iosr-JEEE   Volume-9 ~ Issue-5 ~ Sep-Oct 2014

Abstract: This paper describes modelling of hybrid renewable energy systems using a mathematical approach. This approach chiefly emphasizes on integratingtwo renewable energy sources viz the solar energy and wind energy. Itfocuses the need for hybrid power generationand estimationof their annual power generation.For the purpose of analysis a suitable location, Medina city in Saudi Arabia is being considered. This approach involves the concept, lossof power supply probability to minimize the initial capital investment. A Feasible solution is being arrived in presenting the integration of these renewable energy sources in a complementary way which is a technically feasible and financially viable. The conclusion of proposed method can be directly adapted, since the numbers of units are pure integer numbers. As a consequence determining the optimal energy source to be installed leads to determine the required number of units from each source. This has been modelled as an integer linear programming problem where the decision variables should be pure integer numbers.With minimal cost to get maximumeconomical power output from hybrid renewable source 5PV panel and 25 Wind Turbine can be used.

Key words: Integer Linear Programming, Hybrid Energy, PV system, Wind Turbine, Graphical Analysis

[1]. http://www.Mitsubishi electric solar.com /whysolar/
[2]. Borowy, B. S. and Z. M. Salameh, Methodology for optimally sizing the combination of a battery bank and PV array in a wind/PV hybrid system, Energy conversion, IEEE transactions on energy conversion, 11(2), 1996, 367-375.

[3]. S. Rehman, Offshore Wind Power Assessment on the East Coast of Saudi Arabia, Wind Engineering, 29(5), 2006,409-420.
[4]. Rahman S.,Halawani T.O.and Mohandes M., Wind power cost assessment at twenty locations in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Renewable energy, 2, 2003, 573-583

[5]. http://weatherspark.com/averages/32771/Medina-Al-Madinah-Saudi-Arabia
[6]. http://photovoltaic-software.com/PV-solar-energy-calculation.php

Abstract: This paper describes modelling of hybrid renewable energy systems using a mathematical approach. This approach chiefly emphasizes on integratingtwo renewable energy sources viz the solar energy and wind energy. Itfocuses the need for hybrid power generationand estimationof their annual power generation.For the purpose of analysis a suitable location, Medina city in Saudi Arabia is being considered. This approach involves the concept, lossof power supply probability to minimize the initial capital investment. A Feasible solution is being arrived in presenting the integration of these renewable energy sources in a complementary way which is a technically feasible and financially viable. The conclusion of proposed method can be directly adapted, since the numbers of units are pure integer numbers. As a consequence determining the optimal energy source to be installed leads to determine the required number of units from each source. This has been modelled as an integer linear programming problem where the decision variables should be pure integer numbers.With minimal cost to get maximumeconomical power output from hybrid renewable source 5PV panel and 25 Wind Turbine can be used.

Key words: Integer Linear Programming, Hybrid Energy, PV system, Wind Turbine, Graphical Analysis

[1]. http://www.Mitsubishi electric solar.com /whysolar/
[2]. Borowy, B. S. and Z. M. Salameh, Methodology for optimally sizing the combination of a battery bank and PV array in a wind/PV hybrid system, Energy conversion, IEEE transactions on energy conversion, 11(2), 1996, 367-375.

[3]. S. Rehman, Offshore Wind Power Assessment on the East Coast of Saudi Arabia, Wind Engineering, 29(5), 2006,409-420.
[4]. Rahman S.,Halawani T.O.and Mohandes M., Wind power cost assessment at twenty locations in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Renewable energy, 2, 2003, 573-583

[5]. http://weatherspark.com/averages/32771/Medina-Al-Madinah-Saudi-Arabia
[6]. http://photovoltaic-software.com/PV-solar-energy-calculation.php

Abstract: This paper presents shunt compensator device to improve power quality which reduces the harmonic distortion and improves current maintaining the voltage unchanged. For this the shunt active power filter is used with the implementation of PI controller. In order to improve current, opposite harmonics are injected through the shunt active power filter and further it compared with the source current. This results improved power quality. Simulation results are presented to show that the power quality improvement using shunt active power filter.

Keywords: Active Power Filter, Power Quality, PI Controller

[1] H. Akagi, Y. Kanazawa, A. Nabae, Generalized Theory of the Instantaneous Reactive Power in Three-Phase Circuits, IPEC'83 - Int. Power Electronics C-onf., Tokyo, Japan, 1983, pp. 1375-1386.

