iosr-JEEE   Volume-16 ~ Issue-4 ~ Jul. – Aug. 2021

Abstract: In present scenario the Solar power generation has got tremendous role among renewable energy resources. In which DC-DC converter is interleaved between the Photovoltaic(PV) module and the load side because it converts unregulated DC input to regulated DC output as it works on switch mode by adjusting ON & OFF time period that is provided to switch. In order to achieve that, a proportional-integral (PI) controller is used to maintain the desired DC voltage of 110V at load side to accomplish the requirement of DC motor in general practical applications. This paper describes the analysis of a solar PV fed Boost and Buck-Boost converter regulated by a PI.....

Keywords: PV panel, Boost Converter, Buck-Boost converter, PI controller

[1]. N. H. A.W., S. S.F. and M. Z. Ab Muin, "Modeling of DC-DC converter for solar energy system applications," 2012 IEEE Symposium on Computers & Informatics (ISCI), 2012, pp. 125-129.
[2]. Baharudin, N.H., Mansur, T.M.N.T., Hamid, F.A., Ali, R. and Misrun, M.I. (2017) Topologies of DC-DC Converter in Solar PV Applications. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 8, 368-374
[3]. S. Jayaprakash, "Comparison of solar based closed loop DC-DC converter using PID and fuzzy logic control for shunt motor drive," 2014 IEEE National Conference on Emerging Trends In New & Renewable Energy Sources And Energy Management (NCET NRES EM), 2014, pp. 115-117.
[4]. Saravanan S., Ramesh Babu N., Sanjeevikumar P.,"Comparative Analysis of DC/DC Converters with MPPT Techniques Based PV System", Advances in Power Systems and Energy Management, Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, Vol. 436, 2018, pp. 275-284, Singapore.
[5]. R. Nagarajan et al, "Implementation of PI Controller for Boost Converter in PV System", International Journal of Advanced Research in Management Architecture, Technology Engineering (IJARMATE) vol. 2, no. 12, pp. 6–10, Dec 2016..

Abstract: A new high step-up converter, which is suitable for renewable energy system, is proposed in this paper. Through a Voltage multiplier module composed of switched capacitors and coupled inductors, a conventional interleaved boost converter obtains high step-up gain without operating at extreme duty ratio. The configuration of the proposed converter not only reduces the current stress but also constrains the input current ripple, which decreases the conduction losses and lengthens the life time of the input source. In addition, due to the loss less passive clamp performance, leakage energy is recycled to the output terminal. Hence, large voltage spikes across the main switches are alleviated, and the efficiency is improved. Even the low voltage stress makes the low-voltage-rated MOSFETs be adopted for reductions of conduction losses and cost. An additional battery control is added to the input renewable energy system to work as a back up storage system with reduces the variations in the output waveform

Keywords: interleaved converter, solar, Battery control.

[1]. J. T. Bialasiewicz, "Renewable energy systems with photovoltaic power generators: Operation and modeling," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 7, pp. 2752–2758, Jul. 2008.
[2]. T. Kefalas and A. Kladas, "Analysis of transformers working under heavily saturated conditions in grid-connected renewable energy systems," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 2342–2350, May 2012.
[3]. Y. Xiong, X. Cheng, Z. J. Shen, C. Mi, H. Wu, and V. K. Garg, "Prognostic and warning system for power-electronic modules in electric, hybrid electric, and fuel-cell vehicles," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 2268–2276, Jun. 2008.
[4]. A. K. Rathore, A. K. S. Bhat, and R. Oruganti, "Analysis, design and experimental results of wide range ZVS active-clamped L–L type currentfed DC/DC converter for fuel cells to utility interface," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 473–485, Jan. 2012.
[5]. T. Zhou and B. Francois, "Energy management and power control of a hybrid active wind generator for distributed power generation and grid integration," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 95–104, Jan. 2011.

Abstract: Making use of the energy generated from wind is challenging, because the produced energy is greatly affected by the inconsistency of wind speed. Such different wind speeds cause fluctuating wind power to be generated. Renewable energy can be developed as a substitute to fossil energy to overcome its limitations and avoid the greenhouse gas emissions, which are harmful to our environment. Based on wind velocity measurements, this paper models such random wind speeds as would have an impact on the wind power generation; using Petri Nets (PN) to create a Mat lab model of the wind turbine. Petri Nets use 7 places and 7 transitions in this paper. Likewise, a PN transition is defined as a function that uses the uniform function to generate random values. Wind speed data generated over 500 seconds were compared to observed wind speeds. Similar statistical characteristics have been revealed when generated wind speed values are compared with the observed wind speed values.

