iosr-JEEE   Volume-16 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jan. – Feb. 2021

Abstract: Background: Breast cancer can be cured if diagnosed early, with digital mammography which is one of the most effective imaging modalities for early breast cancer detection. However mammogram images often come with low contrast, high background noises and artifacts, all these things making diagnosis difficult. The purpose of this paper is to preprocessing digital mammogram images to improve results with a computer aided diagnosis (CAD) system. In this paper we have proposed three distinct methods:image processing to removing unwanted objects method; a breast border detection and segmentation method; and a pectoral muscle detection and suppression method.
Materials and Methods: The presented method in this paper applied image contour extraction technique by computer technology in.......

Key Word: Mammogram images, Breast Border, Pectoral Muscle, Segmentation, Breast Contour

[1]. Breast Cancer Facts Figures, 2009–2010, American Cancer Society, Inc.
[2]. J. Norum, Breast cancer screening by mammography in Norway. Is it cost-effective? Ann. Oncol. 10 (1999) 197–203.
[3]. Youlden DR, Cramb SM, Yip CH, Baade PD (2014). Incidence and mortality of female breast cancer in the Asia-Pacific region. Cancer Biol Med, 11, 101–15.
[4]. M.K.J. Siddiqui, M. Anand, P.K. Mehrotr, R. Sarangi, N. Mathur, Biomonitoring of organochlorines in women with benign and malignant breast disease, Environ. Res. 1 (2004) 1–8.
[5]. Suckling J., Parker J., Dance D.R., Astley S., Hutt I., Boggis C.R.M., Ricketts I., Stamatakis E., Cernaez N., Kok S.L., Taylor P., Betal D., Savage J., "The Mammographic Image Analysis Society Digital Mammogram Database", Proceedings of the 2nd

Abstract: Renewable Energy points the way towards the energy transition and towards the sustainability and responsible increase in energy consumption that occurs each year. It is true that a large percentage of the primary energy consumed is from fossil sources and, therefore, it generates emissions that pollute the planet and its natural resources. However, more and more nations are becoming aware of this fact and investing in RE. Europe is one of the regions of the world where more has been invested in renewable energies in recent years, therefore the main purpose of this article is the analysis of the evolution of different RE in Europe during the period between 2000 and 2018. From this analysis it will be possible to obtain conclusions on investment and RE capacity in Europe and in their countries, and also on the different technologies used to obtain primary energy from RE sources.

Key Word: Renewable Energy; Primary Energy; Capacity; Wind Power; Solar Energy; Marine Energy; Hydropower; Bioenergy

[1]. APPA Renovables. 2018. Estudio del Impacto Macroeconómico de las Energías Renovables en España. Online: https://www.appa.es/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Estudio_del_impacto_Macroeconomico_de_las_energias_renovables_en_Espa%C3%B1a_2018_vff.pdf
[2]. Johansson TB, Kelly H, Reddy AKN, Williams RH. Renewable fuels and electricityfor a growing world economy. USA: Island Press; 1993.
[3]. Wood AJ, Wollenberg BF. Power generation operation and control. Canada: JohnWiley & Sons; 1984.
[4]. Sorensen B. Renewable energy: physics engineering environmental impactseconomics and planning, 4th ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2011.
[5]. Chalka SG, Miller JF. Key challenges and recent progress in batteries, fuel cells, and hydrogen storage for clean energy systems. J Power Sources 2006;159:73–80.

Abstract: The need to control the speed of an induction motorto enhanced steady speed response is the aim of this paper.In process control, the motor is sometimes applied in multifunction processes and variable speed operation, hence, the need for system control. The design and simulation of a conventional PI and Fuzzy logic is developed and implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment to control the speed and flux of an induction motor. The proposed design is a modified control model of a proportional integral (PI) for optimal control of induction motor on-load and on no-load operations. Using the conventional PI, the system experiencesspeed and flux oscillation, overshoot, long......

Key Word: Induction motor, self-tuned Fuzzy logic,PI controller, vector control

[1]. Jay patel, R and Vyas S.R (2014) simulation and analysis of constant V/f induction motor drive", International Journal of Engineering and Technology Research (IJETR), Volume 2, Issue 4, PP151 – 156.
[2]. Blaabjerg, F, Lungeanu, F, and Skang, K. (2004). Two-phase induction motor drive (online). https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1311160
[3]. Yau-Tze Kao and Chang-Huan Liu (1996) "Analysis and Design of Microprocessor-Based Vector-controlled induction motor Drives" IEEE Trans. Industrial Electronics, Vol. 39 PP, 46-54,
[4]. Mallesham, G and Rajani, A. (2006), "Automatic tuning of PID controller using Fuzzy logic" 8th IEEE Int. conf. on Development and Application systems, suceava Romania PP. 120-126.
[5]. Abdullah, Al-odienat, 1.,Ayman, Al-lawama A. (2008), "The advantages of PID fuzzy controllers over the conventional types". American journal of Applied Sciences 5(6):653-658, ISSN 1546 – 9239.