[2] H. Akagi, Y. Kanazawa, A. Nabae, Instanataneous Reactive Power Compensator Comprising Switching Devices without Energy Storage Compenents", IEEE Trans. Industry Applic., vol. 20, May/June 1984

[3] E. H. Watanabe, R. M. Stephan, M. Aredes, New Concepts of Instantaneous Active and Reactive Powers in Electrical Systems with Generic Loads, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 8, no. 2, April 1993, pp. 697, 703

[4] M. Aredes, E. H. Watanabe, New Control Algorithms for Series and Shunt Three-Phase Four-Wire Active Power Filters, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol 10, no. 3, July 1995, pp. 1649-165

[5] ARRILAGA, J., BRADLEY, D.A., and BODGER, P.S.: "Power system harmonics‟ (John Wiley and Sons, 1985)

Abstract: This paper presents speed control of induction motor fed by Neutral Point Clamped voltage source inverter. The NPC inverter produces fewer harmonic than the other type of inverter. This shows the advantageover conventional VSI. For this result, comparison is made between the sinusoidal pulse width modulation and space vector pulse width modulation. From the analysis of the total harmonic distortion (THD) in the current of inverter the space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) was found more superior than sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM). Simulation results are also presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed system.

Keywords: Neutral Point Clamped Inverter, Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation, Space Vector Modulation, THD

[1]. P.Elangovan, Dr.C.Kumar, V.Suresh "Space Vector Modulation based Speed Control of Induction Motor Fed by Z-Source Inverter using PI controller"
[2]. Jih-Sheng Lai and Fang ZhengPeng, "Multilevel Converters- A New Breed of Power Converters" IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 32, no. 3, pp. May/June 1996.
[3]. G. Mondal, K. Srivakumar, R. Ramachandra, K. Gopalkumar, and E. Levi, "A dual seven-level inverter supply for a an open-end winding induction motor drives," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1665-1673, May 2009.
[4]. O. Lopez, J. Alvarez, J. Dovel-Gondoy, and F. D. Freijedo, "Multilevel multiphase space vector PWM algorithm," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 1933-1942, May 2008.
[5]. Subrata K. Mondal, Joao O. P. Pinto and Bimal K. Bose, " A Neural-Network-Based Space-Vector PWM Controller for a Three-Level Voltage-fed Inverter Induction mptor Drive", IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 38, no. 3, pp. May/June 2002.

Abstract: Renewable energy is sustainable, inexhaustible and can easily be set up in small unitsand is therefore, suitable for community management and ownership. However, a very serious threat to grassroots utilization of renewable energy in rural areas is the lack of large and effective infrastructures to generating changes in renewable energy technologies. Moreover, most of the renewable energy sources being used in the rural areas have failed in matching supply with demand due to their stochastic or seasonal variations. There is need for educational institutions to involve in aggressive research in renewable energy technologies tailored using locally available renewable energy sources and training of personnel to do the jobs in developing countries.This paper presents the overall review of renewable energy technologies available for use in rural areas, stressed the need for collaborative efforts between the governments, communities and educational institutionsand discussed on design considerations for integrated rural energy systems and small hydro/PV hybrid system for a typical rural community in Nigeria.

Keywords: Integrated renewable energy systems, hybrid systems, small hydropower, solar PV

[1]. A.Sayigh, ―Introduction and renewable energy update,‖ Renewable Energy 2010, Sovereign Publication, UK, white paper,2010.
[2]. Timur Gill: Integrated Analysis of Hybrid Systems for Rural Electrification in Developing Countries. M.Tech thesis submitted to S Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 2004.
[3]. R. Rammakumar and Hughes: Energy sources and rural development IEEE Transactions on Education vol.E24, No31981.
[4]. R.Ramakumar, Role of renewable energy in the development and electrification of remote and rural areas, IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, Denver, CO, vol. 2, no. 10, pp. 2103-2105 Jun. 2004. doi: 10.1109/PES.2004.1373253
[5]. Thenapalan, Zhang,Can and Maddy :An overview of renewable energy technologies and Hydrogen Economy. International Conference on Renewable Energy and Power Qualities, Spain,2013.

Abstract: Harmonic pollution of the power supply system has risen significantly in recent years due primarily to an increase of non-linear loads connected to the utility through residential, commercial and industrial customers. Power supply voltages become distorted due to the high level of undesired harmonic current drawn from the utility. Additionally, drops in fundamental voltage are caused by the interaction between the reactive current and network impedances. Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic converters. This paper presents a novel control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters using the closed loop fuzzy logic control, when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be utilized as: power converter to inject power generated from RES to the grid, and 1) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished either individually or simultaneously. This new control concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink .Finally the proposed scheme is implemented using conventional DC link controller and intelligence controller.

Index Terms: Point of Common Coupling (PCC), power quality, Photo Voltaic (PV) System, Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC).

[1]. A.E. Hammad, Comparing the Voltage source capability of Present and future Var Compensation Techniques in Transmission System, IEEE Trans, on Power Delivery .volume 1. No.1 Jan 1995.
[2]. G.Yalienkaya, M.H.J Bollen, P.A. Crossley, "Characterization of Voltage Sags in Industrial Distribution System", IEEE transactions on industry applications, volume 34, No. 4, July/August, PP.682-688, 1999.