Key Word: wind energy; wind speed; modeling; Petri net; wind turbine; random wind speed

[1]. Pintea A, Popescu D, Borne P. Modelling and control of wind turbines. IFAC Proc Vol. 2010;43(8 PART 1):251–6.
[2]. Putri RI, Priyadi A, Purnomo MH. Stochastic Petri Nets for very short-term wind speed modeling. 2015 IEEE Int Conf Comput Intell Virtual Environ Meas Syst Appl CIVEMSA 2015. 2015;1–4.
[3]. Singh M, Muljadi E, Jonkman J, Gevorgian V. Simulation for Wind Turbine Generators — With FAST and MATLAB-Simulink Modules. Natl Renew Energy Labotory [Internet]. 2014 Apr 1 [cited 2021 Jun 3];(April):1–125. Available from: http://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1130628/
[4]. Yang X, Li J, Liu W, Guo P. Petri Net Model and Reliability Evaluation for Wind Turbine Hydraulic Variable Pitch Systems. mdpi.com [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2021 Mar 8];4:978–97. Available from: www.mdpi.com/journal/energiesArticle
[5]. Wang X, Wu F, Wang Y. A new simulation phasor model of 18 MW offshore local area grid of wind farm using doubly-fed induction generator driven by a wind turbine [Internet]. 2012 International Conference onAdvanced Mechatronic Systems, ICAMechS 2012. 2012 [cited 2021 Jun 7]. p. 66–8. Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6329682

Abstract: There is ever-increasing demand to store and retrieve a large amount of information at a very fast rate. For such high-speed data transfer, optical recording media using a direct overwrite scheme is very popular. Various optical recording materials have been used for this technique but quaternary alloy-based thin films are the most promising material. AgInSbTe alloy-based films are the most popular material for optical data storage. In this paper, the results of Diffraction (XRD) & Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis of as-deposited and annealed film of optical storage material (AgSbTe)x(In1-ySby)1-x has been presented. These films have higher linear densities and crystallization is dominated by growth which results in lower jitter. In this paper detailed analysis of the morphology of......

[1]. "Compact Disk - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics." [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/compact-disk. [Accessed: 15-Jul-2021].
[2]. H. Borg, M. Lankhorst, E. Meinders, and W. Leibbrandt, "Phase-Change Media for High-Density Optical Recording," MRS Online Proc. Libr. 2001 6741, vol. 674, no. 1, pp. 1–10, Mar. 2011.
[3]. J. Park, M. R. Kim, W. S. Choi, H. Seo, and C. Yeon, "Characterization of Amorphous Phases of Ge2Sb2Te5 Phase-Change Optical Recording Material on Their Crystallization Behavior," Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., vol. 38, no. 8R, p. 4775, Aug. 1999.
[4]. H. Huang et al., "Crystallization dynamics of as-deposited amorphous AgInSbTe thin film induced by picosecond laser pulses," J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys., vol. 43, no. 17, p. 175401, Apr. 2010.
[5]. H. J. Borg et al., "AgInSbTe materials for high-speed phase change recording," 1999.
[6]. "Melt Quenching - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics." [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/melt-quenching. [Accessed: 15-Jul-2021].

Abstract: IoT, itself, is of no consequential value unless it produces business value generation capabilities, often in a feature-driven manner, as knowledge comes in features of interest to IoT owners. We propose a feature-driven IoT lifecycle and its knowledge creation and propagation process. Knowledge is edge-computed at IoT nodes to create edge knowledge needed by operational management, cloud-computed at IoT clouds to create cloud knowedge needed by strategic management, and fog-computed half-way at IoT virtual gateways to create fog knowledge, often needed by functional management.
Knowledge is represented as belief structures given features preselected by IoT owners, in a Dempster and Safer manner, and propagated using the Dempster rule of combination of evidence generated at IoT nodes, IoT virtual gateways, and IoT clouds. We gave examples where the reader can apply numerical examples to demonstrate the working of the IoT feature-driven knowledge creation process..

Keyword: IoT, Knowledge creation, Edge computing, Fog computing, Cloud computing, Dempster and Shafer Theory, Belief structure, belief basic assignment

[1]. Aguirre et al., (2013), Construction of Belief Functions From Statistical Data About Reliability Under Epistemic Uncertainty, IEEE Transactions on Reliability, 62(3).
[2]. Ashton. K., (2009), That internet of things thing. RFiD Journal, 22(7):97–114.
[3]. Dempster, A. P. (1969). Upper and lower probability inferences for families of hypotheses with monotone density ratios. Ann. Math. Statist. 40(3), 953–969.
[4]. Axelrod. C.W., (2015), Enforcing security, safety and privacy for the internet of things. In Systems, Applications and Technology Conference (LISAT), 2015 IEEE Long Island, pages 1–6. IEEE. [5]. Dempster, A. P. (2008). Dempster–Shafer calculus for statisticians. International Journal of Approximate Reasoning, 48, 265–277

Abstract: The load flow analysis of an interconnected power system is highly imperative as it reveals the electrical performance and power flow (real and reactive) for specified conditions when the system is operating under steady-state. Therefore, this paper presents the load flow modeling and performance analysis of Suleja 132/33 kV sub-transmission station to ascertain its steady-state operating conditions and adequately mitigate the losses associated with the network. Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) software was employed in the modeling and analysis of the load flow using the single line diagram (SLD) with the actual data obtained from the station. The results obtained from the load flow analysis showed several voltage violations at Abuja steel, Jere, Madalla, Rafinsanyi, Suleja town and Tommy buses with magnitudes of 93.631%, 87.149%, 89.268%, 89.165%, 90.503% and 94.767 % respectively. The results from the analysis also indicated that before compensation, an overall system loss of 1457.5......