Abstract: The asynchronous machine is one of the most widely used electrical machines as industrial drive system. The induction motors have numerous commercial and industrial applications. This paper presents a survey of induction machine control based on current discoveries, comparing the different techniques.The advances in semi-conductor and power electronics has made some machines drives obsolete. The adaptive and intelligent control schemes have in recent years taken over from conventional control methods.The control of induction machine (speed and torque) is very important inmost industrial operations. However, the review of different method of speed and torque control with relativemodelswill be investigated. The sample motor is a three phase, 50Hz, 2.2kW machine, the control design is with reference to speed and torque control loop and current regulation that can overcome......

Key Word: Induction motor, speed, torque, PI controller, MRAC Fuzzy logic controller.

[1]. Jay Patel, R. and Vyas, S.R. "Simulation and Analysis of Constant V/F Induction Motor Drive", International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR), Volume -2, Issue 4, pp. 151-156, April 2014.
[2]. Sen, P. C. "Electric Motor Drives and Control Past Present, and Future", IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol.37, No.6, 562-575, 1990.
[3]. Bose, B. K., "Modern Power Electronics and AC Drivers",Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2002.
[4]. Ho E.Y.Y. and Sen, P.C., "Decoupling Control of Induction Motor Driver", IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol.35, No.2, 253-262, 1988.
[5]. Santisteban, J. A. and, Stephan, R. M. "Vector Control Methodsfor Induction Machines: An Overview", IEEE Transactions on Education, Vol.44, No.2, 170-175, 2001

Abstract: This paper investigates economic benefit of parallel operation of battery integrated solar PV system and grid to meet the electricity demand of low voltage distribution systems. Power of solar PV has been considered as a time variable function. Considering the power limits of the solar PV which is based on the solar irradiation level, power dispatch equations for grid and solar PV systems are presented. The proposed method of power sharing between parallel operating sources is presented in a flowchart. The method has been tested for a low voltage radial distribution system. Capacity of Solar PV and the Battery energy storage system and the cost of energy have been calculated. Based on the results the economic benefit of the proposed method has been analyzed.

Key Word: Solar PV, Battery Storage, Power dispatch, Low voltage distribution system

[1]. Lonah Nyaboke Segera, Economic Dispatch of PV- Integrated Power system with optimally sized battery energy storage system using particle swarm optimization, 2018, Proceedings of sustainable research and innovation
[2]. Angel A. Bayod-Rújula,1 Alessandro Burgio, Zbigniew Leonowicz,Daniele Menniti, Anna Pinnarelli,and Nicola Sorrentino, Recent Developments of Photovoltaic Integrated with Battery Storage systems and related feed-In Tariff policies: 2017, A review[PDF]
[3]. 2020, Weather Atlas [Online] , Available at https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/sri-lanka/colombo-climate#temperature
[4]. Saakshi Yadav, Calculations of Solar Energy Output, 2020, [online] available at https://www.academia.edu/9005661/CALCULATIONS_OF_SOLAR_ENERGY_OUTPUT
[5]. Budgeting for solar PV plant operations and maintenance practices and pricing, Electric Power Research Institute, 2015 Available at https://prod-ng.sandia.gov/techlib-noauth/access-control.cgi/2016/160649r.pdf.

Abstract: Event-Related potentials(ERPs) are one of the important methods of monitoring human brain response. ERPs are also a strong indicator of severe brain injuries of different levels. P300 is the most studied component of ERP. By analyzing this P300 component, lots of human mental disorder related problems can be identified and solved. This component is very much affected by the environment, artifact, and other distractions. So, it is very important to know the effect of these distortions on the P300 component. In this study, we explored the effect of temperature on the P300 component amplitude and latency. Our analysis suggests that there is a strong effect of temperature on the ERP components and we found larger amplitude for both amplitude and latency value for the peak of the P300 component. In the field of neuroscience research, these findings may contribute strongly to the real-world situation....