[3]. Haque, M.H., "Compensation Of Distribution Systems Voltage sags by DVR and D-STATCOM", Power Tech Proceedings, 2001 IEEE Porto, Volume 1, PP.10-13, September 2001.
[4]. Anaya-Lara O, Acha E., "Modeling and Analysis Of Custom Power Systems by PSCAD/EMTDC", IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Volume 17, Issue: 2002, Pages: 266-272.
[5]. Bollen, M.H.J.,"Voltage sags in Three Phase Systems", Power Engineering Review, IEEE, Volume 21, Issue: 9, September 2001, PP: 11-15.

Abstract: This paper deals with the brief review of the concept and functioning of different types of fuses with a main focus on analysis of the protection available by fuses from short-circuit damages.

Keywords: Electrical fuse, Electrical Protection, Electrical faults, HRC fuses, Short-circuit currents, over currents.

[1] John Wiles, "Focusing On Fuses", www.nmsu.edu_~tdi_pdf-resources_cc67, Home Power Magzine#67 • October / November
1998,pp.100.
[2] Al-Hajri M T (2008). Power losses due to pipeline cathodic protection (CP) 6-pulse rectifier, Conference Record of the IEEE
International Symposium on Electrical Insulation, pp.514–517.
[3] Robless D B, and King R J (1992). A 1 kW unity-power - factor rectifier with isolation and fault protection, Seventh Annual
Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition,pp. 541–548.
[4] Salomonsson D, Soder L et al. (2009). Protection of low-voltage DC microgrids, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol.24,3,pp. 1045–1053.
[5] Eui - Cheol N, In-Dong, K et al. (2001). An improved output short - circuit protection for multilevel PWM rectifier, The 27th
Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, vol 2, pp. 909–914.

Abstract: Mains-connected boost power factor correction (PFC) circuits are employed in order to meet EMI standards. The EMI filter together with the boost inductor has to attenuate the high frequency (HF) voltage component to the mains side of the converter. In this paper, it is how the switching frequency and the relative ripple of the boost inductor current affect the filter and boost inductor volume and losses. With it, the optimum switching frequency and ratio of the ripple and fundamental current amplitude with respect to volume and losses are found. procedure for designing ac line EMI filters is presented. This procedure is based on the analysis of conducted EM1 problems and the use of a noise separator.
Keywords: Electromagnetic interference (EMI), common mode noise, differential mode noise, Emi filter, boost converter, power factor, power factor correction circuit.

[1] Klaus Raggl, Thomas Nussbaumer, Johann W. Kolar "Guideline for a Simplified Differential-Mode EMI Filter Design" ieee transactions on industrial electronics, vol. 57, no. 3 march 2010.
[2] P. Ram Mohan, M. Vijaya Kumar, O .V. Raghava Reddy, "a novel topology of EMI filter to suppress common mode and differential mode noises of electromagnetic interference in switching mode power supplies", VOL. 2, NO., AUGUST 2007 ISSN 1819-6608 ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences.
[3] Jukka-Pekka Sjöroos "Conducted EMI filter design for SMPS", Helsinki University of Technology, Power Electronics Laboratory. EMC Lab Info: www.emclabinfo.com.
[4] Richard Lee Ozenbaugh, 2001, 'EMI Filter Design'.
[5] Maria Carmela Di Piazza, Member, IEEE, Antonella Ragusa, Member, IEEE, and Gianpaolo Vitale, Member, IEEE, "Design of Grid-Side Electromagnetic Interference Filters in AC Motor Drives With Motor-Side Common Mode Active Compensation", Ieee Transactions on Electromafnetic comoatibilty, Vol.51, No. 3, August 2009.

Abstract: In Electronic Voting System (EVS), voters can vote using their national ID. The pooling officer will use the laptop & so he can access the laptop only for a specific time. He can access in some selected folders only. He can't delete any files. Some specific keys of the laptop are disabled temporarily. EVS is implemented using the MATLAB software. The MATLAB programs can't be seen by anyone. The AutoHotKey software & some features of Windows 7 are used in order to improve the security of the system. Even though the system is developed based on a pooling station, it can be used in any pooling station separately. Any corruption done by the polling officer can be prevented because a monitor is connected with the laptop which shows what is happening in the system. The result is written in an excel file which can be sent to anyone's e-mail address automatically provided that a modem is connected with the system which must be in the data transfer state.

Keywords: AutoHotKey, EVS, EVM, MATLAB, MODEM.

[1] Boris Ettinger, "Introduction to MATLAB Programming", 3rd edition, Prentice Hall Ltd.
[2] Ingle & Proakis, "Digital Signal Processing Using MATLAB", Edition 2000 Thomson-Brooks/Cole Co Ltd.