Keyword: Power generation, Load flow, Steady-state, Power loss, Optimal capacitor placement, ETAP

[1]. Bhowmik, P. S., Rajan, D. V. and Bose, S. P., Load Flow Analysis: An Overview, International Journal of Electrical, Computer, Energetic, Electronic and Communication Engineering, 6(3), 2012, 263 - 268.
[2]. Powell, L., Power System Load Flow Analysis, McGraw-Hill Companies Inc., New York, USA, 2005.
[3]. Patel, Y., Tandel, D. and Katti, D., Simulation and Analysis of 220 kV Substation, International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, 3(11), 2014, 13020 - 13027.
[4]. Onojo, O. J., Ononiwu, G. C. and Okozi, S. O., Analysis of Power Flow of Nigerian 330 kV Grid System (Pre and Post) using MATLAB, 1(2), 2013, 59 - 66.
[5]. Mander, D. K. and Virdi, G. S., Result Analsis on Load Flow by using Newton-Raphson Method, International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, 6(7), 2017, 5835 – 5844

Abstract: Background: Electrical load flow studies were conducted in Opolo community which is fed from Opolo feeder. This is necessary for an improved performance and efficient distribution by addressing the problems of overloading and losses thereby reducing unstable power distribution in community. The objective of this paper is to determine distribution losses and over loading of the system, investigate power system performance (transformer distribution line) under steady condition, carry out load flow analysis using Electrical Transient Analyzer Program software (ETAP).......

Keyword: Losses, load flow analysis, Newton Raphson,Optimal Capacitance Placement, ETAP, power network overloading.

[1]. Akpojedje, F. O. Onogbotsere, M. E. Mormah, E. C. and Onogbotsere, P. E, A comparative review of Nigeria Electric Power Transmission Issues and Rural Electrification Challenges, International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, Vol 31, Issue 1, pp 1-9.
[2]. Gwang Soo Jang, Don Hur., Jong-KeunPark.,Sang Hoo Lee. A Modified Power Flow Analysis to Remove A Slack Bus With a Sense Of Economic Load Dispatch, Electrcal Power System.Res.73 pp. 137-142, 2005.
[3]. Idoniboyeobu, D. C. Wokoma, B. A. and Adiele, N. C, Improvement of Electrical Power Reliability for Afam Community in Rivers State, Nigeria, American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER), Vol 7, Issue 5, pp 162-167
[4]. Chiang, H. .D. A. Decoupled Load Flow Method for Distribution Power Networks: Algorithms, analysis and convergence study. Electrical Power & Energy Systems, Vol 13, Issue 3, pp 130-138, 1991.
[5]. Idoniboyeobu, D. C. and Benedict, E. N, Electrical Load Flow Studies for Efficient Power Supply in Bayelsa State using Newton Raphson Technique, International Journal of Research in Engineering Technology, Vol 2, Issue 5, pp 73-82

Abstract: This paper gives a study of behavioral comparison the operation of a thyristor controlled reactor (TCR) which consists of an inductance and a bi-directional thyristor switch connected in parallel, thyristor switched capacitor (TSC),which consist of a capacitance in series with a two bidirectional capacitors, the thyristor switched reactor inductor (TSRL) which consist of only an inductor in the SVC. Firing angle control of the TCR switches regulates the time for which the inductance is included in the circuit. a firing angle of between 90 degrees to 180 degrees was observed for the TCR and a continuous firing signal for the TSC by using a step generator, then voltage regulation was observed when the a combination of TCR and TSC compensator called hybrid reactive power controlling model to prevent occurrence of voltage amplification as a result of the receiving end voltage becoming twice of the sending end voltage

Keyword: Thyristor controlled reactor (TCR),thyristor switched capacitor (TSC),static var compensator (SVC),Thyristor switched reactor (TSR),Thyristor valve.

[1]. Torseng. S,Shunt-Connected Reactors And Capacitors Controlled By Thyristors", Iee Proc, Vol. 128, Pt. C, No. 6, 1981.
[2]. Pikulski .M, "Controlled Sources Of Reactive Power Used For Improving Voltage Stability", Institute Of Energy Technology,Electrical Power Systems And High Voltage Engineering, Aalborg University, Aalborg, 2008
[3]. Mathur, R. Verma, K. " Thyristor Based Facts Controllers For Electrical Transmission System", Ieee Press, 2002.
[4]. Narain G. Hingoranl, Laszlo, G. "Understanding Concepts and Technology of Flexible Ac Transmission Systems", 1999.
[5]. Padiyar .R, Varma .R K "Damping Torque Analysis Of Static Var System Controllers". IEEE Transaction on Power System; 6(2); Pp 458-65, 1991