Key Word: Event Related Potential (ERP),P300, visual stimuli, oddball paradigm

[1]. Polich, John P300 Clinical Utility and Control of Variability, Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology: January 1998 - Volume 15 - Issue 1 - p 14-33
[2]. Valeriani, Davide, et al, "BrainComputer Interfaces for HumanAugmentation", Brain sciences vol. 9,2 22. 24 Jan. 2019,doi:10.3390/brainsci9020022
[3]. Krisst, Lara, and Steven J. Luck," The P3b ERP component as a function of visibility, accuracy, decision, and confidence", Journal of Vision 19.10(2019): 246c-246c.[b] Anokhin, A., Vedeniapin, A., Sirevaag, E. et al. The P300 brain potential is reduced in smokers. Psychopharmacology 149, 409–413 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/s002130000387
[4]. Polich, J,0," Updating P300: an integrative theory of P3a and P3b", Clin.Neurophysiol. 118, 2128–2148. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2007.04.019
[5]. Rafia Akhter, Kehinde Lawal, Md. Tanvir Rahman and Shamim Ahmed Mazumder, "Classification of Common and Uncommon Tones by P300 Feature Extraction and Identification of Accurate P300 Wave by Machine Learning Algorithms" International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications(IJACSA), 11(10), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2020.0111080.

Abstract: Electrons and holes are created exponentially due to ionisation in the oxide of the metal-oxide-semiconductor device when Fowler-Nordheim tunnelled electrons accelerate towards the anode without colliding. The ionisation begins at the FN onset field as shown in the previous study. It is now further shown, that the electron diffusion current after ionisation of thermal silicon dioxide in a metal-oxide-semiconductor device forms the FN electron tunnelling current. An average electron density of about 1011/cm3 exists in the oxide conduction band before ionization, with the average electron energies of 3 to 5 eV at oxide fields greater than 5 MV/cm. The research paper demonstrates wave-particle duality of electrons for the FN electron tunnelling current in a MOS device having implications in the nanoscale integrated microelectronic circuits.

Key Word: Diffusion, metal-oxide-semiconductor, ionization, silicon carbide

[1]. R.H. Fowler, L. Nordheim, "Electron emission in intense electric fields", Proc. Royal Society A, 1928;119:173-181.
[2]. Z.A. Weinberg, "On tunneling in metal-oxide-silicon structures", J. Appl. Phys., 1982;53(7):5052-5056.
[3]. R.G. Forbes, "Use of energy-space diagrams in free-electron models of field electron emission", Surface and Interface Analysis, 2004;36:395-401.
[4]. R.K. Chanana, "On the ionization in silicon dioxide in a MOS device and its relation to the density of the oxide", IOSR-J. Appl. Phys., 2020;12(6):1-5.
[5]. H,-J. Fitting, J.-U. Friemann, "Monte-Carlo studies of the electron mobility in SiO2", Phys. Stats. Sol.(a), 1982;69:349.

Abstract: The ultimate aim of this project is to prevent an accident occurs during Drowsy Driving. Nowadays, almost many accidents are happened because of driver's carelessness. For instance, swift driving, disobeying of driving rules , drowsiness (sleepiness) of driver while driving, etc. these are the main reasons which makes the risk for driver's, passengers in vehicles and other people near the vehicle. From the above conditions mostly the drowsiness relates to cause more accidents particularly during the night time than other conditions. Hence the main objective is to design some system to decrease the accidents related to this. Here in this project the drowsiness is determined or identified using Eye Blink Sensor (infrared sensor), when the eyes are open the rays emitted from sensor are reflected from....

Key Word: Drowsy Driving Detection, Eye Blink Detection, Eye Blink Sensor, Head Band.

[1]. MarcoJavier Flores, JoséMaría Armingol and Arturo de la Escalera, ―Driver Drowsiness Warning System Using Visual Information for Both Diurnal and Nocturnal Illumination Conditions‖, Springer, EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, 2010.
[2]. Belhassen AkroutWalid Mahdi, ―A Blinking Measurement Method for Driver Drowsiness Detection‖, Springer, Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer Recognition Systems CORES, pp 651-660, 2013.
[3]. Ji Hyun Yang, Zhi-Hong Mao, Member, IEEE, Louis Tijerina, Tom Pilutti, Joseph F. Coughlin, and Eric Feron, ―Detection of Driver Fatigue Caused by Sleep Deprivation‖, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS, MAN, AND CYBERNETICS—PART A: SYSTEMS AND HUMANS, VOL. 39, NO. 4, JULY 2009.
[4]. Antoine Picot, Sylvie Charbonnier, Alice Caplier, ―On-Line Detection of Drowsiness Using Brain and Visual Information‖, Published in: IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans ( Volume: 42, Issue: 3) Page(s): 764 – 775, May 2012.
[5]. Satori Hachisuka, Kenji Ishida, Takeshi Enya, Masayoshi Kamijo, ―Facial Expression Measurement for Detecting Driver Drowsiness‖, springer, International Conference on Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics. EPCE 2011: Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics pp 135-144, 2011.