 24, 605, (2016)
[3]. A.E. Morgan: in Characterisation of semiconductor materials: principles and methods ed. by G.E. McGuire, (Noyes Publications, NJ, 2014), 49
[4]. C.J. Palmstrom, and D.V. Morgan, in Gallium Arsenide, Materials, Devices and Circuits, Eds. M.J. Howes and D.V. Morgan, (J. Wiley and Sons), 195, (2015)
[5]. P.W. Leech, G.K. Reeves, W. Zhou and P. Ressel, J. Vac. Sci. Techno!., B16(1), 227, (2016).